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2.
Title: HIV Infection--Guangdong Province, China, 1997-2007.
Author: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Source: MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2009 Apr 24;58(15):396-400.
Abstract: In 2007, an estimated 700,000 persons in China were living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. An estimated 50,000 new HIV infections and 20,000 deaths related to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) occurred in 2007, and an estimated 71% of persons with HIV infection were unaware of their HIV status. In 2007, 40.6% of those living with HIV had been infected through heterosexual transmission and 38.1% through injection-drug use. Guangdong Province in southeastern China is the country's most populous province, with an estimated 75.6 million permanent residents and 16.5 million migrants; the province has undergone rapid economic development. Since 1986, a case-based surveillance system (CBSS) in China has collected data on persons infected with HIV, including demographic characteristics and transmission categories. To assess recent trends in HIV infection in the province, the Guangdong Center for Disease Control, with technical assistance from CDC, analyzed CBSS data for the period 1997--2007. The results of that analysis indicated that the number of HIV cases increased from 102 in 1997 to 4,593 in 2007, although this increase resulted, in part, from expanded testing and surveillance. Among males classified by HIV transmission category, 82.1% of newly diagnosed infections were attributed to injection-drug use. Among females classified by HIV transmission category, 53.7% engaged in high-risk heterosexual conduct. Despite substantial methodologic limitations, these results can be useful to Guangdong public health agencies in targeting and evaluating HIV prevention, care, and treatment programs.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICTS | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | IV DRUG USERS | PREVALENCE | HIV INFECTIONS | SEX FACTORS | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | INTERNET | AGE FACTORS | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Drug Use and Abuse | Behavior | Measurement | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Information Networks | Communication | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 331260

Title: Promoting health and equity: Evidence, policy and action: Cases from the Western Pacific Region.
Author: World Health Organization [WHO]. Regional Office for the Western Pacific
Source: Manila, Philippines, WHO, Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2009 Mar. [173] p.
Abstract: Recent years have seen a growth in the evidence base on policies and actions to promote health equity. Despite efforts, however, the evidence shows that inequalities are increasing rather than decreasing in many countries. This may partly be due to faulty policy decisions. There is clearly need for a better evidence-based approach on health policies to achieve equity. At the same time, understanding is inadequate on how policy-makers can best make use of the growing evidence base on promoting equity in health. There is a need for stronger links between evidence and health policy-making and implementation. To respond in part to this need, the WHO Western Pacific Regional Office convened the High Level Meeting on Promoting Health Equity: Evidence, Policy and Action from 16-18 October 2007 in Phnom Penh, hosted by the Royal Government of Cambodia, to provide an opportunity to exchange experiences and identify ways to promote the more systematic use of equity research in health policy and action. Health ministers and other stake holders engaged in the evidence-to-policy process were invited to submit case studies that illustrate the process. This book compiles the nine cases presented at the meeting. An introductory chapter comprises a synthesis of the cases and the lessons learned from them.
Language: English
Keywords:
CAMBODIA | CHINA | VIETNAM | NEW ZEALAND | MALAYSIA | MONGOLIA | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE STUDIES | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | TREATMENT | HEALTH POLICY | HEALTH SERVICES | TUBERCULOSIS | CAPACITY BUILDING | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Asia, Eastern | Oceania | Developed Countries | Asia, Northern | Studies | Research Methodology | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Infections | Diseases | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration | Program Evaluation
Document Number: 331453

Title: PRISM tools for assessing, monitoring, and evaluating RHIS performance.
Author: Aqil A; Lippeveld T
Source: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center [CPC], MEASURE Evaluation, 2009 Mar. [32] p. (MS-09-34USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-03-00003-00)
Abstract: PRISM Framework and its tools applications have expanded since 2004. Now it has been applied in Pakistan, Uganda, South Africa, Mexico, Paraguay, Honduras, Haiti, China and Cote d'Ivore for assessment and evaluation. It has been applied in diverse countries of Africa, Asia, Latin America and Carribean continents. While these applications showed the strengths and appropriateness of PRISM Framework and its tools in identifying strengths and weaknesses of the routine information systems, they brought some challenges to attention. First, to make a distinction between RHIS performance indicators -accuracy, timeliness and completeness, from their counterpart processes. Second, to keep minimum variables in various tools for triangulation of information to avoid respondent's burden of filling the details. Third, better measurement of use of information. Thus, there was a need to revise the PRISM tools. Uganda PRISM evaluation in 2007 for testing its reliability and validity also helped to make the revisions. PRISM tools version 3.0 meets old and new challenges in assessing, monitoring and evaluation of RHIS.
Language: English
Keywords:
PAKISTAN | MEXICO | HONDURAS | HAITI | CHINA | PARAGUAY | SOUTH AFRICA | UGANDA | SUMMARY REPORT | EVALUATION | INFORMATION PROCESSING | DATA COLLECTION | MANAGEMENT | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | North America | Americas | Central America | Latin America | Caribbean | Asia, Eastern | South America, Central | South America | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Africa, Eastern | Information | Research Methodology | Organization and Administration | Programs
Document Number: 339994

Peer Reviewed

Title: Systematic review of HIV and HCV infection among drug users in China.
Author: Bao YP; Liu ZM
Source: International Journal of STD and AIDS. 2009 Jun;20(6):399-405.
Abstract: To determine the HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) geographical distribution among drug users in China, a systematic literature review of 40 peer-reviewed publications (comprising 15,565 drug users) was conducted. Of the total drug users, 10,724 were found to be injection drug users (IDUs) and 4841 were non-injection drug users (non-IDUs). Various studies identified that among IDUs and non-IDUs, the overall HIV prevalence rates were 12.55% and 1.05%, and the HCV prevalence rates were 66.97% and 18.30%, respectively. The HIV prevalence rate ranged from 0% (Anhui and Inner Mongolia) to 52.51% (Yunnan) among IDUs, and from 0% to 19.80% among non-IDUs correspondingly. The HCV prevalence rate ranged from 11.43% (Shannxi) to 90.77% (Hubei) among IDUs, and from 0% (Anhui) to 40.00% (Fujian) among non-IDUs. Based on the high prevalence of HIV and HCV among drug users, scaling-up harm reduction was required from 'heroin trafficking areas' to other areas in China.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | PREVALENCE | IV DRUG USERS | HIV INFECTIONS | HEPATITIS | POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Drug Use and Abuse | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Geographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 342442

6.
Title: Conflicting policies in China's fight against HIV/AIDS.
Author: Burki T
Source: Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2009 Feb;9(2):84.
Abstract: The police and security forces are hampering Chinese efforts to address the HIV/AIDS epidemic, according to a Human Rights Watch (HRW) report published on Dec 9. "The government has expanded prevention and treatment programmes for drug users" said Joe Amon, HIV/AIDS programme director at HRW, "but at the same time, police are detaining drug users trying to access these services, and putting drug users in so-called drug rehabilitation centres where they are provided no drug dependency treatment". The report focuses on Guangxi province in southern China, but noted that the issues with which it dealt "stem from national laws and policies". HRW claim that police routinely wait outside methadone clinics and pharmacies to arrest suspected drug users. By placing them in mandatory confinement, the report says, the Chinese authorities were discouraging intravenous drug users from engaging with voluntary drug treatment programmes. HRW commented that the rehabilitation centres-which have a country wide population of over 340 000-"subject drug users to abusive, inhuman, and degrading treatment. They not only fail to provide HIV prevention and treatment to drug users, but facilitate its spread". The report added that HIV-positive detainees do not have their CD4 count monitored. According to official figures, there are roughly 700 000 cases of HIV/AIDS in China, and between 3 and 6 million drug users. Unsafe injection practices are a major source of HIV transmission, accounting for nearly half of new cases. "China has been very open-minded in rolling out drug substitution policies" Joseph Schumacher (University of Alabama, USA) told TLID. Since 2000, over 500 methadone clinics have been established in the country. Several nongovernmental organisations run needle exchange programmes. "More NGOs are opening and making voluntary HIV testing and counselling available", Schumacher pointed out. In China, drug addiction is widely regarded as an offence against society. The rehabilitation centres-some of which are known as "re-education through labour" centres-are emblematic of this. Schumacher suggests adjusting their function. "Instead of using these camps or re-education programmes as punishment", he says "integrate evidence-based therapies into the programmes. Use them more as treatment than as incarceration". In a related story, researchers report that improper care and the overuse of anti-tuberculosis drugs, throughout the country, have propelled Chinese rates of drug-resistant tuberculosis to almost twice the global average. (full-text)
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | POLICE | POLICYMAKERS | IV DRUG USERS | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | HEALTH POLICY | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Corrections Officers | Government | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Policy | HIV Testing | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 330595

Peer Reviewed

Title: A randomized trial to compare two dosing intervals of misoprostol following mifepristone administration in second trimester medical abortion.
Author: Chai J; Tang OS; Hong QQ; Chen QF; Cheng LN; Ng E; Ho PC
Source: Human Reproduction. 2009 Feb;24(2):320-4.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The conventional timing of misoprostol administration after mifepristone for second trimester medical abortion is 36-48 h, but simultaneous administration, which may make the regimen more convenient, has not been studied. The objective of this randomized comparison study is to compare two intervals of administration of misoprostol after pretreatment with mifepristone for second trimester medical abortion. METHODS: Eligible women with gestational age between 12 and 20 weeks were randomized to receive mifepristone 200 mg orally followed by 600 microg misoprostol vaginally either immediately or 36-38 h later, followed by 400 microg vaginal misoprostol every 3 h for a maximum of four doses. The primary outcome measure was the success rate at 24 h after the start of misoprostol treatment and the secondary outcome measures were the induction-to-abortion interval and the frequency of side effects. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in the success rate at 24 h (36-38 h: 100%; immediate: 91.5%). The median induction-to-abortion interval was significantly shorter in the 36-38 h regimen (4.9 h) compared with the immediate regimen (10 h). Side effects in terms of febrile episodes and chills/rigors were significantly higher in the immediate administration group. CONCLUSIONS: Simultaneous use of mifepristone and misoprostol for second trimester medical abortion is not as effective as the regimen using a 36-38 h dosing interval.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | HONG KONG | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PREGNANT WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | ABORTION | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | MISOPROSTOL | RU-486 | PREGNANCY, SECOND TRIMESTER | TIME FACTORS | SIDE EFFECTS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Prostaglandins, Synthetic | Prostaglandins | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Hormone Antagonists | Hormones | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 331075 Notification

Title: Blockade of alpha(1A)-adrenoceptor: A novel possible strategy for male contraception.
Author: Chen Y; Li H; Dong Q; Wang KJ
Source: Medical Hypotheses. 2009;73:140-141.
Abstract: Worldwide almost one quarter of all couples practicing contraception rely on male methods. However, currently available options for male contraception are limited. Thus, it is urgent to develop safe, effective, and reversible male contraceptives. To date, alpha(1)-blockers are the most widely used agents for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Several studies reveal that in elderly patients the alpha(1A)-selective antagonist tamsulosin can induce a notably high incidence of ejaculation dysfunction characterized by low ejaculate volume. Recent clinical trials suggest that tamsulosin may effectively inhibit sperm ejaculation in young volunteers. Since alpha(1A)-adrenoceptor subtype plays a dominant role in mediating the contractions of accessory sex organs contributing to ejaculation, we hypothesize that blockade of alpha(1A)-adrenoceptor may suppress the motility of these organs, thereby inhibiting sperm transport and achieving contraception, and the alpha(1A)-selective antagonists can act as a male contraceptive. If our hypotheses can be further supported with clinical trials it will shift the paradigm for male-based contraception and provide a wider range of choice for all.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH PROPOSAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLINICAL RESEARCH | MEN | MALE CONTRACEPTION | HORMONE ANTAGONISTS | SPERM TRANSPORT INHIBITION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Inhibition of Fertilization | Contraceptive Mode of Action
Document Number: 341144

Title: Mother's education and child health: is there a nurturing effect?
Author: Chen Y; Li H
Source: Journal of Health Economics. 2009 Mar;28(2):413-26.
Abstract: In this paper, we examine the effect of maternal education on the health of young children by using a large sample of adopted children from China. As adopted children are genetically unrelated to the nurturing parents, the educational effect on them is most likely to be the nurturing effect. We find that the mother's education is an important determinant of the health of adopted children even after we control for income, the number of siblings, health environments, and other socioeconomic variables. Moreover, the effect of the mother's education on the adoptee sample is similar to that on the own birth sample, which suggests that the main effect of the mother's education on child health is in post-natal nurturing. We also find suggestive evidence that the effect is causal. Our work provides new evidence to the general literature that examines the determinants of health and that examines the intergenerational immobility of socioeconomic status.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CHILDREN | CHILD HEALTH | MATERNAL HEALTH | EDUCATION | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | IMPACT | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Communication
Document Number: 341556

10.

Peer Reviewed

Title: The epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus infection, sexually transmitted infections, and associated risk behaviors among men who have sex with men in the Mekong Subregion and China: implications for policy and programming.
Author: de Lind van Wijngaarden JW; Brown T; Girault P; Sarkar S; van Griensven F
Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2009 May;36(5):319-24.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Little systematic knowledge is available regarding risk behaviors and the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and sexually transmitted infections (STI) in populations of men having sex with men (MSM) in the Mekong Subregion and China. METHODS: Data on HIV/STI prevalence and risk behavior of MSM in the region were collected through Internet searches, were summarized and assessed for their policy and programming implications. RESULTS: Twenty-four articles, reports and abstracts of research studies were identified for review. High levels of HIV, STI and associated risk behavior were reported among MSM throughout the region. The HIV prevalence among MSM in urban areas varied between 5.5% and 28.3% in Thailand and Cambodia and between 0.0% and 9.4% in Vietnam and China. No HIV/STI prevalence data were available for Lao PDR and Myanmar. CONCLUSION: Levels of HIV/STI prevalence and risk behavior among MSM in the Mekong Subregion and China are high. Continued monitoring and surveillance and targeted preventive interventions are necessary to stop the spread of HIV in this vulnerable population.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | VIETNAM | LAOS | CAMBODIA | MYANMAR | THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA AGGREGATION | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | HIV INFECTIONS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | PREVALENCE | SEX BEHAVIOR | EPIDEMIOLOGY | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Research Methodology | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Measurement | Public Health | Health
Document Number: 341442

11.

Title: Use of oral contraceptives, intrauterine devices and tubal sterilization and cancer risk in a large prospective study, from 1996 to 2006.
Author: Dorjgochoo T; Shu XO; Li HL; Qian HZ; Yang G; Cai H; Gao YT; Zheng W
Source: International Journal of Cancer. 2009;124(10):2442-2449.
Abstract: The association of contraceptive methods, including oral contraceptives (OC), intrauterine devices (IUD) and tubal sterilization (TS), with overall and site-specific cancer were prospectively investigated in a cohort of 66,661 Chinese women in Shanghai, 76.7% of whom used contraception. During a median follow-up time of 7.5 years, 2,250 women were diagnosed with cancer. Ever-use of any contraceptive method was not associated with overall cancer risk [adjusted hazard ratio (HR(adj)) = 1.02, 95% CI, 0.92-1.12]. Use of any contraceptive method was associated with increased risk of rectal cancer (HR(adj) = 1.68, 95% CI, 1.08-2.62) and reduced risk of thyroid cancer (HR(adj) = 0.63, 95% CI, 0.38-1.04). Risk of gallbladder cancer increased with ever use of OC (HR(adj) = 2.38, 95% CI, 1.26-4.49). IUD use was associated with a possible reduced risk of thyroid cancer (HR(adj) = 0.64, 95% CI, 0.38-1.07). Longer duration of IUD use decreased risk for breast, thyroid and lung cancers. Ever having a TS was associated with increased uterine body cancer (HR(adj) = 2.50, 95% CI, 1.47-4.25) and decreased risk of stomach cancer (HR(adj) = 0.59, 95% CI, 0.39-0.91). We did not find any contraceptive method to be related to the risk of ovarian cancer but the analyses were based on few events. Although chance findings are a likely explanation for some of the associations found in our study, these findings suggest that various contraceptive methods or reproductive patterns may play a role in the etiology of cancer. (c) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | IUD | NEOPLASMS | FEMALE STERILIZATION | TUBAL LIGATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Diseases | Sterilization, Sexual
Document Number: 329657

12.
Title: [Efficacy and safety of drospirenone-ethinylestradiol on contraception in healthy chinese women: a multicenter randomized controlled trial]
Author: Fan GS; Bian ML; Cheng LN; Cao XM; Huang ZR; Han ZY; Jing XP; Li J; Wu SY; Xiong CL; Xiong ZA; Yue TF
Source: Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi. 2009 Jan;44(1):38-44.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the contraception efficacy, mode of bleeding, side effects and other positive effects of drospirenone-ethinylestradiol (Yasmin) in healthy Chinese women. METHODS: This was a multicenter, randomized, control study of 768 healthy Chinese women who consulted about contraception. The subjects were randomized into Yasmin group (30 microg ethinylestradiol plus 3 mg drospirenone, 573 cases) or desogestrel group (30 microg ethinylestradiol plus 150 microg desogestrel, 195 cases) with the ratio of 3:1. Each individual was treated for 13 cycles. Further visits were required at cycle 4, cycle 7, cycle 10 and cycle 13 of treatment Weight, height, body mass index were evaluated at each visit. The menstrual distress questionnaire (MDQ) was given to the women at baseline, visit 3 (cycle 7) and visit 5 (after cycle 13). RESULTS: The values of basal features were similar between two groups (P > 0.05). The Pearl index (method failure) of Yasmin was 0. 208/hundred women year which was lower than that of desogestrel (0. 601/hundred women year). The mode of bleeding was similar between two groups after trial without showing any significant difference. According to MDQ subscale, the improvement of water retention and increasing appetite during inter-menstrual period and water retention and general well-being during menstrual period in the Yasmin group (-0.297, -0.057, 0.033, 0.150 respectively) was more obvious than that in the desogestrel group (-0.108, 0.023, 0.231, -0.023 respectively) with a significant difference (P < 0.05). Some other values which improved in both two groups, especially the improvement of breast tenderness and pain and skin abnormality in Yasmin group (18.0%, 89/494; 12.6%, 62/494) was more distinct than that in desogestrel group (11.3%, 19/168; 5.4%, 9/168). The mean weight increased in desogestrel group (0.57 kg) while it decreased in Yasmin group (-0.28 kg) with a significant difference (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Both Yasmin and desogestrel have good efficacy on contraception and similar modes of menstrual bleeding. Yasmin is better than desogestrel in terms of weight control and premenstrual syndrome of oral contraceptive.
Language: Chinese
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | PEARL'S FORMULA | BODY WEIGHT | BODY HEIGHT | MENSTRUATION DISORDERS | DESOGESTREL | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | TREATMENT | TESTING | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Use-Effectiveness | Contraceptive Effectiveness | Contraception | Family Planning | Physiology | Biology | Diseases | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Measurement | Research Methodology
Document Number: 341804

13.

Title: Epidemiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in China.
Author: Fan JG; Farrell GC
Source: Journal of Hepatology. 2009 Jan;50(1):204-10.
Abstract: Fatty liver (steatosis) is highly prevalent in China and is more often linked to obesity than to alcoholism. Among more affluent regions of China, the community prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is approximately 15%. With the increasing pandemic of obesity, the prevalence of NAFLD has approximately doubled in the past decade. The risk factors resemble those in other ethnic populations, but it is important to note that ethnic-specific definitions of central obesity, obesity and metabolic syndrome are more useful in assessment of Chinese people. The full range of histological manifestations of NAFLD has been demonstrated in Chinese patients, but to date hepatic severity is generally mild. In contrast to chronic hepatitis C, steatosis is less common in patients with chronic hepatitis B; it is associated with metabolic, and not viral factors and does not appear to affect disease severity. Although long-term outcomes of NAFLD in Chinese populations remain unclear, it may be a predictor of metabolic disorders, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Public health interventions are therefore indicated to halt or reverse the national trend of obesity in China so as to improve liver as well as metabolic health.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | ETHNIC GROUPS | PREVALENCE | HEPATIC EFFECTS | OBESITY | RISK FACTORS | CULTURE | LIPID METABOLIC EFFECTS | HEPATITIS | METABOLIC EFFECTS | LONGTERM EFFECTS | DIABETES | CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Physiology | Biology | Body Weight | Sociocultural Factors | Lipids | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Time Factors | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 330390

14.

Title: Termination of missed abortion in a combined procedure: a randomized controlled trial.
Author: Fang AF; Chen QF; Zheng W; Li YH; Chen RY
Source: Journal of Reproduction and Contraception. 2009 Mar;20(1):45-49.
Abstract: Objective To access an ideal procedure terminating missed abortion within 12 weeks of gestational age. Methods Women with intrauterine fetal death were randomized into 3 groups. Group A (n=30): vaginal misoprostol (MP) 0.4 mg, 3 h before vacuum aspiration; group B(n=15): vaginal MP 0.4 mg every 3 h, up to 5 doses; group C(n=30): oral mifepristone (MF) 200 mg 36-48 h before vaginal MP 0.4 mg, MP was given every 3 h, up to 5 doses. Results Women in group A had the shortest interval of gestation tissue expulsion (3.2 - 0.5 h) and the bleeding (3.2 + 5.7 ml) during medical procedure, which were statistically significant in comparison with the other two groups (P<0.001, P<0.01, respectively). Success rates of groups A, B and C were 100%, 33.3% and 90.0%, respectively. Percentages of women need surgical interventions were similar in group B and group C(80.0%,76.7%, respectively). Bleeding during operation, pain after medical procedure and satisfaction presented no statistical significance among the 3 groups. Conclusion Vaginal MP followed by vacuum aspiration was valuable in safety, and efficacy, which led to less bleeding and a faster recovery.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | CLINICAL TRIALS | FETAL DEATH | ABORTION | MISOPROSTOL | RU-486 | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Prostaglandins, Synthetic | Prostaglandins | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Hormone Antagonists | Hormones | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 341510

15.

Peer Reviewed

Title: High HIV prevalence detected in 2006 and 2007 among men who have sex with men in China's largest municipality: an alarming epidemic in Chongqing, China.
Author: Feng L; Ding X; Lu R; Liu J; Sy A; Ouyang L; Pan C; Yi H; Liu H; Xu J; Zhao J
Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2009 Sep 1;52(1):79-85.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Data from many large cities in China show HIV prevalence among men who have sex with men (MSM) increasing dramatically over the recent years, making HIV transmission among MSM in China a growing concern. To facilitate targeted HIV prevention among MSM in Chongqing, surveys were conducted to examine HIV prevalence and its associated factors in 2006 and in 2007. METHODS: Surveys were conducted in 2006 and 2007 in 3 districts of Chongqing at venues and cruising areas where MSM frequent. Univariate and bivariate analysis were conducted on demographic, behavioral, and biological data. RESULTS: HIV prevalence was 19.7% in 2006 and 26.5% in 2007 among recruitees from bathhouses and saunas, more than 2 times higher than recruitees from other venues for both years. HIV prevalence increased from 10.4% in 2006 to 12.5% in 2007. HIV prevalence was more than 20% among those older than 40 years of age, much higher than HIV prevalence in younger age groups. HIV prevalence among married MSM was 15.9% in 2006 and 20.9% in 2007, compared with nonmarried MSM at 7.6% in 2006 and 9.2% in 2007. DISCUSSION: Urgent attention for prevention services is required to address the overall high HIV prevalence among MSM in the city, with special focus on subgroups as older, married MSM, and those recruited from bathhouses and saunas.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | SAMPLING STUDIES | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | EPIDEMICS | SYPHILIS | SEX BEHAVIOR | AGE FACTORS | MARITAL STATUS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Nuptiality
Document Number: 342907

16.

Title: Effect of Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (DMPA) on bone mineral density in women of reproductive age
Author: Gai L; Zhang JL; Zhang HZ; Gai P; Liu YH
Source: Journal of Reproduction and Contraception. 2009 Mar;20(1):51-56.
Abstract: Objective To compare bone mineral density (BMD) between users of intramuscular depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) and nonhormonal control subjects. Methods The study included 68 women aged between 25 and 40 years using depot medroxyprogesterone acetate for 24 months and 59 women aged between 25 and 40 years using nonhormonal contraception as control subjects. BMD of the lumbar spine and femoral neck were obtained using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results At 24 months of treatment, as compared with baseline, the mean BMD in lumbar spine and femoral neck was decreased by 5.5% and 5.9%, respectively. Lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD in women who used DMPA were significantly decreased compared with the subjects in nonuser (P<0.001). Conclusion These results show BMD declined during using DMPA in women aged 25-40 years old.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | WOMEN | DEPO-PROVERA | REPRODUCTIVE AGE | SKELETAL EFFECTS | OSTEOPOROSIS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Medroxyprogesterone Acetate | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproduction | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 341511

17.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Changing health status and health expectancies among older adults in China: gender differences from 1992 to 2002.
Author: Gu D; Dupre ME; Warner DF; Zeng Y
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009 Jun;68(12):2170-9.
Abstract: Numerous studies document improvements in health status and health expectancies among older adults over time. However, most evidence is from developed nations and gender differences in health trends are often inconsistent. It remains unknown whether changes in health in developing countries resemble Western trends or whether patterns of health improvement are unique to the country's epidemiologic transition and gender norms. Using two nationally representative samples of non-institutionalized adults in China aged 65 years and older, this study investigates gender differences in the improvements in disability, chronic disease prevalence, and self-rated health from 1992 to 2002. Results from multivariate logistic regression models show that all three indicators of health improved over the 10-year period, with the largest improvement in self-rated health. With the exception of disability, the health of women improved more than men. Using Sullivan's decomposition methods, we also show that active life expectancy, disease-free life expectancy, and healthy life expectancy increased over this decade and were patterned differently according to gender. Overall, the findings demonstrate that China experienced broad health improvements during its early stages of the epidemiologic transition and that these changes were not uniform by gender. We discuss the public health implications of the findings in the context of China's rapidly aging population.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | ADULTS | GENDER ISSUES | LIFE EXPECTANCY | DISEASES | LIFE STYLE | QUALITY OF LIFE | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Behavior | Social Welfare | Economic Factors
Document Number: 342740

18.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Prevalence of needle sharing, commercial sex behaviors and associated factors in Chinese male and female injecting drug user populations.
Author: Gu J; Wang R; Chen H; Lau JT; Zhang L; Hu X; Lei Z; Li Z; Cai H; Wang T; Tsui H
Source: AIDS Care. 2009 Jan;21(1):31-41.
Abstract: The objective of this study is to investigate prevalence and associated factors of commercial sex behaviors and condom use at commercial sex, as well as prevalence of needle sharing among injecting drug users (IDUs) in China. In this study, 162 IDUs were recruited by peer workers in Dazhou, Sichuan and were anonymously interviewed by using a structured questionnaire. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed and interaction between gender and the studied independent variables were tested for significance. The results of this study showed that the male and female respondents, respectively 11.7 and 16.9% were HIV positive; 34.0 and 40.7% engaged in commercial sex and 23.3 and 11.9% shared needles with others in the last six months. Percent using a condom in the last episode of commercial sex was 30.3% for males and 76.2% for females. The multivariate analyses showed that higher drug dosage (OR=0.3, 95% CI: 0.1-0.9) and reduced sexual drive (OR=0.3, 95% CI: 0.1-0.9) were associated with lower likelihood for commercial sex among male IDUs while higher drug dosage (OR=9.1, 95% CI: 1.0-86.0), perceived difficulty in finding a job (OR=5.1, 95% CI: 1.3-20.1) and lack of family support (OR=4.0, 95% CI: 1.1-15.4) were associated with commercial sex among female IDUs. Similarly, unknown HIV status (OR=8.2, 95% CI: 1.7-9.2) and having a regular sex partner (OR=3.7, 95% CI: 1.3-10.9) was associated with needle sharing. It is concluded that male and female IDUs were sexually active and often engaged in commercial sex. Drug dosage and reduced sexual drive were relevant but did not stop commercial sex behaviors. More supportive social environment is required to prevent female IDUs to enter sex work.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | MEN | WOMEN | IV DRUG USERS | SEX WORKERS | SEX BEHAVIOR | NEEDLE SHARING | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Drug Use and Abuse | Behavior | Risk Behavior
Document Number: 331213

19.

20.

Title: Self-reported sexually transmitted disease symptoms and treatment-seeking behaviors in China.
Author: Guan J; Wu Z; Li L; Lin C; Rotheram-Borus MJ; Detels R; Hsieh J
Author: NIMH Collaborative HIV/STD Prevention Trial Group
Source: AIDS Patient Care and STDs. 2009 Jun;23(6):443-8.
Abstract: In recent decades, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) have reemerged and spread as a major public health problem in China. However, little effort has been made on promoting appropriate health-seeking behaviors among people living with STDs. A randomly selected sample of market vendors in Fuzhou (N = 4510) was recruited and assessed from 2003 to 2004 to examine their choice of pharmacy versus hospital, and folk remedy versus Western medicine when having STD symptoms. Approximately 11.3% of the sample (4.0% of men and 17.8% of women) reported having had abnormal genital discharge or genital ulcer during the past 6 months. More (over 60%) people chose Chinese folk remedy to treat symptoms or prevent transmission when they had genital discharge and/or genital ulcer. Approximately 30% of study participants with reported STD symptoms visited pharmacies only to seek treatment, and 17% visited neither hospital nor pharmacies. Visiting a pharmacy only for STD treatment was marginally significantly associated with being female (prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.665, confidence interval [CI] = 0.980, 2.831) and never married (PR = 1.984, CI = 1.098, 3.594) after controlling for other potential confounders. Education about appropriate health-seeking behaviors to obtain effective treatment of STD must be a top priority to control the rapid spread of STDs in China.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | CLIENTS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | TREATMENT | TRADITIONAL HEALTH PRACTICES | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | HEALTH SERVICES | PHARMACY DISTRIBUTION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities
Document Number: 342431

21.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Rapidly increasing prevalence of HIV and syphilis and HIV-1 subtype characterization among men who have sex with men in Jiangsu, China.
Author: Guo H; Wei JF; Yang H; Huan X; Tsui SK; Zhang C
Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2009 Feb;36(2):120-5.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV), and syphilis among men who have sex with men (MSM) in 2 cities of Jiangsu, China, and to characterize the HIV-1 subtypes prevalent among this population. METHODS: During September 2006 and July 2007, 296 and 173 MSM were recruited from Nanjing and Yangzhou, respectively. Sera samples were collected and tested for HIV, HBV, HCV, and syphilis infections. The nucleotide sequences of p17 and C2V3 regions were determined by RT-nested-PCR and sequencing. HIV-1 subtypes were characterized by phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS: The prevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV, and syphilis infections among MSM was 5.8%, 11.1%, 0.7%, and 27.7%, respectively. The prevalence of HIV and syphilis was significantly higher in 2006-2007 than in 2003 (P 0.05). The phylogenetic tree of p17 showed that HIV-1 subtypes B, CRF01_AE, and CRF07_BC accounted for 35.7%, 35.7%, and 28.6%, respectively. The result of C2V3 showed that 45.5%, 36.4%, and 18.2% sequences belonged to HIV-1 subtype B, CRF01_AE, and BC recombinants, respectively. The subtype characterization in Jiangsu was significantly different from those in Beijing (P <0.05). Furthermore, Jiangsu HIV-1 B strains were different from majority of China B' strains and originated from Beijing. CONCLUSIONS: The rapidly increasing prevalence and complex subtypes of HIV-1 suggest that effective prevention and intervention strategies are urgently needed for MSM in Jiangsu.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | GENETIC TECHNIQUES | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | URBAN POPULATION | PREVALENCE | HIV INFECTIONS | SYPHILIS | HEPATITIS | GENETICS | CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Biology | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities
Document Number: 330373

22.

Title: Midwives in China: 'jie sheng po' to 'zhu chan shi'.
Author: Harris A; Belton S; Barclay L; Fenwick J
Source: Midwifery. 2009 Apr;25(2):203-12.
Abstract: We explore the position of midwifery in contemporary China, and draw on fieldwork conducted in Shanxi and Sichuan Provinces during 2005 and 2006, the available literature in English and to a lesser extent in Mandarin. We also explore the historical antecedents to the present-day professional status, practices and position within the health-care system of midwifery in China. We consider the effect on midwifery of the place of biomedicine in the modernising project of the post-reform State, the shift of birth from the private to the public domain, the rise of the medical profession, the medicalisation of birth and the increasing use of technology, and trace changes in the nature of relations between midwives, doctors and the State from Imperial China to the present day. In particular, we examine the changes that have occurred as midwifery has moved from the arena of the lay practitioner ('jie sheng po') to the professional ('zhu chan shi'). We draw out and critique some ways that midwives act to differentiate themselves and lay claim to a variant body of practice-based knowledge, yet question the capacity of midwifery in China today to assert, in any substantial way, a professional identity that distinguishes it from medical obstetric practice.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | MIDWIVES AND MIDWIFERY | HEALTH PERSONNEL | PUBLIC SECTOR | CHANGES | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 341368

23.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Reproductive and family planning history, knowledge, and needs: A community survey of low-income women in Beijing, China.
Author: He H; Ostbye T; Daltveit AK
Source: BMC Women's Health. 2009 Aug 10;9(1):23.
Abstract: ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The reproductive health status of China's low-income urban women is believed to be poor. Therefore, understanding their reproductive history and needs and improving services provision is very important. However, few studies have been done to assess reproductive health status, knowledge and needs in this low-income population. The purpose of this study is to broadly assess reproductive and family planning history, knowledge and health needs among low income urban women with an aim to informing health services interventions. METHODS: 1642 low-income women age 18-49 from Haidian district, Beijing were selected. All were interviewed via a standardized questionnaire in 2006. RESULTS: Most women reported at least one pregnancy and delivery (97.7%, 98.3%). Deliveries in hospitals (97.3%) by medical personnel (98.5%) were commonplace, as was receipt of antenatal care (86.0%). Nearly half had at least one abortion, with most (56.0%) performed in district hospitals, by physicians (95.6%), and paid for out-of-pocket (64.4%). Almost all (97.4%) used contraception, typically IUDs or condoms. Reproductive knowledge was limited. Health needs emphasized by the participants included popularizing reproductive health information, being able to discuss their reproductive health concerns, free reproductive health insurance, examination and treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Among poor urban women in Beijing, antenatal care and contraceptive use were common. However, abortions were also common. Knowledge about reproductive health was limited. There is a need for better reproductive health education, free medical care and social support.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | FAMILY PLANNING SURVEYS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | URBAN POPULATION | WOMEN | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | PREGNANCY HISTORY | KNOWLEDGE | NEEDS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Planning | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 342493

24.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Herpes simplex virus-2 infection in male rural migrants in Shanghai, China.
Author: He N; Cao H; Yin Y; Gao M; Zhang T; Detels R
Source: International Journal of STD and AIDS. 2009 Feb;20(2):112-4.
Abstract: The overall herpes simplex virus (HSV)-2 seroprevalence was 5.5% among male rural migrants working in construction sites, markets and factories, 5.4% among those reporting having had sexual intercourse and 5.8% among those reporting no sexual intercourse. Multiple logistic regression analyses indicate that migrants having higher income were more likely to have HSV-2 infection. None of the HSV-2-positives realized their infection status. Future sexually transmitted disease (STD) intervention programmes should target migrants with higher income and migrant market vendors and should not exclude those who self-report no STDs or no history of sexual intercourse.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | RURAL POPULATION | MIGRANT WORKERS | MEN | HERPES GENITALIS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases
Document Number: 331171

25.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Burden of syphilis infections in Shenzhen, China: a preliminary estimation.
Author: Hong FC; Feng TJ; Cai YM; Wen LZ; Pan P; Lan LN; Lai YH; Zhou H; Liu XL; Lin SP; Chen G; Chen XS
Source: International Journal of STD and AIDS. 2009 Feb;20(2):115-8.
Abstract: Information on the prevalence and incidence of sexually transmitted infections is important for developing prevention and control strategies and allocating human and financial resources. However, there are no available estimates of such information for many areas in China. In this study, we used the existing data to make a preliminary estimation of syphilis infections in Shenzhen city, in south-eastern China. Data on prevalence rates of syphilis infections among different populations were obtained from the local HIV/sexually transmitted disease second-generation surveillance programme, and the sizes of different populations were estimated based on the most recently available figures. It was estimated that 83,760 (range 77,490-90,020) people are currently infected with syphilis, giving a prevalence of 0.71-0.82% (0.76% on average) in Shenzhen. Around 18% of these syphilis infections occur among men who have sex with men and another 15.8% and 8.7% occur among female sex workers and their clients, respectively. These estimates suggest that a combination of unprotected paid sex and sex between men may be sustaining the epidemic of syphilis in the study area. The preliminary estimates will assist the government in planning and improving its comprehensive intervention programmes for the future control and prevention of syphilis.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGY | PREVALENCE | INCIDENCE | SYPHILIS | PROGRAM DESIGN | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Public Health | Health | Measurement | Research Methodology | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331170

26.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Prevalence of syphilis and HIV infections among men who have sex with men from different settings in Shenzhen, China: implications for HIV/STD surveillance.
Author: Hong FC; Zhou H; Cai YM; Pan P; Feng TJ; Liu XL; Chen XS
Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Feb;85(1):42-4.
Abstract: HIV/STD surveillance system data are important for developing prevention and control programmes for men who have sex with men (MSM), now a core group in Chinese HIV/STD surveillance activities. MSM were recruited from different settings in Shenzhen and were tested for HIV and syphilis. A substantial prevalence of HIV and syphilis infections was found in this population. However, risk behaviours and sociodemographic characteristics varied greatly among MSM recruited from the different settings (gay sauna, gay bar and MSM clinic), suggesting that carefully considering and selecting appropriate settings to represent the MSM population is critical for developing HIV and STD surveillance and prevention programmes.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | PREVALENCE | HIV INFECTIONS | SYPHILIS | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Behavior | Measurement | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Population
Document Number: 330969

27.

Title: Condom use among married women at risk for sexually transmitted infections and HIV in rural China.
Author: Hong H; Qin QR; Li LH; Ji GP; Ye DQ
Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 Apr 13;
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess factors associated with condom use among married women in rural China, and provide evidence for implementing education strategies to prevent sexually transmitted infections and HIV. METHODS: A total of 737 sexually active married rural women who were aged between 18 and 49 years and had heard of AIDS were selected by cluster sampling and interviewed in 8 villages of Anhui province, China. RESULTS: The rate of condom use was only 5.4%.There were no significant differences in sexual behavior and condom use between married women whose husbands were away as migrant workers and the wives of nonmigrant men, except in knowledge of free condom sources. Significant factors associated with condom use included age, level of education, knowledge about condoms, training about condoms, sources of condoms, and husbands' attitude toward condoms. CONCLUSIONS: More educational interventions are needed to increase condom knowledge and promotion, especially among less educated women and married women left behind by migrant husbands.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | RURAL POPULATION | CURRENTLY MARRIED | MIGRANT WORKERS | SPOUSE | CONDOM USE | HIV PREVENTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | AGE FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | ATTITUDES | KNOWLEDGE | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Family Planning Surveys | Family Planning | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Labor Force | Human Resources | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Psychological Factors
Document Number: 341460

28.

Title: Long-term follow-up of a peer-led HIV/AIDS prevention program for married women in rural China.
Author: Hong H; Ji GP; Ye DQ
Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 Apr 3;
Abstract: Women are infected with HIV at increasing rates worldwide, and the incidence of new AIDS cases has been rising faster for women than for men. In China, rural married women may become infected with HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) when their husbands return home after working in cities. Studies have demonstrated that many married rural women know little about condom use or STIs, and that their low level of knowledge puts them at risk. Since HIV is mainly sexually transmitted and there is neither an effective vaccine nor a cure for HIV/AIDS, the most important way to control HIV/AIDS is to decrease high-risk sexual behavior by improving women's HIV/AIDS-related knowledge and attitudes. In 2007 and 2008, we conducted a follow-up study with 737 married women in North Anhui, China, to evaluate the long-term effects of a peer education program for married women. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | CURRENTLY MARRIED | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PEER EDUCATORS | RURAL POPULATION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV PREVENTION | LONGTERM EFFECTS | CONDOM USE | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Education | Population Characteristics | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Time Factors | Population Dynamics | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors
Document Number: 341463

29.

Peer Reviewed

Title: HIV/AIDS behavioral interventions in China: a literature review and recommendation for future research.
Author: Hong Y; Li X
Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Jun;13(3):603-13.
Abstract: In the past two decades, China has witnessed an alarming increase of HIV/AIDS epidemic. Meanwhile, a number of HIV prevention interventions have been conducted. This study reviews existing studies in literature on behavioral interventions on HIV/AIDS in China. Of 25 studies we identified, most have been concentrated in South and South-West China, mainly targeting injection drug users and female sex workers. The most commonly used intervention strategy was individual-oriented HIV-related knowledge education and behavioral skill training. All studies reported positive intervention effects including improved HIV-related knowledge, increased condom use, reduced needle sharing, and reduced STI. Literature also suggests a lack of intervention among other at-risk populations such as MSM, migrant workers, and non-injecting drug users, lack of studies with rigorous evaluation design, inadequate follow-up, limited outcome measurement, and lack of multi-faceted structural interventions. The existing intervention studies document strong evidence of controlling HIV/AIDS epidemic through effective behavioral intervention. More efforts are needed to control the growing HIV/AIDS epidemic in China. Future studies need to employ more rigorous methodology and incorporate environmental or structural factors for different populations at risk of HIV infection in China.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | LITERATURE REVIEW | IV DRUG USERS | SEX WORKERS | EPIDEMICS | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | INTERVENTIONS | HEALTH EDUCATION | KNOWLEDGE | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Drug Use and Abuse | Behavior | Sex Behavior | Diseases | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | AIDS | Programs | Organization and Administration | Education | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 342110

30.

Peer Reviewed

Title: HIV/AIDS-related sexual risks and migratory status among female sex workers in a rural Chinese county.
Author: Hong Y; Li X; Yang H; Fang X; Zhao R
Source: AIDS Care. 2009 Feb;21(2):212-20.
Abstract: Currently, there are millions of female sex workers (FSWs) in China and these women play a critical role in the escalating HIV epidemic in the country. Existing studies revealed high mobility of this population, but data on the relationship of FSWs' migratory status and their HIV/AIDS-related sexual risks are limited. A cross-sectional survey was administered among 454 FSWs in a rural county of Guangxi, China. Sexual risks and current infections of sexually transmitted disease (STD) were compared among local FSWs (i.e. those who were the county residents or from other parts of Guangxi) and those FSWs who migrated from outside Guangxi. Data reveal that local FSWs were younger, less educated and newer to the sex industry, and had more sexual risks and higher rates of STDs compared to migrant FSWs. This relationship remains significant after controlling for potential confounders. A higher level of sexual risks and STDs among local FSWs than migrant FSWs in the rural Chinese county suggests the need to examine the relationship between migratory status and HIV/AIDS-related risks within specific social and cultural contexts. The data also underscore an urgent need for culturally appropriate HIV/AIDS-prevention intervention efforts among FSWs in rural or less developed areas in China.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | RURAL AREAS | SEX WORKERS | WOMEN | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | MIGRANT WORKERS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Demographic Factors | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Viral Diseases | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors
Document Number: 330805


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