1.  Title: Mama Jaja: the stresses and strengths of HIV-affected Ugandan grandmothers. Author: Kamya H; Poindexter CC Source: Social Work In Public Health. 2009 Jan-Apr;24(1-2):4-21. Abstract: This paper reports an exploratory qualitative project in the Entebbe-Kampala area of Uganda with 11 grandmothers who are raising orphans because of a parent's death from HIV infection. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the highest HIV infection and mortality rates are among women, especially in their childbearing years, leading to a tremendous number of orphaned HIV-infected and -affected children. Uganda has the world's highest rate of HIV-affected orphans. In Uganda, extended family members, especially grandmothers, provide general orphan care, AIDS care, and care for HIV-affected orphans. If orphans have places to stay, they are most often with grandparents and other elderly relatives in rudimentary village dwellings. Many of these elders are in poor health, recovering from nursing their adult children as they died of AIDS, and suffering from an extreme lack of financial resources. The burden of HIV-affected orphan care is enormously heavy. Services are not being provided adequately to custodial grandparents who are enormously challenged spiritually, socially, emotionally, financially, physically, and mentally. The following themes emerged from the interviews: experiencing extreme economic deprivation; feeling physically challenged with caregiving; being concerned for the children under their care; and struggling to cope through action, resilience, and relationships. Recommendations for research, practice, and policy are offered. Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | GRANDPARENTS | WOMEN | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | CHILD REARING | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | INTERVIEWS | POVERTY | STRESS | NEEDS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Psychological Factors Document Number: 341957 |
| 2. Title: Making dreams, not babies: the power of hope in a teen family planning clinic. Author: Raines K Source: Creative Nursing. 2009;15(3):117-20. Abstract: Teenage pregnancy is a significant social issue in the United States, resulting in increased levels of poverty. Most public health family planning efforts have traditionally focused on teaching teens the how-to of contraception, with little focus on teaching the why-to. During my time as a nurse practitioner in a public health department family planning clinic, I developed a method to open discussions with patients about the possibilities of a future that includes delayed childbearing. My experience with this strategy taught me that hope may indeed be the most powerful contraceptive of all. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | NURSES AND NURSING | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | FAMILY PLANNING CENTERS | POVERTY | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | CHILD REARING | INCOME | HAPPINESS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Facilities | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Behavior | Emotions | Psychological Factors Document Number: 342620 |
3.  Title: Parenting practices and adolescent sexual behavior: A longitudinal study. Author: Bersamin M; todd M; Fisher DA; Hill DL; Grube JW Source: Journal of Marriage and Family. 2008 Feb;70(1):97-112. Abstract: The effects of parental attitudes, practices, and television mediation on adolescent sexual behaviors were investigated in a study of adolescent sexuality and media (N = 887). Confirmatory factor analyses supported an eight-factor parenting model with television mediation factors as constructs distinct from general parenting practices. Logistic regressions indicated that adolescents reporting greater parental disapproval and limits on viewing at Wave 1 were less likely to initiate oral sex between Waves 1 and 2. Adolescents who reported more sexual communication with parents were more likely to initiate oral sex. Results for vaginal intercourse were similar to those for oral sex. Coviewing was a significant negative predictor of initiation of sexual behavior. Parental attitudes and television mediation can delay potentially risky adolescent sexual behaviors. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS | PARENTS | CHILD REARING | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | SEX BEHAVIOR | COMMUNICATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior Document Number: 324035 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Reproducing in cities. Author: Mace R Source: Science. 2008 Feb 8;319(5864):764-766. Abstract: Reproducing in cities has always been costly, leading to lower fertility (that is, lower birth rates) in urban than in rural areas. Historically, although cities provided job opportunities, initially residents incurred the penalty of higher infant mortality, but as mortality rates fell at the end of the 19th century, European birth rates began to plummet. Fertility decline in Africa only started recently and has been dramatic in some cities. Here it is argued that both historical and evolutionary demographers are interpreting fertility declines across the globe in terms of the relative costs of child rearing, which increase to allow children to outcompete their peers. Now largely free from the fear of early death, postindustrial societies may create an environment that generates runaway parental investment, which will continue to drive fertility ever lower. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EUROPE | AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | FERTILITY RATE | FERTILITY DECLINE | URBAN AREAS | INFANT MORTALITY | DEATH RATE | CHILD REARING | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | Developed Countries | Developing Countries | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Changes | Geographic Factors | Mortality | Behavior | Economic Factors Document Number: 325528 |
| 5. Title: Parental communication with children about sex in the South African HIV epidemic: Raced, classed and cultural appropriations of Lovelines. Author: Wilbraham L Source: African Journal of AIDS Research. 2008 May;7(1):95-109. Abstract: Responsive to perceived high risk of HIV infection by sexually active youth, several South African sexual health-promotion campaigns have used media targeting mothers, instructing them on how sex should be talked about with their children to 'risk-proof' them. A Foucauldian approach to the normative apparatus of family-sexuality-risk finds mothers positioned as pivots between 'public' (health, economy, culture) and 'private' (family, childrearing, sex) apparatuses, tasked with appropriately socialising a new generation of sexually responsible, HIV-free citizens. This paper uses a reading of interactive discourse from (racially and gender) mixed groups of parents who, as professionals and postgraduate students in a university context, discussed their own childrearing practices in response to a particular didactic media text about sex-communication. In a way different from traditional media-reception studies, this discourse analytic reading of parents' engagement with risk-expertise examines how mothers especially are persuaded (or not) to adopt particular childrearing practices in the context of an HIV epidemic. Using a Foucauldian argument about subject positioning, this paper examines how the parents positioned themselves in relation to the expertise offered in the stimulus material, as well as how they positioned one another during the group discussions. The analysis explores the partial buy-in to expert Western psychological techniques concerning talking with children about sex openly and often, and how this appropriation is negotiated in contextual family situations that are gendered, raced, classed and acculturated. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | MOTHERS | YOUTH | PARENTS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | MASS MEDIA | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | SEXUALITY | CHILD REARING | SEX EDUCATION | HIV | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Communication | Personality | Education | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 327163 |
| 6. Title: Infant abandonment. State policies in brief as of January 1, 2007. Author: Guttmacher Institute Source: New York, New York, Guttmacher Institute, 2007 Jan 1. [2] p. Abstract: In response to apparently rare but highly publicized instances in which infants have been abandoned and sometimes left to die, almost every state, beginning with Texas in 1999, has enacted a provision intended to provide a safe and confidential means of relinquishing an unwanted infant. These infant abandonment measures--also referred to as "safe haven" or "safe surrender" provisions--typically follow the Texas model and allow a parent or other specified party to relinquish an infant under certain circumstances without threat of prosecution for child abandonment. Variations include limits on an infant's age (ranging from 72 hours to one year) and the places or personnel authorized to accept an infant (e.g., hospital emergency room staff or emergency services personnel [ESP], such as emergency medical technicians, firefighters or law enforcement officers). Some states explicitly guarantee parental anonymity; others require personnel accepting an infant to inquire into the infant's medical history. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | TEXAS | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | INFANT | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | CHILD REARING | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Behavior | Family and Household Document Number: 310878 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Risk and protective factors for psychological well-being of children orphaned by AIDS in Cape Town: A qualitative study of children and caregivers' perspectives. Author: Cluver L; Gardner F Source: AIDS Care. 2007 Mar;19(3):318-325. Abstract: By 2020, an estimated 2.3 million South African children will be orphaned by HIV/AIDS (Actuarial Society of South Africa, 2005), but little is known about risk and protective factors for their emotional and behavioural well-being. This qualitative study explores perspectives of affected families. Orphaned children (n = 60), caregivers of orphaned children (n = 42) and social care professionals (n = 20) completed semi-structured interviews and focus groups. Participants were recruited from schools, shelters and welfare services. Findings from multiple sources indicate potential risk and protective factors in a range of dimensions, including bereavement, family functioning, social support, poverty, access to education and perceived stigma. Many factors reflected international literature on children experiencing similar stressors (e.g. non HIV/AIDS-related bereavement). However, this study also identified factors which may be specific to this group, notably stigma, abuse and peer factors. Current research is quantitatively testing associations between these identified factors and psychological outcomes. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES | SOCIAL WORKERS | AIDS | MENTAL HEALTH | RISK FACTORS | CHILD REARING | STIGMA | CHILD ABUSE | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Social Problems | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health | Biology | Behavior | Crime Document Number: 316017 |
| 8. Title: Taking chances, making choices: The tactical dimensions of "reproductive strategies" in southwestern Nigeria. Author: Cornwall A Source: Medical Anthropology. 2007 Jul;26(3):229-254. Abstract: Reproductive outcomes may be less a result of consciously pursued "reproductive strategies" than of other choices, and are subject to the influence not only of other individuals, but also of caprice and circumstance. Drawing on ethnographic research in southwestern Nigeria, I argue that to understand the outcomes of reproduction in terms of reproductive strategies and reproductive choices is to profoundly misunderstand the contingencies with which women and men contend as they seek to manage the circumstances in which they find themselves. Through a series of case studies that illustrate some of these circumstances, I explore questions of choice and contingency in having and bringing up children. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | WOMEN | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | DECISION MAKING | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CULTURE | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | SEPARATION | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | CHILD REARING | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Behavior | Contraception | Family Planning | Sociocultural Factors | Marriage | Nuptiality Document Number: 313715 |
| 9. Title: Active fatherhood policy and fertility in the Nordic countries: a comparative study on the impact of father's use of parental leave on continued childbearing in Norway and Sweden. Author: Duvander AZ; Lappegard T; Andersson G Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America, 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 23 p. Abstract: In the Nordic countries gender equality is an explicit political goal integrated in present family policies. Norway and Sweden both offer paid parental-leave for approximately one year with earnings-related benefits, with certain periods reserved exclusively for the father. This paper examines the relationship between fathers' use of parental-leave and continued childbearing among couples in Norway and Sweden. These countries represent similar family policies, but differ concerning (political) context. While Sweden has a one-sided policy concerning gender relations, Norway has a less consistent policy giving incentives to both gender-equality and childrearing in the home. The analysis is based on longitudinal information on registered parental-leave use and childbearing of all intact unions during a 10-year-period. A hazard rate model is used to explore whether fathers' parental-leave use is positively associated with the couples continued childbearing. We expect that paternal involvement has a stronger positive effect on childbearing in Norway than in Sweden caused by a stronger selection of men into parental leave in Norway. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SWEDEN | SUMMARY REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | FATHERS | PATERNITY BENEFITS | IMPACT | CHILD REARING | MEN'S INVOLVEMENT | POLICY | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Communication | Behavior | Programs | Organization and Administration | Political Factors Document Number: 317291 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Lowest-low fertility in the Republic of Korea: Causes, consequences and policy responses. Author: Eun KS Source: Asia-Pacific Population Journal. 2007 Aug;22(2):51-72. Abstract: Lowest-low fertility appeared quite suddenly in the Republic of Korea although fertility has consistently declined for several decades. Demographers in the mid-1990s could not have predicted that fertility would fall so rapidly to such levels. Interestingly, the pace of the decline accelerated after the region-wide economic crisis in 1997. Not only did fertility but also other indicators related to fertility and the family adjusted suddenly and significantly after the country had passed through the crisis. The present article aims to explain why lowest-low fertility appeared in the Republic of Korea in the late 1990s. The author approaches the recent fertility decline from a broader perspective that considers the traditional and cultural legacies which affect the everyday life of ordinary citizens. Finally, this article presents and discusses the latest population policies proposed by the Government of the Republic of Korea. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: REPUBLIC OF KOREA | CRITIQUE | FERTILITY DECLINE | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | MARRIAGE AGE | ECONOMIC FACTORS | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | CHILD REARING | WOMEN'S STATUS | ATTITUDES | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | SOCIAL POLICY | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Psychological Factors | Policy | Political Factors Document Number: 326119 |
| 11. Title: Adolescent and young adult mothers' relationship quality during the transition to parenthood: Associations with father involvement in fragile families. Author: Gee CB; McNerney CM; Reiter MJ; Leaman SC Source: Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 2007;36(2):213-224. Abstract: Data from the Fragile Families and Child-Well-being Study were used to examine predictors of involvement among fathers of young children (N = 2,215) born to adolescent and young adult mothers (ages 14-25; N = 2,850). Participants were interviewed immediately following their baby's birth and at 3-years postpartum regarding co-parental relationship quality, fathers' caretaking behavior ("father involvement"), and fathers' provision of material support for the child ("in-kind" support).Early postnatal and 3-year postpartum parental relationship quality and father-child cohabitation predicted 3-year father involvement while early father involvement did not. The race of fathers, specifically African American, was associated with lower levels of father involvement. For in-kind support, 3-year father-child cohabitation and 3-year relationship quality were both positively associated with provision of in-kind support. Father's income was not a significant predictor but mother's involvement with a new partner at the 3-year follow-up was marginally significant. Lastly, the race of fathers, specifically African American and Latino, was associated with provision of less in-kind support. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | MOTHERS | FATHERS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | CHILD REARING | CARE AND SUPPORT | RESPONSIBLE PARENTHOOD | QUALITY OF LIFE | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Social Welfare | Economic Factors Document Number: 312599 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Prenatal and parenting stress on adolescent maternal adjustment: Identifying a high-risk subgroup. Author: Holub CK; Kershaw TS; Ethier KA; Lewis JB; Milan S Source: Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2007 Mar;11(2):153-159. Abstract: Identifying adolescents who are at increased risk for a particularly difficult pregnancy and adjustment into parenthood is important, as the physical and psychological development of their infants rest in the well-being of these new mothers. This study aims to examine the effects of prenatal stress and parenting stress and the association with: (1) adolescent maternal adjustment; and (2) postpartum emotional distress. In a prospective longitudinal cohort study, 154 pregnant adolescents (age 14-19) from 10 public clinics were interviewed four times from the third trimester of pregnancy to 16 months postpartum. Planned comparisons of four stress groups were used to compare mean scores for measures of feelings about motherhood, infant care, parenting competency, and emotional distress. Adolescent mothers who experienced high prenatal stress and high parenting stress had lower maternal adjustment (i.e., fewer positive feelings about motherhood, less infant care, and low parenting competency) and high postpartum emotional distress. Even when compared to adolescent mothers who experienced prenatal or parenting stress only, these adolescents were still at a greater disadvantage. Results suggest that adolescents who experience high stress during and after pregnancy are at increased risk for difficult maternal adjustment and high postpartum emotional distress. Findings support the need for health services targeting this subgroup of adolescent mothers, including both prenatal and parenting support. Early intervention to increase maternal adjustment and decrease emotional distress should remain a priority in facilitating the most optimal maternal and child health outcomes. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | PREGNANT WOMEN | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT | STRESS | RISK FACTORS | CHILD REARING | EMOTIONS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Puerperium | Reproduction | Social Behavior | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Biology Document Number: 313251 |
| 13. Title: Challenging dominant policy paradigms of care for children orphaned by AIDS: Dynamic patterns of care in KwaZulu-Natal, Republic of South Africa. Author: Kuo C; Operario D Source: [Rondebosch], South Africa, Centre for Social Science Research, AIDS and Society Research Unit, 2007 Oct. 32 p. (Working Paper No. 205) Abstract: Although caring for children orphaned by AIDS is increasingly acknowledged as a priority area for HIV/AIDS and development programs, there is limited knowledge on caregivers. Rapidly growing numbers of children orphaned by AIDS warrants increased attention from researchers, policy makers, and program planners. This paper explores dominant theoretical and policy paradigms of care for children orphaned by AIDS. Then, drawing from an analysis of interviews with staff at nongovernmental organizations and community based organizations, and focus groups with caregivers gathered during fieldwork conducted between July 10 and September 8, 2006 in KwaZulu-Natal Province, Republic of South Africa, this paper contrasts local understandings of childcare with theoretical and policy notions of care. Findings from this qualitative study suggest that childcare practices are more diverse and complex than those currently recognized within existing theoretical and policy formulations. Such findings lead to the conclusion that current policy approaches towards care for children orphaned by AIDS face a potentially detrimental disconnect with local realities of care. Re-formulating policies to take into account how local practices of childcare are shifting in dynamic ways in response to the pandemic will be essential for the formulation effective policies and programs. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | HIV | AIDS | CHILD CARE | CARE AND SUPPORT | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | CHILD REARING | POLICY | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Biology | Political Factors | Planning | Organization and Administration Document Number: 324342 |
| 14. Title: Born into bastardy: The out-of-wedlock child in early victorian Cape Town. Author: Malherbe VC Source: Journal of Family History. 2007 Jan;32(1):21-44. Abstract: "Born into Bastardy" contributes to research into family life and law as it evolved in South Africa's "mother city" from the seventeenth century. It traces the legal framework in which illegitimacy occurred and the experience of out-of-wedlock children when the father was absent or negligent in providing support. Histories of illegitimacy lead to considerations of the destruction of unwanted children by abortion and infanticide, or their abandonment to custodial care. The early years of Victoria's reign coincided with the emancipation of slaves throughout the British Empire. The fact that Cape Town had been home to slaves for whom marriage was proscribed until very recent times affects significantly this account of children born into bastardy. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | HISTORICAL REVIEW | CHILDREN | UNMARRIED FATHERS | UNMARRIED MOTHERS | SLAVES | ILLEGITIMACY | CHILD SUPPORT | CHILD REARING | INFANTICIDE | ABORTION | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fathers | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Mothers | Social Problems | Behavior | Crime | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning Document Number: 322499 Notification |
| 15. Title: Underachieving fertility: education, life course factors, and cohort change. Author: Musick K; Edgington S Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America, 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. [11] p. Abstract: We use data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Young Women and Youth to examine cohort change in the relationship between fertility intentions, completed fertility, and education. While all women tend to fall short of their childbearing intentions, the gap between intended and realized fertility is greatest among the college educated. We examine what accounts for women's inability to meet their childbearing intentions, focusing in particular on how such factors differ by women's education, and whether these factors have changed over time. A common explanation of the education gap in fertility is the better employment opportunities of the more educated, which make time out of the labor force for children more costly. Increasingly, however, more educated women can substitute income for time in child care; their better marriage market opportunities may also mean more help from spouses. Have these changes led to increases the ability of college-educated women to meet their fertility intentions?(author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | DATA ANALYSIS | WOMEN | MARRIAGE | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | CHILD REARING | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE DETERMINANTS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Nuptiality | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Behavior | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 317298 |
| 16. Title: Parenting practices in Kerala: A cross-sectional study. Author: Nair MK; Sumaraj L; Padmamohan L; Radhakrishnan R; Nair VR Source: Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies. 2007 Apr;2(1):71-79. Abstract: This paper presents outcomes of a cross-sectional study conducted in Kerala, India on the parenting practices of 0-3-year-old children supported by UNICEF. The aim of the study was to explore early child-care practices from conception to 3 years with a focus on the family as caregiver. Positive attitudes were observed in key indicators of child-rearing practices among the study population. No major difference was observed among women of various sociodemographic backgrounds in this respect. Early child-care practices are reaching high standards, even in tribal and economically backward areas. This may be an indicator of the overall achievement of Kerala in general health status. Even though parenting practices are generally healthy, as revealed through focus-group discussions, parents face many problems in child rearing and would benefit from training in parenting practices. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PARENTS | PARENTING EDUCATION | CHILD REARING | MORBIDITY | BREASTFEEDING | IMMUNIZATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Education | Behavior | Diseases | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 326518 |
| 17. Title: Associations between parents' marital functioning, maternal parenting quality, maternal emotion and child cortisol levels. Author: Pendry P; Adam EK Source: International Journal of Behavioral Development. 2007;31(3):218-231. Abstract: Associations between family functioning and children's stress hormone levels are explored, by examining how aspects of the interparental relationship (parents' marital satisfaction and parent conflict styles), the mother-child relationship (maternal involvement and warmth) and maternal emotional functioning (depression, anxiety and self-esteem) relate to children's cortisol levels. Parents of 63 children (32 kindergarten-aged children, 31 adolescents) completed questionnaires regarding family and individual functioning, and children's salivary cortisol samples were collected on two consecutive weekdays at home immediately upon waking and at bedtime, such that wakeup, bedtime and average levels and the slope of their diurnal cortisol rhythms could be estimated. Higher marital functioning was significantly and independently associated with lower child cortisol levels (average levels and wakeup levels), while maternal parenting quality and emotional functioning were not significant when included in the same regression model. Associations between parents' marital functioning and children's bedtime cortisol levels and diurnal slopes were moderated by child age, with higher parent marital functioning being associated with a significantly greater lowering of bedtime levels and steeper diurnal slopes for kindergarten-aged children as compared to adolescents. Higher maternal parenting quality was found to be significantly related to steeper diurnal cortisol rhythms. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PARENTS | CHILD | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | STRESS | CHILD REARING | BONDING | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | HUSBAND-WIFE COMMUNICATION | EMOTIONS | ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Biology | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Partner Communication | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology Document Number: 322441 |
| 18. Title: Teenage parenthood among child welfare clients: A Swedish national cohort study of prevalence and odds. Author: Vinnerljung B; Franzen E; Danielsson M Source: Journal of Adolescence. 2007 Feb;30(1):97-116. Abstract: To assess prevalence and odds for teenage parenthood among former child welfare clients, we used national register data for all children born in Sweden 1972-1983 (n = 1; 178; 207), including 49,582 former child welfare clients with varying intervention experiences. Logistic regression models, adjusted for demographic, socio-economic and familial background factors, were used to estimate odds ratios. Among youth who received interventions in adolescence, 16-19% of the girls and 5-6% of the boys became teenage parents, compared to 3% for girls and 0.7% for boys without child welfare experiences. Youths who entered child welfare services in their teens had four- to five-fold adjusted odds for becoming a teenage parent. For other child welfare clients, adjusted odds were mostly twofold. Youth of both sexes who receive child welfare services in adolescence are a high-risk group for teenage parenthood. Child welfare agencies should, as a minimum, provide each individual client youth with access to birth control counselling and contraceptives. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | PREVALENCE | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | CHILD REARING | CHILD HEALTH | FOSTERING | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Measurement | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Behavior | Health Document Number: 311598 |
| 19. Title: Shaping children's future. Source: Ray of Hope: A Newsletter of the Hope for African Children Initiative. 2006 Mar;:9. Abstract: When Tom Omondi Oselu joined the Fish Group, a church-based organization in western Kenya's Kisumu City, his motive was to benefit from its spiritual and social guidance. "Members of the Fish Group were always associated with good virtues and deeds and I wanted to be like them,'' he says. Ten years later, Oselu has found himself with the daunting task of not only transferring the good virtues to the youth, but also providing guidance as well as emotional and psychological support to children impacted by HIV/AIDS. Everyday, he sets out in the morning to homes and schools to see the children, some of whom have no adults to look up to for guidance and protection. "Most orphans have a lot of problems. They often go without food, and suffer emotional and psychological problems, which are exacerbated by lack of parental guidance and protection. Even those who are lucky enough to go to school always lag behind in their school work because of numerous challenges which take away their attention from class work,'' he says. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | PROGRESS REPORT | FAITH-BASED ORGANIZATION | VOLUNTEERS AND VOLUNTARISM | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | AIDS | HIV | CARE AND SUPPORT | CHILD REARING | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Organization and Administration | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Behavior Document Number: 303636 |
| 20. Title: Connectedness and the "emotional bank account". Author: ETR Associates. Resource Center for Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention [ReCAPP] Source: Scotts Valley, California, ReCAPP, [2006]. [12] p. Abstract: For both parents and children, the teen years can be a tough time to try to maintain a positive emotional connection. Parents want what's best for their children, and almost every parent works hard to raise their children well. Parents make decisions that are necessary to keep teens safe, or to teach them important skills or life lessons. However, these decisions sometimes make teens feel less connected to them, at least for a little while. It is important that teens learn to respect these decisions. It is also equally important that teens feel respected and appreciated for who they are. This activity will give parents and teens a way to estimate the level of connectedness in their relationship with each other. It will also show them some ways to keep a healthy level of connectedness. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | TEACHING MATERIALS | PARENTS | ADOLESCENTS | PARENTING EDUCATION | WORKSHOPS | CHILD REARING | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | COMMUNICATION | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | EMOTIONS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Behavior | Psychological Factors Document Number: 305643 |
| 21. Title: Parenting style and parent-child connectedness. Author: ETR Associates. Resource Center for Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention [ReCAPP] Source: Scotts Valley, California, ETR's Resource Center for Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention, [2006]. [7] p. (Learning Activity) Abstract: By the end of this session, parents will be able to: Define Parent Child Connectedness (PCC); Describe how their parenting style has been influenced by their experiences as a child and their parents' modeling; Think about and describe the ways they want their relationships with their children to be different from their childhood relationships with their own parents; Rate the level of PCC with their teen on a scale from 1-10; and State an intention to maintain or increase the level of PCC with their teen. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | TEACHING MATERIALS | PARENTS | ADOLESCENTS | PARENTING EDUCATION | WORKSHOPS | CHILD REARING | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Behavior Document Number: 305640 |
| 22. Title: Responding to your adolescent. Author: ETR Associates. Resource Center for Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention [ReCAPP] Source: Scotts Valley, California, ReCAPP, [2006]. [11] p. Abstract: In this workshop: Parents hear a brief presentation on adolescent development and parent-child connectedness; Parents get into pairs to analyze a story about a parent and his/her teenager. They determine if the teen's behavior is reasonable, the effectiveness of the parent's response, and alternative ways of responding. By the end of this session, parents will be able to: Recognize that teenagers' desire for independence is a normal part of adolescent development; Distinguish between adolescent behavior that is normal and reasonable and that which is unreasonable; and Find constructive ways to respond to teens' behaviors that may feel frustrating to parents. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | TEACHING MATERIALS | PARENTS | ADOLESCENTS | PARENTING EDUCATION | WORKSHOPS | CHILD REARING | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | COMMUNICATION | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Behavior | Biology Document Number: 305642 |
| 23. Title: Understanding adolescent development. Author: ETR Associates. Resource Center for Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention [ReCAPP] Source: Scotts Valley, California, ReCAPP, [2006]. [6] p. Abstract: In this workshop: Parents think back to when they were 15 or 16 and then share an adjective that described them at that age; Parents respond to a series of questions exploring the ways they changed and developed from age 10 or 11 to age 15 or 16; Parents review key information on a handout titled, "Understanding Your Adolescent's Behavior"; Finally, parents apply information from the handout to their relationships with their teens. They give examples of the ways their teens seek independence, report on how they typically respond, and brainstorm new and thoughtful ways of responding to those normal behaviors. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | TEACHING MATERIALS | PARENTS | ADOLESCENTS | PARENTING EDUCATION | WORKSHOPS | CHILD REARING | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Behavior | Biology Document Number: 305641 |
| 24. Title: Using positive reinforcement to increase connectedness. Author: ETR Associates. Resource Center for Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention [ReCAPP] Source: Scotts Valley, California, ReCAPP, [2006]. [12] p. Abstract: Parents and teens often fall into a habit of focusing on negative things. This stands in the way of their having a close, connected relationship. Parents may react with frustration or anger because of the challenges involved in parenting a teen. Teens may make mistakes as they try to walk the path to adulthood. They want their parents to remember that they probably repeated mistakes when they were teens, too! While these mistakes are normal, they can scare parents. Parents may then react in ways that are harsh and critical. Also, parents often get frustrated when teens make the same mistakes over and over again. Teens want more independence. They question the decisions and authority of parents more often than they did when they were younger. They want to be treated as adults even though they are still trying to figure out what that means. Sometimes parents don't recognize these facts, don't give independence and criticize teens for their mistakes, instead of supporting them. As a result, teens feel powerless and discouraged and are drawn into negative thinking. This activity will help parents and teens identify their tendencies toward being drawn into negativity. It will also help them learn to use positive reinforcement as a way to increase their connectedness with each other. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | TEACHING MATERIALS | PARENTS | ADOLESCENTS | PARENTING EDUCATION | WORKSHOPS | CHILD REARING | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Behavior Document Number: 305644 |
| 25. Title: Parent-child connectedness: new interventions for teen pregnancy prevention. Author: Bean S; Rolleri LA; Wilson P Source: Santa Cruz, California, ETR Associates, 2006. 74 p. Abstract: These intervention activities represent the culmination of three and a half years of work by the Parent-Child Connectedness: Bridging Research and Intervention Design (PCC BRIDGE) project team. The activities were conceptualized by PCC BRIDGE project codirectors Lori Rolleri and Steve Bean at Education, Training, Research Associates (ETR) in collaboration with our curriculum consultant Pamela Wilson, MSW, who wrote the initial drafts of all the activities except the active listening activity. The purpose behind designing these activities is to provide community-based organizations (CBOs) with intervention resources they can use to start impacting parent-child connectedness (PCC) with the parents and teens with whom they work. These activities were designed primarily for use by practitioners in the area of adolescent reproductive health (ARH), but they are general enough to be used for a variety of prevention topics and by a variety of prevention practitioners across many different intervention settings. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MANUAL | ADOLESCENTS | PARENTS | CHILDREN | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | CHILD REARING | BONDING | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | WORKSHOPS | PARENTING EDUCATION | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Behavior | Interpersonal Relations | Communication | Education Document Number: 309447 |
| 26. Title: Young children, HIV / AIDS and gender: a summary review. Author: Bhana D; Brixen FF; Mac Naughton G; Zimmermann R Source: The Hague, Netherlands, Bernard van Leer Foundation, 2006 Aug. 55 p. (Working Papers in Early Childhood Development. Young Children and HIV / AIDS Sub-Series No. 39) Abstract: The most socially and economically disadvantaged young people appear to be especially at risk of infection, and young women in developing contexts are at the greatest risk. The rate of HIV infection among girls is rapidly outstripping the rate among boys. Girls already account for nearly 60 percent of the infections in sub-Saharan Africa, where the pandemic is most virulent. This paper adopts the hypothesis that this pandemic can be confronted already in early childhood. There is strong justification for this hypothesis. The first eight years of life are extremely important in child development. The foundations are set during these years for the capacities, beliefs and attitudes that support individuals later in life. In early childhood, people can therefore more easily learn and integrate appropriate risk avoidance behaviours that may prove useful in the global war on HIV/AIDS. The earliest years may represent a window of opportunity for the successful implementation of HIV/AIDS reduction and prevention programmes. Clearly, this hypothesis can only be tested over a number of years. Moreover, it requires the creation of early childhood education and development programmes involving specific components aimed at instilling among young children habits of behaviour appropriate in the context of HIV/AIDS. These 'habits' would include the skills and outlooks necessary to make positive survival choices in areas of life that are particularly associated with the greatest risks of HIV infection. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | HIV PREVENTION | GENDER ISSUES | QUALITY OF LIFE | CHILD REARING | CHILD NUTRITION | POVERTY | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Behavior | Nutrition | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Social Problems | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture Document Number: 311737 |
| 27. Title: True hermaphroditism: Clinical profile and management of six patients from North India. Author: Bhansali A; Mahadevan S; Singh R; Rao KL; Garewal G Source: Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2006 May;26(4):348-350. Abstract: True hermaphroditism (TH) is an uncommon cause of genital ambiguity. This is a retrospective compilation of six cases of true hermaphroditism seen at our institute over the last one and a half decades. Clinical presentation was wide-ranging, with age at presentation varying from 2 months to 41 years and symptoms ranging from ambiguous genitalia to a lower abdominal mass. All patients had perineoscrotal hypospadias with varying degrees of labioscrotal fusion. Clinically, gonads were not palpable in four cases and internally an ovotestis was observed in half of them. Karyotyping was 46, XX in all except one. The majority of the patients were reared as males. True hermaphroditism (TH) forms an important differential in the diagnostic algorithm of ambiguous genitalia especially if gonads are not palpable and congenital adrenal hyperplasia has been ruled out. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | PROVIDERS WITH CLIENTS | GENITALIA | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES | CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES | CHILD REARING | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Behavior Document Number: 315980 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Predictors of drug use among South African adolescents. Author: Brook JS; Morojele NK; Pahl K; Brook DW Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2006;38:26-34. Abstract: The purpose was to determine the association of frequency of illegal drug use with five groups of factors: environmental stressors, parental drug use, parental child rearing, peer drug use, and adolescent personal attributes. 1468 male (45%) and female (55%) adolescents, aged 12 to 17 years (mean 14.76, SD 1.51), were interviewed at home in Durban and Capetown, South Africa. Independent measures assessed environmental stressors, parental child rearing, parental drug use, peer drug use, and adolescent personal attributes. The dependent variable was the adolescents' frequency of illegal drug use. Regression analyses showed that personal attributes and peer substance use explained the largest percentage of the variance in the adolescents' frequency of illegal drug use. In addition, both of the parental factors and the environmental stressors contributed to the explained variance in adolescent drug use above and beyond the two more proximal domains at a statistically significant level. Knowing the contribution of more proximal vs. more distal risk factors for illegal drug use is useful for prioritizing targets for interventions. Targeting changes in the more proximal predictors (e.g., adolescent personal attributes) may be more effective as well as more feasible than trying to produce changes in the more distal factors, such as environmental stressors. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | ADOLESCENTS | URBAN POPULATION | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | PEER PRESSURE | RISK FACTORS | CHILD REARING | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Psychosocial Factors | Biology | Economic Factors Document Number: 294128 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: Effects of work-related factors on the breastfeeding behavior of working mothers in a Taiwanese semiconductor manufacturer: a cross-sectional survey. Author: Chen YC; Wu YC; Chie WC Source: BMC Public Health. 2006 Jun 21;6:160. Abstract: In recent years, the creation of supportive environments for encouraging mothers to breastfeed their children has emerged as a key health issue for women and children. The provision of lactation rooms and breast pumping breaks have helped mothers to continue breastfeeding after returning to work, but their effectiveness is uncertain. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of worksite breastfeeding-friendly policies and work-related factors on the behaviour of working mothers. This study was conducted at a large Taiwanese semiconductor manufacturer in August-September 2003. Questionnaires were used to collect data on female employees' breastfeeding behaviour, child rearing and work status when raising their most recently born child. A total of 998 valid questionnaires were collected, giving a response rate of 75.3%. The results showed that 66.9% of survey respondents breastfed initially during their maternity leave, which averaged 56 days. Despite the provision of lactation rooms and breast pumping breaks, only 10.6% mothers continued to breastfeed after returning to work, primarily office workers and those who were aware of their company's breastfeeding-friendly policies. In conclusion, breastfeeding-friendly policies can significantly affect breastfeeding behaviour. However, an unfavourable working environment, especially for fab workers, can make it difficult to implement breastfeeding measures. With health professionals emphasizing that the importance of breastfeeding for infant health, and as only females can perform lactation, it is vital that women's work "productive role" and family "reproductive role" be respected and accommodated by society. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TAIWAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | MOTHERS | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | CHILD REARING | BREASTFEEDING | BEHAVIOR | POLICY | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Political Factors Document Number: 306468 |
| 30. Title: Gender equality and fertility in Sweden: a study on the impact of the father's uptake of parental leave on continued childbearing. Author: Duvander AZ; Andersson G Source: [Unpublished] 2006. Presented at the Population Association of America, 2006 Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, California, March 30 - April 1, 2006. 23 p. Abstract: In Sweden, the birth of a child induces the right to more than one year of paid parental leave that can be shared between the parents. This paper examines the relationship between the father's and the mother's respective use of such leave and the continued childbearing of a couple. Our investigation is based on longitudinal information on registered parental-leave use and childbearing of all intact unions in Sweden during 1988-99. We analyze our data by means of event-history analysis. We expect an extended paternal involvement in childrearing to be positively associated with continued childbearing since it makes family building more compatible with the mother's labor-force participation. In addition, such commitment to childrearing from the father's side is likely to signal a higher interest of his for continued family building. Around 85 percent of fathers take some leave but in most cases episodes are brief. We find a positive effect of a father's moderately long leave on a couple's second- andthird-birth propensity, but no such effect of a very long paternal leave. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | EVENT HISTORY ANALYSIS | FATHERS | GENDER RELATIONS | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | FAMILY POLICY | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | CHILD REARING | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Demographic Analysis | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Gender Issues | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Programs | Organization and Administration | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Behavior Document Number: 317227 |
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