1.  Peer Reviewed Title: Changing global essential medicines norms to improve access to AIDS treatment: lessons from Brazil. Author: Nunn A; Fonseca ED; Gruskin S Source: Global Public Health. 2009;4(2):131-49. Abstract: Brazil's large-scale, successful HIV/AIDS treatment programme is considered by many to be a model for other developing countries aiming to improve access to AIDS treatment. Far less is known about Brazil's important role in changing global norms related to international pharmaceutical policy, particularly international human rights, health and trade policies governing access to essential medicines. Prompted by Brazil's interest in preserving its national AIDS treatment policies during World Trade Organisation trade disputes with the USA, these efforts to change global essential medicines norms have had important implications for other countries, particularly those scaling up AIDS treatment. This paper analyses Brazil's contributions to global essential medicines policy and explains the relevance of Brazil's contributions to global health policy today. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | CRITIQUE | INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES | AIDS | HEALTH POLICY | COMMERCE | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | PRICING | HUMAN RIGHTS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Policy | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Marketing Document Number: 341397 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: Gaining access to Vietnam's cigarette market: British American Tobacco's strategy to enter 'a huge market which will become enormous'. Author: Lee K; Kinh HV; Mackenzie R; Gilmore AB; Minh NT Source: Global Public Health. 2008 Jan;3(1):1-25. Abstract: British American Tobacco (BAT) has made concerted efforts since the late 1980s to establish a major presence in Vietnam, among the world's 10 fastest growing tobacco markets. Until 2000, Vietnam's tight regulation of the industry has been largely driven by trade and investment policy, resulting in a stronger domestic industry but increased production and consumption of tobacco products. BAT gained market access, and achieved a dominant market share among TTCs, through leaf development, licensed manufacturing, and the contraband trade. With impending trade liberalization in Vietnam, the company is now well placed to further expand sales. The ambitious National Tobacco Control Policy, adopted in 2000, signals a shift in political priority towards the protection of public health. Effective implementation and enforcement of its comprehensive measures will depend on the public health community's ability to draw support from regional and global experience, notably the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). (author's) Language: English Keywords: VIETNAM | NORTH AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | TOBACCO USE | COMMERCE | INDUSTRY | POLICY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Americas | Behavior | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 325319 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Corruption and oil exploration: Expert agreement about the prevention of HIV / AIDS in the Niger Delta of Nigeria. Author: Udoh IA; Stammen RM; Mantell JE Source: Health Education Research. 2008;23(4):670-681. Abstract: The Niger Delta, according to the Nigerian Ministry of Health, has a disproportionately high HIV infection rate, which is double the national average. The United Nations Development Program attributes the spiraling HIV infection rate in the region to poverty, migration and gender inequality. This paper examines two complementary suppositions: Is the high prevalence of HIV in the Niger Delta related to incompetent leadership and corruption? Is it related to the negative effects of oil exploration in the region? Currently, there is a dearth of research on the effectiveness of government programs or the role of the oil industry on the impact of AIDS in Nigeria. To address this gap, we conducted a survey with 27 internationally renowned experts from diverse disciplines using a three-round modified Delphi to formulate consensus about the impact of weak governance and oil corruption on AIDS in the Niger Delta. Results from the Delphi suggest that these factors and others have exacerbated the transmission of HIV in the region. To mitigate the impact of AIDS in the region, efforts to engage oil companies in implementing HIV prevention programs as part of their corporate environmental responsibility to the community are urgently needed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | HISTORICAL REVIEW | PANEL DISCUSSION | SURVEYS | HIV PREVENTION | HIV INFECTIONS | GOVERNMENT AGENCIES | GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS | MILITARY PERSONNEL | OBSTACLES | ENERGY SUPPLY | COMMERCE | POLITICAL FACTORS | QUESTIONNAIRES | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Group Meeting | Communication | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Organizations | Sociocultural Factors | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Government | Natural Resources | Environment | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 327686 |
4.  Peer Reviewed Title: Access to generic antiretrovirals: inequality, intellectual property law, and international trade agreements. Author: Castro A; Westerhaus M Source: Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2007;23 Suppl 1:S85-S96. Abstract: The governments of numerous low- and middle-income countries are currently instituting rules that strengthen changes in domestic intellectual property legislation, often made to conform to the mandates of "free" trade agreements signed with the United States. These measures frequently include intellectual property provisions that extend beyond the patent law standards agreed upon in recent World Trade Organization negotiations, which promised to balance the exigencies of public health and patent holders. In this paper, we analyze the concern that this augmentation of patent law standards will curtail access to essential medicines, particularly as they relate to the AIDS pandemic. We critically examine the potential threats posed by trade agreements vis-à-vis efforts to provide universal access to antiretroviral medications and contend that the conditioning of economic development upon the strengthening of intellectual property law demands careful attention when public health is at stake. Finally, we examine advocacy successes in challenging patent law and conclude that greater advocacy and policy strategies are needed to ensure the protection of global health in trade negotiations. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | GOVERNMENT | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | INEQUALITIES | FEES | COMMERCE | LEGISLATION | ADVOCACY | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Financial Activities | Macroeconomic Factors | Communication Document Number: 312998 |
| 5. Title: Access to drugs: the case of Abbott in Thailand. Author: Cawthorne P; Ford N; Wilson D; Kijtiwatchakul K; Purahong V Source: Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2007 Jun;7(6):373-374. Abstract: In March, 2007, Abbott Laboratories announced that it was withholding all new medicines from Thailand. The company's position was put crudely: "Thailand has chosen to break patents on numerous medicines, ignoring the patent system. As such, we've elected not to introduce new medicines there." Abbott was reacting to the Thai Ministry of Public Health's announcement in January that it would issue compulsory licences for non-commercial use on a number of medicines. This move followed repeated attempts to negotiate affordable prices with several manufacturers, including for Abbott's lopinavir-ritonavir, an important antiretroviral medicine recommended as a second-line treatment for developing country settings. Since late 2005, Médecins Sans Frontières and other groups have raised concern that Abbott has not prioritised the registration of the new version of lopinavir-ritonavir in less developed countries, and lacked clear plans for making the drug affordable. This new version, which was registered in the USA in October, 2005, and in Europe in July, 2006, has several important advantages for tropical countries: it does not need to be refrigerated, has no food restrictions, and has a lower pill requirement. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: THAILAND | CRITIQUE | POLICYMAKERS | GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS | PRIVATE SECTOR | DRUGS | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | LICENSING | PRICING | HEALTH POLICY | COMMERCE | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Product Approval | Legislation | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Marketing | Policy Document Number: 317195 |
| 6. Title: Poor health kills small business: illness and microenterprises in South Africa. Author: Chao LW; Pauly M; Szrek H; Pereira NS; Bundred F Source: Health Affairs. 2007;26(2):474-482. Abstract: Small businesses contribute almost 50 percent of total employment and 30 percent of gross domestic product in South Africa, but the impact of poor health and AIDS on these businesses is poorly documented. Using three waves of longitudinal data from predominantly African neighborhoods in peri-urban Durban, South Africa, this project investigates the connections between the health of the owner of a micro- and small enterprise (MSE) and the MSE's growth, survival, or exit. The results show that poor baseline health and declines in health over time are both significantly associated with subsequent business closure. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | COMMERCIAL SECTOR | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | COMMERCE | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Health Document Number: 314246 |
| 7. Title: Transnational feminisms and the World Social Forum: Encounters and transformations in anti-globalization spaces. Author: Conway J Source: Journal of International Women's Studies. 2007 Apr;8(3):49-70. Abstract: What would it mean to place feminism(s) -- as movement(s), politics and ethics -- at the centre of our understandings of the World Social Forum? The author argues that transnational feminisms have been among the significant forces constituting the WSF, although this has been uneven across different time-spaces and scales of the WSF. She further asserts that transnational feminisms, understood as movement(s), politics and ethics, are making particular and irreducible contributions to contemporary emancipatory movements in and beyond the WSF. This study historicizes and analyzes some major expressions of transnational feminism at the WSF with implications for understanding the inter-relationality of feminisms, anti-globalization movements and the WSF and for illuminating contemporary debates over the future of feminism taking place in transnational feminist networks. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | WOMEN | FEMINISM | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | WOMEN'S STATUS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | COMMERCE | POLITICAL FACTORS | GENDER ISSUES | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Human Rights | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 319956 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Turning the tide? Why development will not stop migration. Author: de Haas H Source: Development and Change. 2007 Sep;38(5):819-841. Abstract: Restrictive immigration policies and the militarization of external border controls by the US and the EU have failed to significantly curb immigration from Latin America and Africa. Rather, they have led to greater reliance on increasingly risky and costly irregular migration and have paradoxically encouraged permanent settlement. A commonly presented 'smart solution' to curb immigration is to address the perceived root causes of migration through increasing aid or liberalizing trade with origin countries. Recently, policies to stimulate remittances and to promote temporary and circular migration have also been advocated as enhancing home country development, so that these forms of migration become a medicine against illegal and permanent migration. However, besides the limited scope and credibility of such policies, empirical and theoretical evidence strongly suggests that economic and human development increases people's capabilities and aspirations and therefore tends to coincide with an increase rather than a decrease in emigration, at least in the short to medium term. Under unfavourable conditions, trade, aid and remittances can be complements to, rather than substitutes for, migration also in the longer term. At the same time, demand for both skilled and unskilled migrant labour is likely to persist. Trade, aid, return migration and remittances are no short-cut 'solutions' to migration, and sustained immigration therefore seems likely. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | LITERATURE REVIEW | IMMIGRANTS | MIGRANT WORKERS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | MIGRATION POLICY | COMMERCE | FOREIGN AID | REMITTANCES | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Financial Activities | Microeconomic Factors Document Number: 322609 |
| 9. Title: Ways of being: Feminist activism and theorizing at the global feminist dialogues in Porte Alegre, Brazil, 2005. Author: Gouws A Source: Journal of International Women's Studies. 2007 Apr;8(3):28-36. Abstract: This article attempts to capture some reflections by an African feminist scholar and activist on the activism and academic debate at the Global Feminist Dialogues (FD) in Porte Alegre, Brazil in January 2005. The activism and the space for dialogue is a feminist space that includes different types of feminism, but is also a space that attempts to build a movement within diverse feminist networks. This form of activism is contrasted with the depoliticization of activism caused by gender mainstreaming in Africa. The academic debate at the FD takes place in the intersections between activism and theorizing and opens a space for discussing the politics of the body, the problems of strategizing and the problems of translation of the local to the global, as well as the creation of strategies for action. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | AFRICA | CRITIQUE | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | WOMEN | FEMINISM | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | WOMEN'S STATUS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | COMMERCE | POLITICAL FACTORS | GENDER ISSUES | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Human Rights | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 319955 |
| 10. Title: The silences between: Are lesbians irrelevant? World Social Forum, Mumbai, India, 16-21 January. Author: Hawthorne S Source: Journal of International Women's Studies. 2007 Apr;8(3):125-138. Abstract: In this essay, I reflect on my experience at the Mumbai World Social Forum in 2004. I begin with a discussion of silence as methodology in research with, by and about lesbians. I examine the silence around lesbian politics as well as the silences between lesbian activists and those they encounter in discussion, political activism and research settings. I explore some of the differences and similarities between Australia and India both within the mainstream culture and in the freedoms or otherwise of lesbians. I then go on to describe the workshop I organized for the Mumbai World Social Forum on "Torture of lesbians: what can be done?" in which a number of politically silencing factors come into play. I investigate the ramifications of this session in terms of the marginalization of lesbians at the World Social Forums and the implications for future Forums. The poem that accompanies the essay is extracted from "India Sutra," a long poem that arose out of my attendance at the Mumbai World Social Forum and my subsequent travels in India with two lesbians, one of whom was born in India. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AUSTRALIA | INDIA | CRITIQUE | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | WOMEN | HOMOSEXUALS | FEMINISM | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | WOMEN'S STATUS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | COMMERCE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | POLITICAL FACTORS | Developed Countries | Oceania | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Human Rights | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems Document Number: 319958 |
| 11. Title: South Korea in 2006: Nuclear standoff, trade talks, and population trends. Author: Kim AE; Lie J Source: Asian Survey. 2007 Feb;47(1):52-57. Abstract: The nuclear test conducted by North Korea in October 2006 placed the Koreas at the center of world news. Prior to the nuclear test, free trade agreement talks with the United States dominated the year's domestic political discussions. Less newsworthy but potentially more profound are demographic trends, especially the rapid aging of the population, the record low fertility rate, and the rising number of intermarriages. (author's) Language: English Keywords: REPUBLIC OF KOREA | CRITIQUE | POLITICAL FACTORS | COMMERCE | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | FERTILITY DECLINE | INTERMARRIAGE | MIGRATION | Developed Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality Document Number: 317508 |
| 12. Title: Parallel or integrated "other worlds": Possibilities for alliance-building for sexual and reproductive rights. Author: Klugman B Source: Journal of International Women's Studies. 2007 Apr;8(3):88-112. Abstract: The author proposes that the paradigms within which struggles for reproductive and sexual rights are waged fail to engage with those dimensions of sexuality and reproduction that are inscribed into the broader organization of social and economic life nationally and globally. In the case of reproductive rights she argues that the possibility of delivering quality reproductive health services is determined not only by ideological struggles regarding people's right to control their sexual and reproductive selves but also by the extent of the state's commitment to delivery of services as well as global factors influencing state capacity, such as debt, or the impact of international trade agreements and corporate policies on costs of health commodities. Yet reproductive rights activism does not seek alliances with others concerned with questions of state capacity and accountability for provision of services to the public. This is evident in the presentation of parallel events at the WSF, rather than the inclusion of health services including sexual and reproductive health services as part of the discussion on the dominant themes of the WSF regarding both citizenship and globalization. In relation to sexual rights, the author argues that the dominance of identity politics as the paradigm of mobilization leads to failure to recognize that many of the impacts of discrimination on the basis of sexual or gender diversity are also experienced, albeit in different ways, by other marginalized groups, whether immigrants, poor people or different ethnic groups. The use of an essentialist identity paradigm prevents the development of alliances around the more fundamental problem of lack of access to the benefits of full citizenship for all of those who do not fit the hegemonic norm. She proposes that an effort to rethink these challenges would contribute towards the development of alliances at the World Social Forum and beyond to challenge those factors that ultimately undermine both sexual and reproductive rights. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | WOMEN | FEMINISM | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | WOMEN'S STATUS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | COMMERCE | POLITICAL FACTORS | GENDER ISSUES | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Human Rights | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 319957 |
| 13. Title: A liberatory space? Rumors of rapes at the 5th World Social Forum, Porto Alegre, 2005. Author: Koopman S Source: Journal of International Women's Studies. 2007 Apr;8(3):149-163. Abstract: Rumors were that 90 women were raped in the youth camp at the Fifth World Social Forum in Porto Alegre, in January of 2005. Later reports were that there had been two. Yet the rumors speak to how the space of the forum is socially produced and what sort of space it is. How does space then shape the forum and what we can do from there? Lefebvre argues that revolutionary festivals are an important challenge to the abstract space of capitalism. Revolutionary festivals can liberate us, but our bodies must be free if we are to create a revolutionary space, another world. We need freer revolutionary spaces from which to nurture our struggles for freedom. Another forum is possible. Honoring our bodies, and making room for pleasure, is a way to create a freer forum. It is also an effective strategy for building that other world that we know is possible. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | BRAZIL | CRITIQUE | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | WOMEN | FEMINISM | SEXUALITY | RAPE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | WOMEN'S STATUS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | COMMERCE | POLITICAL FACTORS | GENDER ISSUES | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Crime | Social Problems | Domestic Violence | Human Rights | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 319960 |
| 14. Title: Gender in the Bamako Polycentric World Social Forum (2006): Is another world possible? Author: Latoures A Source: Journal of International Women's Studies. 2007 Apr;8(3):164-183. Abstract: This paper explores a gender analysis of the Bamako Polycentric World Social Forum, 2006. Thus far, gender has been marginalized in the World Social Forum process, despite the progressive tone of the project for "another world", indirectly alluding to gender equality. The Bamako WSF 2006 is an interesting case study to assess gender institutionalisation, as for the first time African women activists were massively integrated into the discussions. Additionally, national organizers dedicated a specific venue for gender issues, the Women's World. What was the impact of these two features for the "engendering" of the WSF? (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | AFRICA | CRITIQUE | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | WOMEN | FEMINISM | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | WOMEN'S STATUS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | COMMERCE | POLITICAL FACTORS | GENDER ISSUES | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Human Rights | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 319961 |
| 15. Title: Migration and human rights on the Mexico-Guatemala border. Author: Ogren C Source: International Migration. 2007 Oct;45(4):203-243. Abstract: This paper identifies the protections in place for irregular migrants on the Mexico-Guatemala border and analyzes Mexican government immigration enforcement policies and levels of compliance with international standards and national law. The history of the Mexico-Guatemala border region and different types of migration flows into and through the area are also explored, as well as the linkages between migration, trade, security, and US immigration policy. It is argued that the Mexican government has partially complied with international conventions and national laws to protect the human rights of transmigrants in the Guatemalan border region, but that compliance is not complete and that an international response is required to ensure that human rights standards are upheld. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | GUATEMALA | CRITIQUE | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | HUMAN RIGHTS | TREATIES | LEGISLATION | COMMERCE | NATIONAL SECURITY | MIGRATION POLICY | HUMAN TRAFFICKING | SOCIAL PROTECTION | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Central America | Latin America | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Crime | Social Problems Document Number: 320638 |
| 16. Title: Beyond women workers: Gendering CSR. Author: Pearson R Source: Third World Quarterly. 2007 Jun;28(4):731-749. Abstract: Though there is now a great deal of attention to the question of women workers and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), a more far reaching analysis, which is informed by feminist economics approaches, stresses the importance of the gendered nature of the institutional context in which value chains operate, and the importance of acknowledging that labour markets are themselves gendered institutions which reflect socially constructed divisions of labour. This paper explores what a more holistic approach to corporate social responsibility might mean, especially when explored through the lens of gender analysis. I use the concept of social reproduction to examine the kinds of issues a gendered approach to CSR might embrace, with particular attention to the "social", in terms of the reproduction of the labour power used in production. I apply this scrutiny to the emblematic example of the current spate of murders of young women in the Mexican border city of Ciudad Juarez, the location of thousands of manufacturing assembly plants producing for export to the United States. The paper concludes with some suggestions of initiatives which might be developed to incorporate a gendered dimension into a more comprehensive notion of CSR. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MEXICO | PHILOSOPHICAL OVERVIEW | WOMEN | WORKERS | COMMERCIAL SECTOR | GENDER ISSUES | ECONOMIC FACTORS | VALUE ORIENTATION | COMMERCE | CRIME | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Macroeconomic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Social Problems Document Number: 317323 |
| 17. Title: Introduction to women's bodies, gender analysis, feminist politics at the Forum Social Mundial. Author: Roskos L; Willis P Source: Journal of International Women's Studies. 2007 Apr;8(3):1-9. Abstract: The vision for this special issue on "Women s Bodies, Gender Analysis, and Feminist Politics at the Forum Social Mundial" emerged out of experiences that coeditors Pat Willis and Laura Roskos had during and after their involvement in organizing for the Boston Social Forum (BSF), an event held in July 2004. The BSF was the first social forum in the United States to be held under the auspices of the World Social Forum (WSF) and its guiding regulations, the Charter of Principles. At the BSF, we and the other feminist organizers involved with the Women s Web, a "track" of 30 programs by and about women, had some disappointing interactions with the male organizers in charge of the overall event. Following months of intense but also occasionally euphoric organizing, these interactions generated a range of reactions in our colleagues and ourselves, ranging from surprise to outrage to dismay. Our decision to try to discover how other women/feminists had experienced and negotiated social fora around the globe was fueled by our need to create a deeper context for understanding these experiences and emotions. In addition, as feminist activists, faced daily with decisions about where to put our time and energy, we wanted to know if the World Social Forum was worth the trouble engagement with it seemed inevitably to bring. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | WOMEN | FEMINISM | POVERTY | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | WOMEN'S STATUS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | COMMERCE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | POLITICAL FACTORS | GENDER ISSUES | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Human Rights | Macroeconomic Factors | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems Document Number: 319953 |
| 18. Title: Naked protest: Memories of bodies and resistance at the World Social Forum. Author: Sutton B Source: Journal of International Women's Studies. 2007 Apr;8(3):139-148. Abstract: This article draws on memories from the 2003 World Social Forum in Porto Alegre, Brazil in order to examine the role of naked bodies in relation to politics. Focusing on a specific moment within the flurry of (embodied) activities at the World Social Forum, this piece explores the tensions, contradictions, and opportunities arising from the use of nakedness as a political tool. The naked body is examined as a subject of political resistance and as an object of repression, highlighting how the meanings of nakedness are marked by gender and connected systems of social inequality. The analysis shows that while turning human bodies into commodities, particularly sexual commodities, is acceptable under Western hegemony, naked bodies of resistance can lead to social outrage and violent punishment. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | WOMEN | FEMINISM | CLOTHING | SEXUALITY | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | WOMEN'S STATUS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | COMMERCE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | POLITICAL FACTORS | GENDER ISSUES | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Human Rights | Macroeconomic Factors | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems Document Number: 319959 |
| 19. Title: Feminism in the space of the World Social Forum. Author: Wilson A Source: Journal of International Women's Studies. 2007 Apr;8(3):10-27. Abstract: Despite clear affinities, the integration of feminism into the World Social Forum remains uneven, in ways reminiscent of well-known histories of women's movements with various lefts. This essay draws on observations of the 2005 WSF at Porto Alegre, Brazil and the 2006 African Social Forum in Bamako, Mali, as well as secondary literature, to explore the articulation of transnational feminism and the World Social Forum. Using concrete practices, texts, and spaces, I discuss different dimensions of the interaction of feminism with the WSF, including political norms, political geography, and historical trajectories. The relation between feminism and the WSF hinges not only on how "feminist" the WSF is but also on what feminists are doing and trying to do at the Forum. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | WOMEN | FEMINISM | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | WOMEN'S STATUS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | COMMERCE | POLITICAL FACTORS | GENDER ISSUES | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Human Rights | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 319954 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Darfurian livelihoods and Libya: Trade, migration, and remittance flows in times of conflict and crisis. Author: Young H; Osman A; Dale R Source: International Migration Review. 2007 Dec;41(4):826-849. Abstract: Labor migration and commerce between Sudan and Libya have long been features of livelihoods in Darfur. This paper describes the importance of historical trade and migration links between Darfur and Libya, and provides a background to the political and economic situation in Libya which has influenced opportunities for Sudanese migrant workers. A case study of the situation of the Darfurian migrants in Kufra (an oasis and transnational trade hub in southern Libya) illustrates how the recent Darfur conflict has affected migration patterns from Darfur and remittance flows in the opposite direction. Official estimates of Darfurian migrant workers in Libya were unavailable but were estimated to be between 150,000 and 250,000. The closure of the national border between Sudan and Libya in May 2003, largely a result of insecurity in Darfur, stopped the traffic of migrant workers between northern Darfur and southern Libya (which prevented the onward travel to Sudan of several thousand migrants in Kufra), and curtailed the well-established trade routes, communications, and remittance flows. The current limited economic prospects for migrant workers in Libya, combined with the threat of detention, difficulties of return to Sudan, and loss of contact with and uncertainty about the fate of their families in Darfur, have created a sense of despair among many Darfurians. The paper concludes with a series of recommendations to improve the conditions of the Darfurian migrants in Libya, including an amnesty for illegal migrants, and also to ease the travel of migrants, promote communications between Libya and Darfur, and support the flow of remittances. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SUDAN | LIBYA | RESEARCH REPORT | HISTORICAL REVIEW | CASE STUDIES | INTERVIEWS | MIGRANTS | MIGRANT WORKERS | MIGRATION POLICY | WAR | COMMERCE | LIVELIHOOD | REMITTANCES | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Resources | Organization and Administration | Microeconomic Factors Document Number: 313937 |
| 21. Title: Asia-Pacific: the matter of trade [editorial] Source: Lancet. 2006 Jul 8;368(9530):91. Abstract: "Asia and the Pacific have embraced globalization, but globalization cannot embrace the region's poor without determined action on the part of governments." That was the conclusion of Hafiz A Pasha, UN Assistant Secretary-General and Director of the UN's Development Programme Regional Bureau for Asia and the Pacific at the launch of a report last week in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. The importance of the question lies in how much the region has embraced global trade and how much the benefits of such trade filter down to the poor, in terms of employment, education, gender equity, and, importantly, health gains. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ASIA | OCEANIA | CRITIQUE | LOW INCOME POPULATION | COMMERCE | GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT | DEVELOPMENT PLANS | RURAL DEVELOPMENT | LABOR FORCE | HEALTH | Developing Countries | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Production | Human Resources Document Number: 303414 |
| 22. Title: Economics of fish demands in Lagos State, Nigeria. Author: Amao JO; Oluwatayo IB; Osuntope FK Source: Journal of Human Ecology. 2006;19(1):25-30. Abstract: This study analysed the economics of fish demands in Lagos State, Nigeria. Primary data were collected from a total of 110 fish consumers using multistage sampling procedure. Data were collected on household consumption activities for 2002 consumption period. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis. The results showed that the average sampled consumers are literate with mean household size of 5. It was evident from the study that, the higher the income level of the respondents the higher the quantity of fish demanded and fish demand also increases as household size and age increases. The result of the regression analysis revealed that fish demand in the study area is income inelastic. It was also revealed that (income, substitute, household size and age) half of the variables positively influenced the monthly expenditure on fish, while the rest four variables (sex, marital status, occupation and education) influenced the monthly expenditure on fish negatively. However, age and education had significant relationship with monthly expenditure on fish. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | FISHING | ECONOMIC FACTORS | COMMERCE | HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Occupations | Human Resources | Macroeconomic Factors | Microeconomic Factors Document Number: 304704 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: WHO launches taskforce to fight counterfeit drugs. Author: Burns W Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2006 Sep;84(9):685-764. Abstract: The International Medical Products Anti-Counterfeiting Taskforce (IMPACT) aims to put a stop to the deadly trade in fake drugs, which studies suggest kill thousands of people every year. "We need to help people become more aware of the growing market in counterfeit medicines and the public health risks associated with this illegal practice," said Dr Howard Zucker, Assistant Director-General for the Health Technology and Pharmaceuticals cluster of departments at WHO. The taskforce will encourage the public, distributors, pharmacists and hospital staff to inform the authorities about their suspicions regarding the authenticity of a drug or vaccine. In a parallel move, the taskforce will help governments crack down on corruption in the sections of their police forces and customs authorities charged with enforcing laws against drug counterfeiting. Drug manufacturers will be encouraged to make their products more difficult to fake. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | DRUGS | VACCINES | DISTRIBUTIONAL ACTIVITIES | COMMERCE | SAFETY | WHO | POLITICAL FACTORS | LAWS AND STATUTES | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Public Health | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 305974 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: Implications of bilateral free trade agreements on access to medicines. Author: Correa CM Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2006 May;84(5):399-404. Abstract: The TRIPS Agreement of the World Trade Organization (WTO) mandated the introduction of protection of intellectual property rights, notably patents, for pharmaceutical products. While the implications for the access to medicines contained in the terms of this Agreement raised significant concerns, a recent new wave of free trade agreements, negotiated outside the WTO, requires even higher levels of intellectual property protection for medicines than those mandated by that Agreement. The measures involved include the extension of the patent term beyond 20 years; prohibition of use of test data on drug efficacy and safety for certain periods for the approval of generic products; the linkage between drug registration and patent protection; in some cases, limitations to the grounds for granting compulsory licences. This article reviews some of these measures that further limit the competition of generic products and discusses their possible implication for access to medicines. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | COMMERCE | DRUGS | PUBLIC HEALTH | PRICING | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | PRODUCT APPROVAL | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Marketing | Technology | Legislation | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 299641 |
| 25. Title: Tapping women's entrepreneurship in Ghana. Author: Dovi E Source: Africa Renewal. 2006 Apr;20(1):12. Abstract: According to World Bank estimates, most businesses in Ghana, which account for 70 per cent of employment in the country, fall within the categories of "micro," "small" and "medium" enterprises. They range from farming activities, agribusiness, light manufacturing such as textiles and garments, and arts and crafts. However, due to neglect, this sector has suffered greatly over several decades, contributing to a nationwide shift from productive entrepreneurship to petty trading. A look around supermarket shelves and village market stalls shows one of the reasons. Thanks to trade liberalization, cheap imports of every product, from tomato puree and fruit juice to toothpicks and clothing, can be easily bought, providing stiff competition for local businesses. Because of such challenges, says Ms. Christy Banya, a programme analyst with the UN Development Programme (UNDP), the government should take firm action. "Local businesses need to be protected." (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GHANA | CRITIQUE | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | TECHNOLOGY | COMMERCE | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | INDUSTRY | GENDER ISSUES | INEQUALITIES | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Social Problems Document Number: 303080 |
| 26. Title: An analysis of the impact of King II on HIV / AIDS disclosure in annual reports. Author: du Bruyn R; Venter JM Source: Southern African Business Review. 2006 Apr;10(1):1-16. Abstract: The content of the 2002 and 2003 annual reports of companies listed on the JSE Securities Exchange was analysed to determine how many disclose HIV/AIDS information. This was done to determine whether there were notable changes in both the number of disclosing entities and the content of disclosure between the two years as a result of the recommendations of the Second King Report on Corporate Governance on HIV/AIDS disclosure. A greater number of companies disclosed HIV/ AIDS information in their annual reports in 2003, but the overall number of disclosing entities remained low. An analysis of the content in HIV/ AIDS disclosure also indicates inconsistencies in disclosure practices that might negate the usefulness of the information to users of annual reports. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | COMMERCIAL SECTOR | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | RECORDS | DATA REPORTING | COMMERCE | ETHICS | WORKPLACE | EMPLOYMENT-BASED SERVICES | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Information Processing | Information | Data Collection | Sociocultural Factors | Employment | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 318735 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: Shea butter: Connecting rural Burkinabe women to international markets through fair trade. Author: Greig D Source: Development in Practice. 2006 Aug;16(5):465-475. Abstract: Processed by rural West African women and desired by wealthy Northern consumers of natural beauty products, shea butter seems a prime candidate for fair trade, yet to date there has been little study of the industry. This article analyses the opportunities and constraints of the development of fair-trade exports of shea butter from Burkina Faso, taking into account the context in which shea is produced and sold locally and internationally, the concept of fair trade, and the impact of gender relations on shea production. Although a definitive positive or negative determination cannot be made, given the complex and divergent factors affecting the potential international market and the production process, the author finds that the development of the fair-trade shea butter industry in Burkina Faso has great potential. However, such development must occur with restraint and consideration of possible challenges and limitations, in order to remain sustainable and viable for rural female producers. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BURKINA FASO | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | RURAL POPULATION | COMMERCE | GENDER RELATIONS | ETHICS | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Macroeconomic Factors | Gender Issues | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 321446 |
| 28. Title: Teaching entrepreneurship: impact of business training on microfinance clients and institutions. Author: Karlan D; Valdivia M Source: [Unpublished] 2006 Jul 5. 44 p. Abstract: Can one teach entrepreneurship, or is it a fixed personal characteristic? Most academic and policy discussion on microentrepreneurs in developing countries focuses on their access to credit, and assumes their human capital to be fixed. However, a growing number of microfinance organizations are attempting to build the human capital of micro-entrepreneurs in order to improve the livelihood of their clients and help further their mission of poverty alleviation. Using a randomized control trial, we measure the marginal impact of adding business training to a Peruvian village banking program for female microentrepreneurs. Treatment groups received thirty to sixty minute entrepreneurship training sessions during their normal weekly or monthly banking meeting over a period of one to two years. Control groups remained as they were before, meeting at the same frequency but solely for making loan and savings payments. We find that the treatment led to improved business knowledge, practices and revenues. The microfinance institution also had direct benefits through higher repayment and client retention rates. Larger effects found for those that expressed less interest in training in a baseline survey have important implications for implementing similar market-based interventions with a goal of recovering costs. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PERU | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | WOMEN | MICROENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT | COMMERCE | HUMAN CAPITAL | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | Developing Countries | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Research Methodology | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Programs | Organization and Administration | Macroeconomic Factors | Human Resources | Training Programs | Education Document Number: 311470 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: India: population change and its consequences. Author: Lal D Source: Population and Development Review. 2006;32 Suppl:145-182. Abstract: In the 1980s I wrote two books--The Poverty of "Development Economics" and "The Hindu Equilibrium". The first questioned the intellectual consensus on dirigiste trade and development policies; the second, the view that India's age-old poverty was due to over-population. These repudiated views on which I was brought up in the early 1960s at Oxford. I know the first of these works of revisionism has had some effect in changing perceptions on the appropriateness of "outward-looking" policies for development. But I had not realized the once heretical view that the "population problem" is not a problem (except in the very short run, and only if appropriate policies are not in place) is also now very much the consensus view. My late friend Julian Simon, who was universally reviled by mainstream economists for his view that a large population is a country's ultimate resource, is now seen to have been proved right by a burgeoning body of research. During the mid-1970s to mid-1980s I was also associated with the World Bank's research establishment. The sheaf of old memos in my files from those days demonstrates how entrenched was the old dirigiste consensus in an institution that is now seen as having been in the vanguard of the new revisionist consensus on population and development. So, returning in this essay to the issues discussed in the first edition of The Hindu Equilibrium, I feel rather like the old lady who went to see King Lear and found it full of quotations! I will first review what is now known of the economic effects of population growth over the last century in India, including the emerging concerns that have been expressed by the environmental movement and why their attempts to legislate their "habits of the heart" pose real dangers for the welfare of the poor in India. I then examine the social and political consequences of this population growth. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | HISTORICAL REVIEW | LOW INCOME POPULATION | ETHNIC GROUPS | POPULATION DYNAMICS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | POPULATION POLICY | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | POLITICAL FACTORS | POVERTY | POPULATION FORECAST | COMMERCE | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Policy | Policy | Sociocultural Factors | Environment | Estimation Techniques | Research Methodology | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 305203 |
| 30. Title: IFC against AIDS -- protecting people and profitability. Author: Lutalo M Source: Washington, D.C., World Bank, Global HIV / AIDS Program, 2006 Aug. 11 p. HIV / AIDS -- Getting Results Abstract: AIDS has wide consequences for development, and presents enormous challenges to businesses in the worst hit countries. The epidemic affects workers, managers and markets by increasing costs and reducing productivity. The International Finance Corporation (IFC), the private sector arm of the World Bank Group, works with client companies to mitigate the effects of the epidemic on their operations through its IFC Against AIDS program. The program works with companies in Africa and India, and efforts are underway to raise awareness among clients in China and assess program conditions in Russia. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | PROGRESS REPORT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES | PRIVATE SECTOR | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | COMMERCE | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | RISK FACTORS | MANAGEMENT | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Biology | Organization and Administration Document Number: 319307 |
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