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Title: Sexual violence against women and children in Chinese societies.
Author: Ko Ling Chan
Source: Trauma, Violence and Abuse. 2009 Jan;10(1):69-85.
Abstract: This article provides a comprehensive overview of the reported patterns of sexual violence against women and children in China. It reviews the prevalence of and risk factors for various types of sexual violence and discusses community knowledge and perceptions of these violent acts. It also critically examines three major problems of sexual violence research in China. First, the diversity of findings and study methods reported by surveys and criminal reports reflects the problems in obtaining accurate figures on the scope of the problem. Second, precautions must be taken in reading studies on Chinese culture-specific risk factors for domestic violence. Third, the study of culture-specific factors should not focus solely on cultural factors in a vacuum but rather, should examine traditional culture in the context of modern societies and consensus international standards of human rights. Recommendations for future research are also discussed.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CHILDREN | COMMUNITY | CHILD ABUSE | SEXUAL ABUSE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | PREVALENCE | RISK FACTORS | RAPE | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | KNOWLEDGE | PERCEPTION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Measurement | Biology | Psychological Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 330270

Title: 13,915 reasons for equity in sexual offences legislation: A national school-based survey in South Africa.
Author: Andersson N; Foster AH
Source: International Journal for Equity in Health. 2008 Jul 29;7(20):[12] p.
Abstract: Prior to 2007, forced sex with male children in South Africa did not count as rape but as "indecent assault", a much less serious offence. This study sought to document prevalence of male sexual violence among school-going youth. A facilitated self-administered questionnaire in nine of the 11 official languages in a stratified (province/metro/urban/ rural) last stage random national sample. Teams visited 5162 classes in 1191 schools, in October and November 2002. A total of 269,705 learners aged 10-19 years in grades 6-11. Of these, 126,696 were male. Schoolchildren answered questions about exposure in the last year to insults, beating, unwanted touching and forced sex. They indicated the sex of the perpetrator, and whether this was a family member, a fellow schoolchild, a teacher or another adult. Respondents also gave the age when they first suffered forced sex and when they first had consensual sex. Some 9% (weighted value based on 13915/127097) of male respondents aged 11-19 years reported forced sex in the last year. Of those aged 18 years at the time of the survey, 44% (weighted value of 5385/11450) said they had been forced to have sex in their lives and 50% reported consensual sex. Perpetrators were most frequently an adult not from their own family, followed closely in frequency by other schoolchildren. Some 32% said the perpetrator was male, 41% said she was female and 27% said they had been forced to have sex by both male and female perpetrators. Male abuse of schoolboys was more common in rural areas while female perpetration was more an urban phenomenon. This study uncovers endemic sexual abuse of male children that was suspected but hitherto only poorly documented. Legal recognition of the criminality of rape of male children is a first step. The next steps include serious investment in supporting male victims of abuse, and in prevention of all childhood sexual abuse. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | STUDENTS | YOUTH | CHILD, MALE | ADOLESCENTS, MALE | SEXUAL ABUSE | RAPE | VIOLENCE | CHILD ABUSE | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Education | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child | Adolescents | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 327928

Peer Reviewed

Title: Gender-based violence and HIV: relevance for HIV prevention in hyperendemic countries of southern Africa.
Author: Andersson N; Cockcroft A; Shea B
Source: AIDS. 2008 Dec;22 Suppl 4:S73-86.
Abstract: Gender-based violence (GBV) is common in southern Africa. Here we use GBV to include sexual and non-sexual physical violence, emotional abuse, and forms of child sexual abuse. A sizeable literature now links GBV and HIV infection.Sexual violence can lead to HIV infection directly, as trauma increases the risk of transmission. More importantly, GBV increases HIV risk indirectly. Victims of childhood sexual abuse are more likely to be HIV positive, and to have high risk behaviours.GBV perpetrators are at risk of HIV infection, as their victims have often been victimised before and have a high risk of infection. Including perpetrators and victims, perhaps one third of the southern African population is involved in the GBV-HIV dynamic.A randomised controlled trial of income enhancement and gender training reduced GBV and HIV risk behaviours, and a trial of a learning programme reported a non-significant reduction in HIV incidence and reduction of male risk behaviours (primary prevention). Interventions among survivors of GBV can reduce their HIV risk (secondary prevention). Various strategies can reduce spread of HIV from infected GBV survivors (tertiary prevention). Dealing with GBV could have an important effect on the HIV epidemic.A policy shift is necessary. HIV prevention policy should recognise the direct and indirect implications of GBV for HIV prevention, the importance of perpetrator dynamics, and that reduction of GBV should be part of HIV prevention programmes. Effective interventions are likely to include a structural component, and a GBV awareness component.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SOUTHERN | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | HIV PREVENTION | RAPE | SEXUAL ABUSE | PHYSICAL ABUSE | PSYCHOLOGICAL ABUSE | CHILD ABUSE | HIV TRANSMISSION | RISK BEHAVIOR | MALE ROLE | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Violence | Behavior | Aggression | Social Behavior
Document Number: 330381

10.
Peer Reviewed

Title: The child rape epidemic [letter]
Author: Booysen N; Brown C; Collison N; Diedericks R; Ginger F
Source: South African Medical Journal. 2008 Jul;98(7):490, 492; author reply 492.
Abstract: We wish to comment on the clinical review of 294 cases of child sexual abuse.1 A bias towards significant surgical injury may exist as the Department of Surgery at Red Cross Children's Hospital (RCH), which is a referral centre for managing child sexual abuse of all types, has the more severe cases referred. A case is made for examination under anaesthesia (EUA). Paediatric anaesthesia is highly specialised and best performed in centres of excellence; its unnecessary use should be avoided as it carries its own morbidity and mortality. Many clinicians, supported by protocols in other centres, hold that most children do not require EUA. Difficult cases or uncertainty and examiner inexperience are indications for referral and possible EUA. The use of EUA is perhaps contradictory to the authors' suggestion that it is '... perhaps time to encourage nursing staff to become qualified sexual assault nurse examiners to perform most of the examination'. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | CRITIQUE | CHILD ABUSE | SEXUAL ABUSE | RAPE | STANDARDS | NEEDS | PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT | HEALTH SERVICES | REFERRAL AND CONSULTATION | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Research Methodology | Economic Factors | Management | Organization and Administration | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Activities | Programs
Document Number: 328505

11.

Title: It's cool ... to know more. Institutional care and the risks of commercial sexual exploitation.
Author: Burcikova P; Kutalkova P; Hule D
Source: [Prague], Czech Republic, La Strada Czech Republic, 2008. [62] p.
Abstract: As part of the research report we present the implementation of a combined research project conducted in 2006 and 2007. The fundamental purpose of the project was to map in detail the issue of underage prostitution in the context of institutional care in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. In the report you can find a detailed description of the individual stages of the research project, with the relevant outputs and summaries. Those results are elaborated in more detail in the chapters directly relating to the individual stages. In the conclusion there are chapters that comprehensively review the findings from all the relevant stages. The Modelling chapter presents a general model, submitted to various analytical approaches. The Summary chapter summarises the main and key outputs from the individual stages of the research project, but primarily from stages A and B. The final chapter is Recommendations, which summarises the fundamental recommendations for preventative measures. The research project does not set out any recommendations for application concerning e. g. legislation, etc., as the issue is a reflection of society, and the problems presented are less a matter of legislation than of the overall state of society. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
CZECH REPUBLIC | SLOVAKIA | RESEARCH REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | FOCUS GROUPS | KAP SURVEYS | CHILD, FEMALE | SEX WORKERS | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | CHILD ABUSE | SEXUAL ABUSE | HEALTH FACILITIES | SEXUAL TRAFFICKING | RISK FACTORS | Developing Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Biology
Document Number: 326341

12.

13.

Title: Addressing sexual violence in the education system.
Author: Devnarain B; Couzens M
Source: Exchange on HIV / AIDS, Sexuality and Gender. 2008;(3):11-13.
Abstract: South Africa has high HIV incidence and prevalence rates, with sexual violence identified by research as one of the drivers of the twin problem. The number of sexually abused children in South Africa is not known, as statistics from the South African Police Service do not provide a breakdown of the age of the victims of sexual offences. However, sexual violence against children is common, and some studies show that 20 percent of women and 13 percent of men have been sexually abused by the age of 18.1 A study by Tropical Disease Research Centre (CIET) concluded that seven percent of the respondents in a study in South African schools reported that they had been forced to have sex in the past year.2 The same study reveals that a history of sexual violence correlates positively with increased risk of HIV infection. This is the background against which the activities of Crime Reduction in Schools Project (Crisp) are undertaken in KwaZulu-Natal.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | CHILDREN | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | TABOO | HIV PREVENTION | CHILD ABUSE | SEXUAL ABUSE | SCHOOLS | SCHOOL-BASED SERVICES | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Diseases | Culture | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Education | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 323157

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16.

Title: Child prostitution in Thailand.
Author: Lau C
Source: Journal of Child Health Care. 2008;12(2):144-155.
Abstract: Child prostitution is an old, global and complex phenomenon, which deprives children of their childhood, human rights and dignity. Child prostitution can be seen as the commercial sexual exploitation of children involving an element of forced labour, and thus can be considered as a contemporary form of slavery. Globally, child prostitution is reported to be a common problem in Central and South America and Asia. Of all the south-east Asian nations, the problem is most prolific in Thailand. In Thailand, there appears to be a long history of child prostitution, and this article explores the factors that underpin the Thai child sex industry and the lessons and implications that can be drawn for health care and nursing around the world.
Language: English
Keywords:
THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | CRITIQUE | CHILDREN | SEX WORKERS | SLAVES | CHILD ABUSE | SEXUAL ABUSE | CHILD LABOR | CHILD HEALTH | HUMAN RIGHTS | ETHICS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Health | Political Factors
Document Number: 308023

17.

Title: The sexual well-being of women who have experienced child sexual abuse.
Author: Lemieux SR; Byers ES
Source: Psychology of Women Quarterly. 2008 Jun;32(2):126-144.
Abstract: The present study examined the association between child sexual abuse (CSA) and a range of positive and negative aspects of women's sexual well-being. We also investigated the extent to which women's cognitive-affective sexual appraisals mediated these relationships. Participants were 272 female community college and university students. CSA involving fondling only was generally not associated with adverse sexual outcomes. However, the women who had experienced CSA involving sexual penetration or attempted sexual penetration were (a) more likely to be sexually revictimized in adulthood; (b) more likely to have engaged in casual sex, unprotected sex, and voluntary sexual abstinence; and (c) reported fewer sexual rewards, more sexual costs, and lower sexual self-esteem. These findings held over and above the effects of nonsexual abuse in childhood, and as predicted, sexual self-esteem partially or fully mediated most of these relationships. Nonsexual abuse in childhood and adult sexual victimizationwere also uniquely associated with a number of adverse sexual outcomes. However, outcomes were not worse for women who had experienced CSA involving actual or attempted sexual penetration and sexual assault in adulthood. The results highlight the fact that CSA is a serious and widespread problem with significant implications for adult women's sexual functioning. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
CANADA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | CHILD ABUSE | SEXUAL ABUSE | WOMEN'S HEALTH | IMPACT | SIDE EFFECTS | North America, Northern | Americas | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Communication | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care
Document Number: 326940

18.

Title: The impact of violence on health in low- to middle-income countries.
Author: Matzopoulos R; Bowman B; Butchart A; Mercy JA
Source: International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion. 2008 Dec;15(4):177-87.
Abstract: More than 90% of violence-related deaths occur in low- to middle-income countries (LMICs), where the mortality rate due to violence is almost 2.5 times greater than in high-income countries. Over and above the substantial contribution of violence as a cause of death and physical injuries, victims of violence are also more vulnerable to a range of mental and physical health problems. Several studies describe the deleterious impact of different types of violence on a range of health outcomes, but no review has yet been undertaken that presents a composite overview of the current state of knowledge in LMICs. This paper reviews the scientific literature describing the nature, magnitude and impact of violence on health, describing the current state of violence-prevention policy developments within the global health agenda and highlighting the health consequences, disease burden and economic costs of violence. Although data are limited, the review indicates that costs relating to violence deplete health care budgets considerably and that scarce resources could be better used to address other health threats that hamper development.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | POLICYMAKERS | VIOLENCE | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | HOMICIDE | PREVALENCE | CAUSES OF DEATH | HEALTH | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | ECONOMIC FACTORS | WAR | SUICIDE | CHILD ABUSE | Research Methodology | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Behavior | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Measurement | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Political Factors
Document Number: 330389

19.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Infant death and interpretive violence in Northeast Brazil: taking bereaved Cearense mothers' narratives to heart.
Author: Nations MK
Source: Cadernos De Saude Publica. 2008 Oct;24(10):2239-48.
Abstract: This study investigates bereaved mothers' ethnoetiologies of avoidable infant deaths in Northeast Brazil. It critically examines the anthropological debate concerning "selective maternal negligence" as a relevant explanation for high infant mortality, based on an analysis of preexisting data. From 2003 to 2006, 316 ethnographic interviews collected by the author from 1979 to 1989 in six communities in Ceara State were retrieved. Forty-five narratives of fatal illness and death of 56 children < 5 years of age were identified for in-depth analysis. Despite their low income and schooling, grieving mothers constructed their own explanations for early death. The most common causes were infectious-contagious diseases (37.9%) and dehumanized care by the attending health professional (24.1%). No mother reported maternal carelessness, detachment, or negligence. If there is any "disregard" in the context of poverty, it is by the unjust economic, political, and social system and inhumane public health practice which violates their rights as citizens. To characterize a bereaved mother as "negligent", or worse, as accomplices in her child's death, is an act of interpretive violence, unfairly blaming and demoraling mother-caregivers in Northeast Brazil.
Language: English
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | INFANT MORTALITY | CHILD ABUSE | CAUSES OF DEATH | BEHAVIOR | MATERNAL HEALTH | POVERTY | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 342706

20.

Title: Child sexual abuse as a risk factor for sexual risk behaviours among socially disadvantaged adolescents in Ibadan, Nigeria.
Author: Olley BO
Source: Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies. 2008;3(3):243-248.
Abstract: The author conducted a cross-sectional study with 1,079 boys and 1,211 girls in 22 socially disadvantaged public secondary schools in a suburb of Ibadan, Nigeria. A 70-item sexual risk behavior questionnaire was used to collect information on lifetime and current sexual experiences. Fifty-five percent of students reported to have ever experienced at least one form of child sexual abuse (CSA). Thirty-six percent reported a history of intrafamily CSA, whereas 46% had experienced interfamily CSA. Five hundred and sixty-four (24.6%) of these adolescents were sexually active at the time of the study. There was a strong relationship between having ever experienced CSA and sexual risk behaviors: adolescent boys and girls with CSA were three times as likely not to have used a condom at last vaginal intercourse, three times as likely to engage in casual sex with a partner known for a day, twice as likely to drink alcohol heavily before sex, three times as likely to use tobacco, and three times as likely to have a sexually transmitted infection. Logistic regression shows that the relationship between CSA and non-use of a condom at last vaginal intercourse remained after controlling for age, family type, and parents staying together.
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS | YOUTH | RISK FACTORS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | CHILD ABUSE | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Biology | Behavior | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases
Document Number: 329535

21.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Child sexual abuse, harmful alcohol use and age as determinants of sexual risk behaviours among freshmen in a Nigerian University. [Abus sexuel sur enfant, usage nuisible de l'alcool et l' âge comme déterminants des comportements sexuels risqués chez les étudiants de première année dans une université nigériane]
Author: Olley BO
Source: African Journal of Reproductive Health. 2008 Aug;12(2):75-88.
Abstract: In Nigeria, freshmen constitute a risk group of adolescents and young adults capable of engaging in unsafe sexual practices. This study documents the associated factors to sexual risk behaviours practices of University of Ibadan, Nigeria freshmen. Eight hundred and forty one (841), freshmen who attended a routine orientation program were asked to respond to a questionnaire. Results showed that 30.8% were sexually active and 47% did not use condom in their last sexual episode. Associated with sexual risk behaviours include: being a male freshman, increasing age; lower tendency for violence; increase sexual compulsivity; alcohol abuse; history of rape and a history of Child Sexual Abuse (CSA). Three variables: alcohol abuse; history of CSA and increasing age remained significant in a multiple regression analysis. The paper presents the first evidence of vulnerability of freshmen to sexual risk practices in a Nigerian University.
French Abstract: Abus sexuel sur enfant, usage nuisible de l'alcool et l' âge comme déterminants des comportements sexuels risqués chez les étudiants de première année dans une université nigériane. Au Nigéria les étudiants de première année constituent un groupe d'adolescents et de jeunes adultes capables de s'engager dans des pratiques sexuelles dangereuses. Cette étude documente les facteurs qui sont liés aux pratiques sexuelles risquées chez les étudiants de première année à l'université d' Ibadan. Huit cent quarante-et-un (841) étudiants de première année qui ont assisté à un programme d'orientation de routine ont été demandé de répondre à un questionnaire. Les résultats ont montré que 30,8% étaient sexuellement actifs et que 47% n'utilisaient pas des préservatifs pendant leur dernier épisode sexuel. Liés aux comportements sexuels risqués sont: le fait d' être en première année, l'augmentation de l' âge, une tendance réduite de la violence, une compulsivité sexuelle accrue; l'abus de l'alcool; les antécédents de viol et d'abus sexuel sur enfant (ASE). Trois variables: abus de l'alcool, les antécédents de l'ASE et l'âge croissant, sont restés significatifs dans une analyse de la regression multiple. L'article présente la première évidence de la vulnérabilité des étudiants de première année aux pratiques sexuelles risquées.
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | UNIVERSITIES | STUDENTS | YOUTH | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | RISK FACTORS | CHILD ABUSE | RAPE | AGE FACTORS | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Schools | Education | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Biology | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 322324

22.
Title: Pattern of pediatric HIV/AIDS: a five-year experience in a tertiary hospital.
Author: Onankpa B; Airede L; Paul I; Dorcas I
Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 2008 Jul;100(7):821-5.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: to determine the mode of transmission, clinical presentation and the outcome in children with HIV/AIDS at the Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital (UDUTH), Sokoto, Nigeria. METHODOLOGY: a five-year retrospective study of children with HIV/AIDS from January 2001 to December 2005. Screening was based on World Health Organization criteria. Confirmation of HIV seropositivity was from a positive ELISA and then a western blot assay. RESULTS: 10,107 children were admitted over the said five-year period; 1,359 died, giving a mortality rate of 13.5%. Eight-hundred-forty (8.3%) of the admitted children had HIV/AIDS; 305 (36.3%) died. Mother-to-child transmission accounted for the highest mode of transmission, 794(94.5%). There were 44 (5.3%) cases of unidentified route of infection and two (0.2%) cases of sexual abuse in males aged 11 and 13 years. Fever (81.3%), diarrhea (75.0%), vomiting (41.4%), difficulty in breathing (39.8%) and refusal of feeds (39.8%) were the commonly encountered clinical features. Septicemia (49.5%) and acute respiratory tract infections (40.9%) were the major admitting diagnoses and major causes of deaths. Deaths from HIV infection accounted for 22.4% of the total deaths for the study period. CONCLUSIONS: Mother-to-child transmission of HIV is still high in the area of study, and pediatric HIV/AIDS remains a significant cause of childhood morbidity and mortality. Present efforts to strengthen and sustain prevention of mother to child transmission are highly encouraged. Advocacy for protection of children against sexual abuse should be strengthened.
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | SCREENING | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | CHILDREN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | TRANSMISSION | DEATH RATE | MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | CHILD ABUSE | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 328420

23.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Childhood abuse as a risk factor for adolescent pregnancy in El Salvador.
Author: Pallitto CC; Murillo V
Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2008 Jun;42(6):580-6.
Abstract: The purpose was to determine whether having been abused as a child increases the risk of adolescent pregnancy in El Salvador and whether intimate partner violence during adolescence affects the association. Using data from 3753 women between the ages of 15 and 24 from a nationally representative household health survey of Salvadoran women (FESAL 2002/2003), the association between history of childhood abuse (emotional, physical, or sexual abuse, and witnessing abuse of one's mother) and adolescent pregnancy was explored using multiple logistic regression analyses. The effect of intimate partner violence during adolescence on the relationship was explored among a subgroup of 15-19-year-olds. The risk of adolescent pregnancy was significantly higher among women abused as children. Women who were sexually abused, physically abused, or who experienced any type of abuse had a 48%, 42%, and 31% higher risk, respectively, of adolescent pregnancy than those without a history of abuse, after adjusting for confounding factors. Intimate partner violence during adolescence was also strongly and significantly linked with adolescent pregnancy risk. This is the first study from a Latin American country to demonstrate a relationship between childhood abuse and adolescent pregnancy. Greater efforts are needed to promote detection of abuse, expand knowledge about sexual and reproductive health, protect vulnerable youth, and to advocate for greater rights and social protections to Salvadoran children and adolescents. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
EL SALVADOR | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | CORRELATION STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | RISK FACTORS | CHILD ABUSE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | Developing Countries | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Health | Statistical Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Biology | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Domestic Violence
Document Number: 325390

24.

Title: The impact of trafficking on children: Psychological and social policy perspectives.
Author: Rafferty Y
Source: Child Development Perspectives. 2008 Apr;2(1):13-18.
Abstract: Child trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation (CSE) are egregious crimes, extreme forms of child maltreatment, and major violations of children's human rights. Although empirical research is sorely lacking on the impact of such crimes on children's developmental well-being, numerous reports describe the physical and emotional trauma, humiliation, violence, degradation associated with treatment as a commodity, and unrelenting fear and abuse. This paper provides an overview of the impact of trafficking and CSE on children and the practical implications of related research in the areas of child maltreatment and victimization. Findings suggest that trafficking and CSE present grave risks to the physical, psychological, spiritual, and social-emotional development of young victims. Implications for psychology and social policy, in terms of prevention and psychosocial rehabilitation for children who have been victimized, are also presented. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA REPORTING | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | CHILD ABUSE | SEXUAL TRAFFICKING | HUMAN TRAFFICKING | CRIME | SOCIAL PROTECTION | NEEDS | CHILD SURVIVAL | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Social Problems | Political Factors | Economic Factors | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 325940

25.

Title: The association between unwanted early sexual experiences and sexual adjustment among Belgian and South African students.
Author: Revell AT; Vansteenwegen A; Nicholas L; Dumont K
Source: Sexual and Relationship Therapy. 2008 May;23(2):111-118.
Abstract: This study examined the association between unwanted early sexual experiences (UESE) and sexual adjustment among 2,608 Belgian students (men = 1,017; women = 1,587) and 1,081 South African students (men = 335; women = 739) and the severity of the experience in its bothersomeness. Of Belgian women, 14.2% (226) reported UESE compared to 31.3% (231) of South African women; and of Belgian men 12.3% (125) indicated that they had an UESE compared to 56.4% (189) of South African men. Against expectations, those without UESE showed significant poorer sexual adjustment. The severity of UESE was also associated with greater bothersomeness by all respondents except for Belgian men at the time of completing the checklist. However, no association was found between severity and bothersomeness at the time of UESE. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | BELGIUM | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS | CHILD | CHILD ABUSE | SEXUAL ABUSE | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | EXPOSURE | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Diseases | Behavior | Risk Factors | Biology
Document Number: 325928

26.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Child maltreatment at a violence recovery centre in Kenya.
Author: Saidi H; Odula P; Awori K
Source: Tropical Doctor. 2008 Apr;38(2):87-89.
Abstract: Kenyan media reports indicate escalating levels of child maltreatment, but the characteristics of the offence are undefined. At the Gender and Violence recovery Center of the Nairobi Women's Hospital, we analysed 342 consecutive children for age, gender, perpetrator characteristics, time and scene of assault and the nature of injuries between February 2003 and April 2004. The children comprised 43.5% of all assault survivors. The mean age was 10.0 years and about 20% of the children were < or = 5 years. Most (71.5%) of the child sexual abuse (CSA) was perpetrated by people known to the victim. Intra-family CSA (incest) was highest among the one to five year olds. The proportion of assaults committed against boys reduced with the age of the child. Older children were more likely to be assaulted later in the day and by multiple perpetrators. Most recorded injuries were perineal. The majority of children are assaulted by people they had trusted. The epidemiological correlates of maltreatment differ for younger and older children. More effort is needed to further characterize child violence and protect this vulnerable section of the population.
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | CHILD | CHILD ABUSE | SEXUAL ABUSE | INCEST | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 308039

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29.
Title: National mid-term review on the "world fit for children".
Source: Vietnam Population News. 2007 Jan-Mar;(42):1-2.
Abstract: A national mid-term review was held in Ha Noi from 26 to 27 March 2007 as part of Viet Nam's follow-up to the UN General Assembly Special Session on Children in May 2002. Hosted by Viet Nam' Commission for Population, Family and Children (CPFC), participants from various government sectors such as the National Assembly Committee on Culture and Education of Youth and Children, the Ministry of Planning and Investment, the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Education and Training and the Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs, have reviewed the progress that Viet Nam has made for its children, and discussed what more need to be done to help build a better future for this country's younger generation. Adopted in 2002, the "World fit for children" has been "nationalized" as "communes fit for children" in Viet Nam. The model is being replicated in provinces and cities throughout the country, pursuing 28 specific criteria and four fundamental standards, namely: a socialenvironment fit for children; a family environment which ensures children's full development; ensuring all children can enjoy basic rights; and caring for and protecting children in special circumstances. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
VIETNAM | SUMMARY REPORT | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | CHILD | DEVELOPMENT PLANNING | HUMAN RIGHTS | AWARENESS | CHILD ABUSE | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | COUNSELING | INTERVENTIONS | SOCIAL PROTECTION | IMPLEMENTATION | COMMUNICATION PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Knowledge | Crime | Social Problems | Diseases | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Communication
Document Number: 308770

30.

Title: Time to end violence against Palestinian women and girls.
Source: Forced Migration Review. 2007 Jan;(27):[1] p.
Abstract: Domestic violence is an all too common response to the pressures of life in crowded refugee camps and communities living under occupation. The Palestinian Authority (PA) has failed to establish a framework to respond to violence against women and girls. A report from Human Rights Watch (HRW) has documented how cases of violence ranging from spousal and child abuse to rape, incest and murders committed under the guise of family 'honour' often go unreported and unpunished. Discriminatory criminal legislation in force in the West Bank and Gaza has led to virtual impunity for perpetrators of sexual violence and has deterred victims from reporting abuse. These laws include provisions that: reduce penalties for men who kill or attack female relatives who commit adultery; allow rapists who agree to marry their victims to escape criminal prosecution; and allow only male relatives to file incest charges on behalf of minors. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GAZA | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CHILD, FEMALE | POLICE | CHILD ABUSE | RAPE | SEXUAL ABUSE | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | SEX DISCRIMINATION | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | EMERGENCY SERVICES | Developing Countries | Middle East | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Corrections Officers | Government | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Diseases | Social Discrimination | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 313197


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