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Peer Reviewed

Title: 'And they kill me, only because I am a girl'...a review of sex-selective abortions in South Asia.
Author: Abrejo FG; Shaikh BT; Rizvi N
Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Feb;14(1):10-6.
Abstract: The low social status of women and the preference for sons determine a high rate of sex-selective abortion or, more specifically, female feticide, in South Asian countries. Although each of them, irrespective of its abortion policy, strictly condemns sex-selective abortion, data suggest high rates of such procedures in India, Nepal, China and Bangladesh. This paper reviews the current situation of sex-selective abortion, the laws related to it and the factors contributing to its occurrence within these countries. Based on this review, it is concluded that sex selective abortion is a public health issue as it contributes to high maternal mortality. Abortion policies of South Asian countries vary greatly and this influences the frequency of reporting of cases. Several socio-economic factors are responsible for sex-selective abortion including gender discriminating cultural practices, irrational national population policies and unethical use of technology. Wide social change promoting women's status in society should be instituted whereby women are offered more opportunities for better health, education and economic participation through gender sensitive policies and programmes. A self-regulation of the practices in the medical profession and among communities must be achieved through behavioural change campaigns.
Language: English
Keywords:
ASIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CHILD, FEMALE | SEX PRESELECTION | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | Developing Countries | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Technologies | Reproduction | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 341236

Title: Paying the price. The economic cost of failing to educate girls.
Author: Plan
Source: Woking, United Kingdom, Plan, 2008. 11 p.
Abstract: Perhaps it is impossible to quantify the difference it makes to individuals' confidence, well-being and life-chances. But there is increasing evidence that we can make a serious estimate of the cost to economies of failing to educate girls to the same standard as boys. This report presents a new analysis of the economic cost of failing to educate girls. Based on World Bank research and economic data and UNESCO education statistics, it estimates the economic cost to 65 low and middle income and transitional countries of failing to educate girls to the same standard as boys as a staggering US$92 billion each year. This is just less than the $103bn annual overseas development aid budget of the developed world. The message is clear: investment in girls' education will deliver real returns, not just for individuals but for the whole of society. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | PROGRESS REPORT | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | CHILD, FEMALE | EDUCATION | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | COST EFFECTIVENESS | FOREIGN AID | INEQUALITIES | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | SEX DISCRIMINATION | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Evaluation Indexes | Financial Activities | Socioeconomic Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Women's Status | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status
Document Number: 326794

Title: Reducing FGM / C among Somali girls in Kenya.
Author: Population Council
Source: Population Briefs. 2008 Dec;14(2):[3] p.
Abstract: Nearly all Somali girls, sometimes when they are as young as four years, undergo female genital mutilation / cutting (FGM / C). This ancient practice involves the removal of all or part of the female external genitalia for cultural, not medical, reasons. Among Somalis in Kenya, the most severe form of FGM / C -- called type III -- is the most common. Focus groups and in-depth interviews with the Somali community and its religious leaders have revealed that the best way to reduce this practice is to demonstrate a lack of religious support for FGM / C. Thus, Population Council staff members are working with Muslim scholars in Kenya to develop consensus that the practice is not supported by Islam so that this message can be conveyed by the scholars to their communities.
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | SUMMARY REPORT | CHILD, FEMALE | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | HARMFUL TRADITIONAL PRACTICES | ISLAM | BELIEFS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Diseases | Religion
Document Number: 331487

Title: UNHCR handbook for the protection of women and girls.
Author: United Nations. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees [UNHCR]. Division of International Protection Services
Source: Geneva, Switzerland, UNHCR, Division of International Protection Services, 2008 Jan. [410] p.
Abstract: The primary purpose of the Handbook is to help UNHCR staff fulfill their responsibilities to protect these women and girls more effectively. It is therefore intended for representatives, other managers, protection staff in the field and at headquarters, registration officers, eligibility officers, community services staff, field officers, and others. Protection partners will find it a useful source of information and guidance. The Handbook is intended to be used in situations of asylum, internal displacement, return, integration, and statelessness. It is equally applicable in urban and rural contexts. The objectives of the Handbook are to: improve understanding among UNHCR staff and partners of the challenges and barriers women and girls of concern confront in accessing and enjoying their rights during displacement, return, and (re)integration; ensure all UNHCR staff are familiar with the international legal standards forming the normative framework for our work to protect women and girls; ensure all UNHCR staff understand their responsibilities for the protection of women and girls; improve knowledge of how discrimination against women and girls can lead to statelessness and what initiatives can be taken to prevent and reduce cases of statelessness; provide guidance on ways of working and types of activities that can be carried out to fulfill our responsibilities; and refer staff to additional resources, guidelines, and tools that may be used to enhance the protection of women and girls. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MANUAL | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CHILD, FEMALE | REFUGEES | UNHCR | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | RISK FACTORS | INTERVENTIONS | WAR | RAPE | WOMEN'S HEALTH | TREATIES | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Human Rights | Biology | Programs | Organization and Administration | Crime | Social Problems | Health
Document Number: 325467

Peer Reviewed

Title: Violence against women and the risk of under-five mortality: Analysis of community-based data from rural Bangladesh.
Author: Asling-Monemi K; Naved RT
Source: Acta Paediatrica. 2008 Jan;97(1):68-75.
Abstract: The aim was to assess whether violence against women was associated with increased mortality risks for their daughters and sons before the age of 5. Secondary analysis of longitudinal data from rural Bangladesh of 2691 live-born children in relation to their mother's experience of physical, sexual and emotional partner violence and level of controlling behaviour in marriage. Analyses were adjusted for potential confounders and stratified by gender. Under five-mortality was 88 per 1000 in this cohort. Overall, there was no association between different forms of violence against women and under-five mortality. However, more educated women had an increased risk of under-five deaths of their female offspring if ever exposed to severe physical violence (adjusted hazard ratio 2.2, 95% CI 1.06-4.50) or to a high level of controlling behaviour in marriage (adjusted hazard ratio 2.5, 95% CI 1.30-4.90). Controlling behaviour in marriage increased the hazard ratios in a dose-response manner. Increased mortality risks were neither shown for offspring of women with low or no education nor for boys in any educational group. Severe physical violence and controlling behaviour in marriage were associated with higher under-five mortality among daughters of educated mothers in rural Bangladesh, indicating gender-biased consequences of partner violence for child mortality. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | COUPLES | SEXUAL PARTNERS | MARRIAGE | RURAL POPULATION | WOMEN | CHILD, FEMALE | CHILD MORTALITY | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | SEX DISCRIMINATION | RISK BEHAVIOR | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Crime | Social Problems | Social Discrimination
Document Number: 324860

10.

Title: Violence against women and girls: a compendium of monitoring and evaluation indicators.
Author: Bloom SS
Source: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center, MEASURE Evaluation, 2008 Oct. 250 p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-A-00-03-00003-00)
Abstract: MEASURE Evaluation and a technical advisory group developed this compendium for program managers, organizations, and policy-makers who are working to address violence against women and girls at the individual, community, district/provincial and national levels in developing countries. Indicators were developed to measure the following areas within VAW/G: Magnitude and characteristics of different forms of VAW/G (skewed sex rations, intimate partner violence, violence from someone other than an intimate partner, female genital cutting/mutilation and child marriage); Programs addressing VAW/G by sector (health, education, justice/security, social welfare); and Under-documented forms of VAW/G and emerging areas (humanitarian emergencies, trafficking in persons, femicide), and preventing VAW/G (youth, community mobilization, working with men and boys) The indicators can also be used by programs that may not specifically focus on VAW/G, but include reducing levels of VAW/G as part of their aims. The indicators have been designed to address information needs that can be assessed with quantitative methods to measure program performance and achievement at the community, regional and national levels. While many of the indicators have been used in the field, they have not necessarily been tested in multiple settings.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MANUAL | EVALUATION INDEXES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CHILD, FEMALE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | MONITORING | USAID | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | PROGRAM EVALUATION | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | INFORMATION SOURCES | SEX RATIO | CHILD MARRIAGE | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Information | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality
Document Number: 329558

11.

Title: It's cool ... to know more. Institutional care and the risks of commercial sexual exploitation.
Author: Burcikova P; Kutalkova P; Hule D
Source: [Prague], Czech Republic, La Strada Czech Republic, 2008. [62] p.
Abstract: As part of the research report we present the implementation of a combined research project conducted in 2006 and 2007. The fundamental purpose of the project was to map in detail the issue of underage prostitution in the context of institutional care in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. In the report you can find a detailed description of the individual stages of the research project, with the relevant outputs and summaries. Those results are elaborated in more detail in the chapters directly relating to the individual stages. In the conclusion there are chapters that comprehensively review the findings from all the relevant stages. The Modelling chapter presents a general model, submitted to various analytical approaches. The Summary chapter summarises the main and key outputs from the individual stages of the research project, but primarily from stages A and B. The final chapter is Recommendations, which summarises the fundamental recommendations for preventative measures. The research project does not set out any recommendations for application concerning e. g. legislation, etc., as the issue is a reflection of society, and the problems presented are less a matter of legislation than of the overall state of society. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
CZECH REPUBLIC | SLOVAKIA | RESEARCH REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | FOCUS GROUPS | KAP SURVEYS | CHILD, FEMALE | SEX WORKERS | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | CHILD ABUSE | SEXUAL ABUSE | HEALTH FACILITIES | SEXUAL TRAFFICKING | RISK FACTORS | Developing Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Biology
Document Number: 326341

12.

Title: Infant mortality and child nutrition in Bangladesh.
Author: Dancer D; Rammohan A; Smith MD
Source: Health Economics. 2008 Sep;17(9):1015-35.
Abstract: The excess female infant mortality observed in South Asia has typically been attributed to gender discrimination in the intra-household allocation of food and medical care. However, studies on child nutrition find no evidence of gender differences. A natural explanation could be that in environments of high infant mortality of females, the surviving children are healthier, so that child nutrition cannot be studied independently of mortality. In this paper, we use data from the 2004 Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey to investigate if there are any gender differences in survival probabilities and whether this leads to differences in child nutrition. We argue the importance of establishing whether or not there exists a dependence relationship between the two random variables--infant mortality and child nutrition--and in order to detect this we employ a copula approach to model specification. The results suggest, for example, that while male children have a significantly lower likelihood of surviving their first year relative to female children, should they survive they have significantly better height-for-age Z-scores. From a policy perspective, household wealth and public health interventions such as vaccinations are found to be important predictors of better nutritional outcomes.
Language: English
Keywords:
BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | INFANT MORTALITY | CHILD, FEMALE | SEX FACTORS | INFANT NUTRITION DISORDERS | BODY WEIGHT | BODY HEIGHT | INTERVENTIONS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Physiology | Biology | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 330023

13.

Title: Gender violence and HIV: reversing twin epidemics.
Author: Eghtessadi R
Source: Exchange on HIV / AIDS, Sexuality and Gender. 2008;(3):1-4.
Abstract: The situation of women and girls in the context of the HIV and AIDS epidemic in many parts of the world and particularly sub-Saharan Africa continues to be a cause of major concern. Statistics remain highly disturbing, with women accounting for almost 60% of adults (aged 15-49) living with HIV in the region, and 75% of all young people living with HIV being female. HIV prevalence among young women aged 15-24 is three times higher than HIV among their male counterparts. Three quarters of all adult women living with HIV live in sub-Saharan Africa. Meanwhile, with more than 30% of women in some countries reporting their first sexual encounter as forced, and the continued feminisation of the HIV epidemic, violence remains both a cause and consequence of HIV infection. Once infected with HIV, women often face varied forms of violence, particularly driven by stigma and discrimination, within their homes and from their communities. Limited access and control over resources; poor access to education and information; limited access to services (legal, health and social); and subordination due to harmful cultural practices and gender inequalities, only serve to fuel this vicious cycle of the twin epidemics-gender-based violence (GBV) and HIV and AIDS. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CHILD, FEMALE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | RAPE | WAR | WOMEN'S STATUS | SEXUAL ABUSE | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | HIV TRANSMISSION | SEX DISCRIMINATION | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Political Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Discrimination
Document Number: 323154

14.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Getting girls into school: Evidence from a scholarship program in Cambodia.
Author: Filmer D; Schady N
Source: Economic Development and Cultural Change. 2008 Apr;56:581-617.
Abstract: In this study we evaluate the impact of a program designed to increase the enrollment of girls in secondary school in Cambodia. The program we evaluate is the Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction (JFPR) scholarship program. This program, which began in the 2004 school year, awarded scholarships to poor girls who were completing sixth grade, the last grade of primary school. We show that the scholarship program increased the enrollment and attendance of recipients at program schools by about 30 percentage points. Larger impacts are found among girls with the lowest socioeconomic status at baseline. The results are robust to a variety of controls for observable differences between scholarship recipients and nonrecipients, to unobserved heterogeneity across girls, and to selective transfers between program schools and other schools. We conclude that there is substantial potential for demand-side interventions in lower-income countries like Cambodia. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
CAMBODIA | SUMMARY REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | CHILD, FEMALE | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | EDUCATION | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | PROGRAM DESIGN | PROMOTION | EVALUATION | IMPACT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Adolescents | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Marketing | Communication
Document Number: 325941

15.
Title: Prevalence and pattern of childhood morbidity in a tribal area of Maharastra.
Author: Giri VC; Dhage VR; Zodpey SP; Ughade SN; Biranjan JR
Source: Indian Journal of Public Health. 2008 Oct-Dec;52(4):207-9.
Abstract: Previous studies have demonstrated that tribal children suffer from a higher rate of morbidity. Gender discrimination in the form of dietary neglect of the female children has also been noted. The community based cross-sectional study was carried out in tribal PHC Salona of Chikhaldara Block, Amaravati District, Maharashtra to study the prevalence and pattern of morbidities in children. 2603 study children between 0-72 months of age were covered in a house to house survey by the investigator. Parents of eligible children were interviewed using a pre-tested questionnaire for socio-demographic details, personal habits, past and current medical history. The prevalence of overall morbidities was 34.7% and it was higher in female as compared to male children (34.8% vs. 29.7%; chi2 = 9.3, p <0.005). Among individual morbidities, the prevalence of acute respiratory infections was the highest (25.5%) followed by acute diarrhoeal diseases (5.8%), conjunctivitis (1.5%), and skin infections (1.2%).
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | CHILD, FEMALE | DAUGHTERS | CHILD NUTRITION | MORBIDITY | DERMATOLOGICAL EFFECTS | DIET | RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Nutrition | Health | Diseases | Physiology | Biology | Infections
Document Number: 330432

16.

Title: Female genital mutilation and its prevention: A challenge for paediatricians.
Author: Jaeger F; Caflisch M; Hohlfeld P
Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 2008;:[7] p.
Abstract: Female genital mutilation (FGM) is defined as an injury of the external female genitalia for cultural or nontherapeutic reasons. FGM is mainly performed in sub-Saharan and Eastern Africa. The western health care systems are confronted with migrants from this cultural background. The aim is to offer information on how to approach this subject. The degree of FGM can vary from excision of the prepuce and clitoris to infibulation. Infections, urinary retention, pain, lesions of neighbouring organs, bleeding, psychological trauma and even death are possible acute complications. The different long-term complications include the risk of reduced fertility and difficulties during labour, which are key arguments against FGM in the migrant community. Paediatricians often have questions on how to approach the subject. With an open, neutral approach and basic knowledge, discussions with parents are constructive. Talking about the newborn, delivery or traditions may be a good starting point. Once they feel accepted, they speak surprisingly openly. FGM is performed out of love for their daughters. We have to be aware of their arguments and fears, but we should also stress the parents' responsibility in taking a health risk for their daughters. It is important to know the family's opinion on FGM. Some may need support, especially against community pressure. As FGM is often performed on newborns or at 4-9 years of age, paediatricians should have an active role in the prevention of FGM, especially as they have repeated close contact with those concerned and medical consequences are the main arguments against FGM. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
SWITZERLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | PHYSICIANS | CHILD, FEMALE | GENITAL EFFECTS, FEMALE | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | COMPLICATIONS | FERTILITY | CHILDBIRTH | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | Europe, Central | Europe | Developed Countries | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Diseases | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Population Dynamics | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 326814

17.

Title: Disappearing daughters.
Author: Kelly A
Source: London, United Kingdom, ActionAid, [2008]. 27 p.
Abstract: India's daughters are disappearing. New research by ActionAid and the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) shows that the number of girls born and surviving in northern India compared to boys falls far short of normal expectations, and continues to slide. In a country with a long history of discrimination against women, the preference for sons over daughters has led to the number of girls under the age of six hitting an all-time low. The introduction of sex-detection ultrasound technology, coupled with the long-term problem of the neglect of girls, means that millions of women are now 'missing' in India. ActionAid and IDRC's research reveals that, despite policies to address girls' rights and public information campaigns, sex-selective abortion and neglect are on the increase. In four of the five sites surveyed, the proportion of girls to boys has declined even further since 2001. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | TECHNICAL REPORT | SEX PREFERENCE | CHILD, FEMALE | ULTRASONICS | ABORTION | SEX RATIO | FAMILY SIZE | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 327602 Notification

18.

Title: Girls count: a global investment and action agenda.
Author: Levine R; Lloyd C; Greene M; Grown C
Source: Washington, D.C., Center for Global Development, 2008. [95] p.
Abstract: This report is about why and how to put girls at the center of development. It is about how the health of economies and families depends on protecting the rights of and fostering opportunities for today's girls. It is about how far girls in many developing countries have come-but how far we remain from a world in which girls' rights are respected. With adolescent girls the case is perfectly clear that the economic and human rights agendas are perfectly aligned: in new global economy girls and young women are no longer as sheltered by their parents and communities, but they also are not armed with education or understanding of their own rights to protect themselves in the world. Unfortunately, adolescent girls are awkward for governments and donors to think about, with their physical sexuality but their nonadult vulnerability. Ministries of health and education do not have a mandate to serve them, ministries of social welfare have more politically rewarding programs to operate, and donor agencies find it far easier to promote investments in very young children and older mothers than to deal with the complicated and controversy-generating age between childhood and adulthood. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | CHILD, FEMALE | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | INEQUALITIES | GENDER ISSUES | EDUCATION | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | CHILD MARRIAGE | HIV PREVENTION | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases
Document Number: 323725

19.

Title: Social exclusion and the gender gap in education.
Author: Lewis M; Lockheed M
Source: Washington, D.C, World Bank, Human Development Network, Chief Economist's Office, 2008 Mar. 38 p. (Policy Research Working Paper No. 4562)
Abstract: Despite a sharp increase in the share of girls who enroll in, attend, and complete various levels of schooling, an educational gender gap remains in some countries. This paper argues that one explanation for this gender gap is the degree of social exclusion within these countries, as indicated by ethno-linguistic heterogeneity, which triggers both economic and psycho-social mechanisms to limit girls' schooling. Ethno-linguistic heterogeneity initially was applied to explaining lagging economic growth, but has emerged in the literature more recently to explain both civil conflict and public goods. This paper is a first application of the concept to explain gender gaps in education. The paper discusses the importance of female education for economic and social development, reviews the evidence regarding gender and ethnic differences in schooling, reviews the theoretical perspectives of various social science disciplines that seek to explain such differences, and tests the relevance of ethnic and linguistic heterogeneity in explaining cross-country differences in school attainment and learning. The study indicates that within-country ethnic and linguistic heterogeneity partly explains both national female primary school completion rates and gender differences in these rates, but only explains average national learning outcomes when national income measures are excluded. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL STUDIES | ETHNIC GROUPS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CHILD, FEMALE | GENDER ISSUES | SEX DISCRIMINATION | EDUCATION | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | Studies | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 325679

20.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Marriage and childbirth as factors in dropping out from school: An analysis of DHS data from sub-Saharan Africa.
Author: Lloyd CB; Mensch BS
Source: Population Studies. 2008 Mar;62(1):1-13.
Abstract: Leaving school prematurely is often claimed to be among the most negative consequences of early marriage and pregnancy for girls in less developed countries. However, an analysis of the relative frequency with which these events actually occur or are named as reasons for leaving school reveals that, at least in the case of francophone Africa, they explain no more than 20 per cent of dropouts. To the extent that demographic events trump school or family factors as determinants of school-leaving, our data indicate that it is union formation - defined by the DHS as first marriage or cohabitation - rather than childbirth that is more likely to have this effect. 'Schoolgirl pregnancy' typically accounts for only between 5 and 10 per cent of girls' departures from school. Furthermore, the risks of leaving school because of pregnancy or marriage have declined over time with the decline in rates of early marriage and childbearing. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CHILD, FEMALE | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | SCHOOL AGE POPULATION | STUDENTS | DROPOUTS | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | CHILD MARRIAGE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | CHILDBIRTH | Developing Countries | Africa | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Education | Programs | Organization and Administration | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction
Document Number: 324152

21.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Fistula and traumatic genital injury from sexual violence in a conflict setting in Eastern Congo: Case studies.
Author: Longombe AO; Claude KM; Ruminjo J
Source: Reproductive Health Matters. 2008 May;16(31):132-141.
Abstract: The Eastern region of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is currently undergoing a brutal war. Armed groups from the DRC and neighbouring countries are committing atrocities and systematically using sexual violence as a weapon of war to humiliate, intimidate and dominate women, girls, their men and communities. Armed combatants take advantage with impunity, knowing they will not be held to account or pursued by police or judicial authorities. A particularly inhumane public health problem has emerged: traumatic gynaecological fistula and genital injury from brutal sexual violence and gang-rape, along with enormous psychosocial and emotional burdens. Many of the women who survive find themselves pregnant or infected with STIs/HIV with no access to treatment. This report was compiled at the Doctors on Call for Service/Heal Africa Hospital in Goma, Eastern Congo, from the cases of 4,715 women and girls who suffered sexual violence between April 2003 and June 2006, of whom 702 had genital fistula. It presents the personal experiences of seven survivors whose injuries were severe and long-term, with life-changing effects. The paper recommends a coordinated effort amongst key stakeholders to secure peace and stability, an increase in humanitarian assistance and the rebuilding of the infrastructure, human and physical resources, and medical, educational and judicial systems. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | WOMEN | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | CHILD, FEMALE | FISTULA | GENITAL EFFECTS, FEMALE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | RAPE | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | WAR | Developing Countries | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Child | Diseases | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Political Factors
Document Number: 327197

23.

Title: Making schools inclusive: How change can happen. Save the Children's experience.
Author: Pinnock H; Lewis I
Source: London, United Kingdom, Save the Children, 2008. 62 p.
Abstract: "Making education more inclusive requires schools and education authorities to remove the barriers to education experienced by the most excluded children - often the poorest, children with disabilities, children without family care, girls, or children from minority groups." Also included in the text are examples of children from very remote areas, girls excluded from school, children from ethnic groups, children with language barriers, and children in countries affected by conflict.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SCHOOLS | EDUCATION | STUDENTS | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | MINORITY GROUPS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | CHILD, FEMALE | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Adolescents
Document Number: 328183

24.

Title: Guiding peer education the Kenyan way.
Author: Russell H
Source: Exchange on HIV / AIDS, Sexuality and Gender. 2008;(4):5-7.
Abstract: Adolescents are greatly influenced by what their peers say and do. This is particularly true when the adults in their lives are uncomfortable discussing with them sensitive topics such as sex. This leaves their peers as the only source of information and authority. Peer education is thus a vital component of programmes that seek to motivate adolescents to reduce risky sexual behaviours and provide crucial facts on HIV and AIDS. Kenya Girl Guides Association (KGGA) has been collaborating with Family Health International (FHI) on peer education and behaviour change programmes for adolescents since 1999. Recently, KGGA began a new programme with unique features, with technical support from FHI and under the auspices of the USAID-funded AIDS, Population, and Health Integrated Assistance Programme (APHIA II). The innovation is that 32 Girl Guides, whose average age is 13, helped to develop an interactive life skills curriculum and a peer education handbook. The first of these complementary pieces is used for adult-led training for guiding units; the second is for peer education delivered in schools by Girl Guides for classmates ages 10-14. The handbook is now being used in classes 4 through 7 in at least 750 schools in the Coast and Rift Valley provinces of Kenya and the number will soon increase to more than 900. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | EVALUATION REPORT | CHILD, FEMALE | PEER EDUCATORS | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | TEACHING MATERIALS | WRITING | WORKSHOPS | GROUP PROCESSES | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | GROUP MEETING | TRAINING OF TRAINERS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Evaluation | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Communication Programs | Communication | Behavior Change | Behavior | Literacy | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Behavior | Women's Status | Training Programs
Document Number: 323160

25.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Missing girls in India: Infanticide, feticide and made-to-order pregnancies? Insights from hospital-based sex-ratio-at-birth over the last century.
Author: Sahni M; Verma N; Narula D; Varghese RM; Sreenivas V
Source: PLoS One. 2008 May;3(5):e2224.
Abstract: There are 44 million women in India. Gender bias; neglect of girls, infanticides and feticides are responsible. The sec ratio at birth can be used to examine the influence of antenatal sex selection on the sex ratio. Records from 321,991 deliveries at one hospital over 11 decades were utilized. The middle year in each decade was taken as representative of the decade. Data from 33,524 deliveries were then analyzed. Data for each decade was combined with that of previous decades and compared to the data of subsequent decades to look for any change in the trend. Sex ratio in the second children against sex of the first child was studies separately. The mean sex ratio for the 110 years examined was 910 girls to 1000 boys (95% CI; 891 to 930). The sex ratio dropped significantly from 935 (CI: 905 to 967) before 1979, to 892 (CI: 868 to 918) after 1980 (P = 0.04). The sex ratio in the second child was significantly lower if the first child was a girl [716 (CI: 672 to 762)] (P less than 0.001). On the other hand, there was an excess of girls born to mothers whose first child was boy [1140 girls per 1000 boys (CI: 1072 TO 1212 P less than 0.0001)]. The sex ratio fell significantly after 1980 when ultra sound machines for antenatal sex determination became available. The sex ratio in second children if the first was a girl was even lower. Sex selective abortions after antenatal sex determination are thus implicated. However data on second children especially the excess of girls born to mothers who have a previous boy seen in the decade before the advent of antenatal ultra sound machines, suggests that other means of sex selection are also used. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SEX RATIO | CHILD, FEMALE | INFANTICIDE | SEX DISCRIMINATION | BIRTH RECORDS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Social Discrimination | Vital Statistics | Population Statistics | Research Methodology
Document Number: 326883

26.

Title: Boyfriend, girlfriend in a traditional society: Parenting styles and development of intimate friendships among Arabs in school.
Author: Sharabany R; Eshel Y; Hakim C
Source: International Journal of Behavioral Development. 2008;32(1):66-75.
Abstract: The development of intimate same- and other-sex friendships in Arab children and adolescents in Israel was investigated in relation to their perceived parenting styles. It was hypothesized that girls would show higher levels of intimacy than boys, and that cross-sex intimacy in both groups would increase with age, whereas same-sex intimate friendship maintains rather stable over the school years. We hypothesized further that intimate friendship would be contingent more readily on perceived parental authoritative style rather than on either permissive or authoritarian styles. Participants were 723 Arab students drawn from four schools, and from the 5th, 7th, 9th, and 11th grades. The Parental Authority Questionnaire and Intimate Friendship Scale were employed as measures. Findings indicated that girls were more intimate with their female friends than boys were with their male friends, especially in the higher grades, replicating previous studies. However, boys tended to score higher than girls on intimacy with the other gender. Girls equaled their level of intimacy only at the 11th grade. These findings suggest that traditional societies may foster specific characteristics of intimate friendship. A novel finding is the central role of the authoritative parenting style in determining intimate friendships. Results are discussed in terms of universal aspects of friendship and of their expression in the investigated cultural setting. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
MIDDLE EAST | ISRAEL | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | CHILD, MALE | CHILD, FEMALE | PARENTS | EDUCATION | GENDER RELATIONS | SEX FACTORS | CULTURE | RELIGION | Developed Countries | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Gender Issues
Document Number: 323132

27.

28.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Prevalence of female genital cutting among Egyptian girls.
Author: Tag-Eldin MA; Gadallah MA; Al-Tayeb MN; Abdel-Aty M; Mansour E
Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2008 Apr;86(4):269-274.
Abstract: Female genital cutting (FGC) is the collective name given to traditional practices that involve partial or total cutting away of the female external genitalia whether for cultural or other non-therapeutic reasons. In Egypt, the result of the Demographic Health Survey in 2000 revealed that 97% of married women included in the survey experienced FGC. The aim of this study is to measure the prevalence of FGC among schoolgirls in Egypt. Multistage random technique was applied for site selection. First, Egypt was divided into five geographical areas; Greater Cairo, Lower Egypt, Upper Egypt, Sinai and Suez Canal Region. Second, from each governorate, two educational districts were selected randomly (except Luxor). In each of the selected districts, the schools were divided into primary, preparatory and secondary schools. In each education stage, the schools were divided into rural, urban, government and private. The total number of females interviewed was 38 816. The prevalence of FGC among schoolgirls in Egypt was 50.3%. The prevalence of FGC was 46.2% in government urban schools, 9.2% in private urban schools and 61.7% in rural schools. Educational levels of mother and father were negatively associated with FGC (P less than 0.001). The mean age of the time of FGC was 10.1 plus or minus 2.3 years. FGC prevalence is lowering, yet more active education at the grass-roots level is needed to create change. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | CHILD, FEMALE | STUDENTS | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | PREVALENCE | PARENTS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Measurement | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 325832

29.

30.

Title: Consequences of early marriage on female schooling in rural Bangladesh.
Source: Health and Science Bulletin. 2007 Dec;5(4):1-21.
Abstract: This analysis aimed assess the relationship between early marriage and duration of schooling for girls in rural Bangladesh. This study used data from ICDDR,B's Abhoynagar Surveillance System, which has been in operation in five unions in this sub-district in southwestern Bangladesh since 1982. The primary objective of this surveillance system is to monitor population change over time. Structured interviews, which collect data on fertility, mortality, migration, contraception, vaccinations, marriage, occupation and education of household members, are administered every three months from every fourth household covering 34,000 individuals and 7,500 households. The sample for this study consisted of all females in Abhoynagar surveillance area who were married in 2005 and 2006. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | RURAL POPULATION | CHILD, FEMALE | CHILD MARRIAGE | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 323924


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