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Peer Reviewed

Title: Changes in sexual behavior following a sex education program in Brazilian public schools. Mudancas no comportamento sexual de adolescentes de escolas publicas no Brasil apos um programa de educacao sexual.
Author: Andrade HH; de Mello MB; Sousa MH; Makuch MY; Bertoni N; Faundes A
Source: Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2009 May;25(5):1168-1176.
Abstract: This paper describes an evaluation of possible changes in sexual behavior in adolescents who participated in a school-based sex education program in selected public schools in four municipalities in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The program, given within the context of reproductive rights, dealt with risks involved in unsafe sexual practices, and focused on the positive aspects of sexuality. A quasi-experimental design with pre- and post-tests and a nonequivalent control group was used to evaluate the intervention. A total of 4,795 questionnaires were included in this analysis. The program succeeded in more than doubling consistent condom use with casual partners and in increasing the use of modern contraceptives during last intercourse by 68%. The intervention had no effect on age at first intercourse or on adolescents' engagement in sexual activities. The sex education program was effective in generating positive changes in the sexual behavior of adolescents, while not stimulating participation in sexual activities.
Language: Portuguese
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | ADOLESCENTS | SEX EDUCATION | PARTICIPATION | CHANGES | SEX BEHAVIOR | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | SEXUALITY | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | PROGRAM EVALUATION | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Schools | Education | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Behavior | Behavior | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors | Human Rights | Political Factors | Personality | Psychological Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 340176

Peer Reviewed

Title: A life course approach to patterns and trends in modern Latin American sexual behavior.
Author: Bozon M; Gayet C; Barrientos J
Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2009 May 1;51 Suppl 1:S4-S12.
Abstract: This article explores trends in sexual behavior in Latin America, envisaged from a life-course perspective, taking into account social differences. It is focused on three main issues: the timing of early sexual and reproductive events, sexual activity during adulthood, and measurement of homosexuality-bisexuality. It draws on general population data from nonspecific surveys, as surveys dealing specifically with sexual behavior are scarce in Latin American countries. A traditional feature in these societies is the huge amount of social inequality, which translates directly into social differences in sexual experience, especially among women. Despite the decline in fertility, an early start of unions and of reproductive experience remains typical of groups with lower education. Another aspect is the diversity of national patterns and gender systems, very far from the image of cultural homogeneity generally associated with this region. Data show a low prevalence of homosexuality/bisexuality, which can be a result of underreporting. The paper eventually stresses the necessity of carrying out more sexual behavior surveys of the general population in the region.
Language: English
Keywords:
LATIN AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | SEX BEHAVIOR | HOMOSEXUALS | CHANGES | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | Americas | Developing Countries | Health | Behavior | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems
Document Number: 341323

Title: Toward prevention of alcohol exposed pregnancies: characteristics that relate to ineffective contraception and risky drinking.
Author: Fabbri S; Farrell LV; Penberthy JK; Ceperich SD; Ingersoll KS
Source: Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 2009 May 21;
Abstract: Alcohol-exposed pregnancy is a leading cause of preventable birth defects in the United States. This paper describes the motivational patterns that relate to risky drinking and ineffective contraception, two behaviors that can result in alcohol-exposed pregnancy. As part of an intervention study aimed at reducing alcohol-exposed pregnancy 124 women were recruited and reported demographic characteristics, readiness to change, stages of change, drinking, contraception, and sexual behavior history. Our results showed the following. Drinking: A significant positive correlation was found between the number of drinks consumed in 90 days and the Importance to reduce drinking (r = .23, p = .008). A significant negative correlation between number of drinks and confidence to reduce drinking (r = -.39, p = .000) was found as well. Significant differences were found in the total number of drinks consumed in 90 days between the five stages of change (F = (4,118), 3.12, p = .01). Women in Preparation reported drinking a significantly higher number of drinks than women in other stages of change. Contraception: There were significant negative correlations between ineffective contraception and Importance (r = -.38, p = .00), confidence (r = -.20, p = .02) and Readiness (r = -.43, p = .00) to use contraception effectively. Significant differences in contraception ineffectiveness were found for women in different stages of change (F = (4,115) 8.58, p = .000). Women in Precontemplation reported significantly higher levels of contraception ineffectiveness compared to women in other stages of change. Results show a clear relationship between higher alcohol consumption and higher levels of motivation to reduce drinking. In contrast, higher levels of ineffective contraception were related to lower levels of motivation to use contraception effectively. This suggests risky drinking may be better targeted with brief skills building interventions and ineffective contraception may require interventions that enhance problem awareness and motivation.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PREGNANT WOMEN | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | CONTRACEPTION | CHANGES | RISK FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Family Planning | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors | Health
Document Number: 341249

Peer Reviewed

Title: The effect of changes in health sector resources on infant mortality in the short-run and the long-run: a longitudinal econometric analysis.
Author: Farahani M; Subramanian SV; Canning D
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009;68:1918-1925.
Abstract: While countries with higher levels of human resources for health typically have better population health, the evidence that increases in the level of human resources for health leads to improvements in population health is limited. We use a dynamic regression model to obtain estimates of both the short-run and long-term effects of changes in physicians per capita, our measure of health system resources, on infant mortality. Using a dataset of 99 countries at 5-year intervals from 1960-2000, we estimate that increasing the number of physicians by one per 1000 population (roughly a doubling of current levels of provision) decreases the infant mortality rate by 15% within 5 years and by 45% in the long-run with half the long-run gain being achieved in 15 years. We conclude that the long-run effects of heath system resources are substantially larger than previously estimated. Our results suggest, however, that countries that have delayed action on the Millennium Development Goal of reducing infant andchild mortality rate by two-thirds by 2015 (relative to 1990) may have difficulty meeting this goal even if they rapidly increase resources now.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | PHYSICIANS | HUMAN RESOURCES | INFANT MORTALITY | HEALTH SERVICES | CHANGES | Studies | Research Methodology | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Economic Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 340203

Peer Reviewed

Title: Changes in abortion provider practices in response to the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003.
Author: Haddad L; Yanow S; Delli-Bovi L; Cosby K; Weitz TA
Source: Contraception. 2009 May;79(5):379-84.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The April 2007 Supreme Court Gonzalez v. Gonzalez v. Carhart decision upheld the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003. We conducted a pilot study that measured the impact of the ban in one state with a diverse pool of second-trimester abortion providers. STUDY DESIGN: A survey was administered via telephone to key informants at each facility in Massachusetts where second-trimester abortions are performed in order to assess clinical and administrative changes following the Supreme Court decision. RESULTS: Five hospital-based practices introduced injections to induce fetal demise prior to dilation and evacuation for later second-trimester abortions. One site stopped providing dilation and evacuation abortions in the absence of fetal or maternal indications, and another significantly decreased its volume of procedures. Training opportunities were decreased, and costs at three facilities increased. CONCLUSIONS: The Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003 resulted in a range of practice changes in Massachusetts, particularly in hospitals. These changes reflect adherence to legal and policy mandates and not the availability of new scientific evidence. Further study to assess the impact of the ban in states with fewer providers is warranted.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | ABORTION LAW | CHANGES | PREGNANCY, SECOND TRIMESTER | ABORTION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors | Pregnancy | Reproduction
Document Number: 342085 Notification

Peer Reviewed

Title: Change in contraceptive methods following the Yogyakarta earthquake and its association with the prevalence of unplanned pregnancy.
Author: Hapsari ED; Widyawati; Nisman WA; Lusmilasari L; Siswishanto R; Matsuo H
Source: Contraception. 2009 Apr;79(4):316-22.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to examine access to contraception and change in contraceptive methods before and after the disaster in Bantul area, and to evaluate the prevalence of unplanned pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN: In total, 450 married women participated. Questionnaires, which included participants' background, contraceptive methods, difficulties in accessing contraceptive method, and unplanned pregnancy, were completed. RESULTS: Within 1 year of the disaster, the percentage of participants who used injections and implants tended to decrease, while the percentage of participants who used pills tended to increase. Use of coitus interruptus significantly increased after the disaster. The prevalence of unplanned pregnancy was significantly higher in a group of participants who had difficulty accessing contraceptive methods compared to a group that did not. CONCLUSIONS: Health personnel should not only actively deliver contraceptive methods in a disaster situation but also educate couples to prevent unplanned pregnancy.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDONESIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | CONTRACEPTION FAILURE | NATURAL DISASTERS | CHANGES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Measurement | Research Methodology | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Environment | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 330555

Title: Midwives in China: 'jie sheng po' to 'zhu chan shi'.
Author: Harris A; Belton S; Barclay L; Fenwick J
Source: Midwifery. 2009 Apr;25(2):203-12.
Abstract: We explore the position of midwifery in contemporary China, and draw on fieldwork conducted in Shanxi and Sichuan Provinces during 2005 and 2006, the available literature in English and to a lesser extent in Mandarin. We also explore the historical antecedents to the present-day professional status, practices and position within the health-care system of midwifery in China. We consider the effect on midwifery of the place of biomedicine in the modernising project of the post-reform State, the shift of birth from the private to the public domain, the rise of the medical profession, the medicalisation of birth and the increasing use of technology, and trace changes in the nature of relations between midwives, doctors and the State from Imperial China to the present day. In particular, we examine the changes that have occurred as midwifery has moved from the arena of the lay practitioner ('jie sheng po') to the professional ('zhu chan shi'). We draw out and critique some ways that midwives act to differentiate themselves and lay claim to a variant body of practice-based knowledge, yet question the capacity of midwifery in China today to assert, in any substantial way, a professional identity that distinguishes it from medical obstetric practice.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | MIDWIVES AND MIDWIFERY | HEALTH PERSONNEL | PUBLIC SECTOR | CHANGES | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 341368

Peer Reviewed

Title: Improvement in quality-of-life questionnaire measures in obese adolescent females with polycystic ovary syndrome treated with lifestyle changes and oral contraceptives, with or without metformin.
Author: Harris-Glocker M; Davidson K; Kochman L; Guzick D; Hoeger K
Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2009 Sep 23;
Abstract: We studied the effect of metformin or placebo in a lifestyle modification program combined with oral contraceptives (OC) on quality-of-life parameters measured by the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) questionnaire in obese adolescent women with validated PCOS. The quality-of-life indicators were measured at baseline and conclusion for five domains on the PCOS questionnaire, with equal improvement in scores in both placebo and metformin groups, suggesting that the addition of metformin does not add improvement to quality-of-life measures above those observed with lifestyle modification and OC treatment.
Language: English
Keywords:
BULGARIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | ADOLESCENTS | QUALITY OF LIFE | LIFE STYLE | OVARIAN CYSTS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CHANGES | Developing Countries | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Behavior | Diseases | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 342996

10.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Change and stability in parent-child contact in five western countries.
Author: Kalmijn M; de Vries J
Source: European Journal of Population. 2009 Aug;25(3):257-276.
Abstract: Although much is known about changes in the conjugal family, little is known about trends in contact between parents and adult (independently living) children. Using unique survey data, we study changes in contact with the mother and the father in five western countries over a 15-year period (Austria, West Germany, Great Britain, the United States, and Italy). We describe changes and we examine the role of compositional changes in the trend. We find no evidence for a decline in intergenerational contact, in contrast to notions of individualism. In two countries, there has been an increase in contact with the mother and in three countries no net trend is observed. Contact with the father has not changed. Other forms of contact (e.g., telephone contact) have increased. Some compositional changes have had a downward pressure on the trend, leading to a decline in contact (i.e., rising education, declining church attendance), but these pressures have been compensated by counteracing compositional changes (declining sibsize) and by behavioral changes.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | GERMANY | AUSTRIA | ITALY | RESEARCH REPORT | PARENTS | CHILDREN | FAMILY LIFE | BONDING | CHANGES | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | North America | Americas | Europe, Central | Europe, Southern | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Interpersonal Relations | Behavior | Social Change
Document Number: 339897

11.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Changes in Condom Use Behaviors Among Clients of Female Sex Workers in China.
Author: Lau J; Wan S; Yu X; Cheng F; Zhang Y; Wang N; Zhang L; Zhang J
Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Jun 3;
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Clients of female sex workers (CFSWs) are at-risk for HIV transmission; relevant surveillance and interventions for this vulnerable group are scare. The China-UK HIV/AIDS Prevention and Care Project launched an enhanced intervention program involving peer education, seminars, testing services and social gatherings etc., and two behavioral surveillance studies (BSS) targeting CFSWs in Suining, Sichuan. METHODS: Two cross-sectional BSS (a baseline survey and an evaluative survey) were conducted in September 2005 and May 2006, respectively 356 and 372 respondents who patronized some low-end sex-services were interviewed by peer interviewers. Another triangulation condom audit exercise was conducted in June 2006. RESULTS: Prevalence of respondents utilizing at least one prevention services increased from 50.3% in 2005 to 68.5% in 2006 (adjusted OR=2.2). Respondents of the evaluative survey, as compared to their counterparts of the baseline survey, had lower prevalence of inconsistent condom users in the last 6 months (44.1% versus 77.0%, adjusted OR=0.2) and higher prevalence of condom use in the last episode of commercial sex (78.0% verus 41.5%, adjusted OR=4.9). The triangulation audit showed that condoms were used by 73.8% of CFSWs. The multivariate analysis shows that year of study (OR=0.3), self-reported STD symptoms (OR=2.9), utilization of face-to-face counseling services (OR=0.5) etc. were significantly associated with inconsistent condom use during commercial sex in the last 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: Condom use and service utilization behaviors changed in the study population over a time period, when an enhanced intervention program was implemented. Such effective programs may be applied to other locations in China.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | SEX WORKERS | CONDOM USE | CHANGES | RISK BEHAVIOR | HIV | INTERVENTIONS | EVALUATION | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | HEALTH SERVICES | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 341565

12.

Title: Age at first reproduction and economic change in the context of differing kinship ecologies.
Author: Leonetti DL; Nath DC
Source: American Journal of Human Biology. 2009 Jul-Aug;21(4):438-47.
Abstract: Kinship systems which tend to be based on ecologies of subsistence also assign differential power, privilege, and control to human connections that present pathways for manipulation of resource access and transfer. They can be used in this way to channel resource concentrations in women and hence their reproductive value. Thus, strategic female life course trade-offs and their timing are likely to be responsive to changing preferences for qualities in women as economic conditions change. Female life histories are studied in two ethnic groups with differing kinship systems in NE India where the competitive market economy is now being felt by most households. Patrilineal Bengali (599 women) practice patrilocal residence with village exogamy and matrilineal Khasi (656 women) follow matrilocal residence with village endogamy, both also normatively preferring three-generation extended households. These households have helpful senior women and significantly greater income. Age at first reproduction (AFR), achieved adult growth (height) and educational level (greater than 6 years or less) are examined in reproductive women, ages 16-50. In both groups, women residing normatively are older at AFR and taller than women residing nonnormatively. More education is also associated with senior women. Thus, normative residence may place a woman in the best reproductive location, and those with higher reproductive and productive potential are often chosen as households face competitive market conditions. In both groups residing in favorable reproductive locations is associated with a faster pace of fertility among women, as well as lower offspring mortality among Khasi, to compensate for a later start.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | KINSHIP NETWORKS | REPRODUCTIVE AGE | CHANGES | ECONOMIC FACTORS | CULTURE | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproduction | Social Change
Document Number: 342989

13.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Changes in CD4 count with antitubercular therapy in HIV infected children with tuberculosis.
Author: Mukherjee A; Lodha R; Kabra SK
Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 2009 Apr;55(2):125-7.
Abstract: In this study of 25 HIV/TB co-infected children, it was found that 52% of the children showed a decrease in CD4 count after 6 months of antitubercular therapy. There have been studies in adults with HIV-TB co-infection which have demonstrated that ATT had no significant beneficial influence on CD4 counts, HIV viral load, or markers of immune activation. Similar studies in children coinfected with HIV/TB are lacking. The limitations of our study include its retrospective design and small size. Our study suggests that most children with HIVTB co-infection receiving ATT alone have a decline in CD4 count. There is need for prospective studies to document the changes in immunologic function in children with HIV-TB co-infection with antitubercular therapy. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | SUMMARY REPORT | CHILDREN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | TUBERCULOSIS | HIV INFECTIONS | TREATMENT | CHANGES | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 331198

14.
Title: [Knowledge of contraception, pregnancy, and sexuality in ninth grade pupils in the municipality of Viborg during a 21-year-period] Viden om praevention, graviditet og seksualitet gennem 21 ar hos 9. klasser i
Author: Nielsen JL; Boelskifte J; Falk J; Lauszus FF; Rasmussen KL
Source: Ugeskrift For Laeger. 2009 Mar 30;171(14):1163-7.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION: A study of the sources of and the changes in the knowledge about contraception, pregnancy, and sexuality during a 21-year-period. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A questionnaire was handed out on the same day in all ninth grade classes in the Municipality of Viborg without prior notice to teachers or pupils. The results were compared with similar studies performed in 1986, 1993, and 2000. RESULTS: In all 394 of 398 questionnaires were answered. The answers revealed that forty-three percent knew at which time in the cycle pregnancy can occur; boys with sexual debut scored lowest. The time limits for legal abortion were known by 64%, the girls had a higher level of knowledge on this item than the boys. The abortion limits for 16-year-old girls were known by 58%, but here the boys, who had made sexual debut, scored highest and the girls with no prior sexual experience scored lowest. The sources of knowledge changed over the years; screen-based media (TV, internet) now cover more than 30% of both gender's sources, and magazines/pornography comprise more than 50% of girls' and 30% of boys' sources of knowledge. The school's and friends' share in sexual education remained constant, while books and parents as knowledge sources show a downward trend. CONCLUSION: School and friends still play a substantial role in the sexual education of ninth grade pupils, but screen-based media and magazines are now the third-most important source of information and their importance have increased considerably over the past seven years. Knowledge of time limits for abortion, early pregnancy signs and cycle has not changed except for slight gender differences.
Language: Danish
Keywords:
RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | ADOLESCENTS | KNOWLEDGE | CONTRACEPTION | PREGNANCY | SEXUALITY | CHANGES | KNOWLEDGE SOURCES | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES | SEX EDUCATION | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning | Reproduction | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Social Change | Communication | Family and Household | Education
Document Number: 330931

15.
Title: [Sexual activity and use of contraception in ninth grade pupils during the last 21 years] Seksuel aktivitet og praeventionsvaner hos unge gennem 21 ar.
Author: Nielsen JL; Boelskifte J; Falk J; Lauszus FF; Rasmussen KL
Source: Ugeskrift For Laeger. 2009 Mar 30;171(14):1159-63.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION: The study surveys sexual activity, use of contraception at sexual debut and changes in sexual habits during a 21-year period. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A questionnaire was handed out on the same day in all ninth grade classes in the Municipality of Viborg. Neither teachers nor pupils were given prior notice. The results were compared with similar studies performed in 1986, 1993 and 2000. RESULTS: A total of 394 of 398 questionnaires were answered and returned. In both genders, 40% had had debuted sexually. The frequency among the boys had increased in comparison with the previous 21 years. The amount of sexual debuts before the legal age of consent at 15 years was 18%, which is similar to previous years. In both genders an increased proportion had experienced coitus within the last week. Condoms were used by 76% and the pill by 15% at sexual debut. Subsequently, 27% shifted from condom use to pill use alone or in combination with a condom at the latest coitus; thus, 34% used the pill at their latest coitus. Practical experience with condoms was found in 90% of both genders among those who had debuted sexually, while 56% of the boys and 68% of the girls indicated that they had experience with the pill. CONCLUSION: Knowledge of and use of condoms are widespread among adolescents already at sexual debut. A shift from the use of condoms to more frequent use of the pill occurs from debut to later coitus. A considerable amount of adolescents (10-20%) still do not protect themselves against sexually transmitted diseases and pregnancies at debut or later coitus.
Language: Danish
Keywords:
RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | ADOLESCENTS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | CHANGES | CONDOM USE | KNOWLEDGE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases
Document Number: 330930

16.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Stages of consistent condom use, partner intimacy, condom use attitude, and self-efficacy in African-American crack cocaine users.
Author: Pallonen UE; Timpson SC; Williams ML; Ross MW
Source: Archives of Sexual Behavior. 2009 Feb;38(1):149-58.
Abstract: This study examined how condom use attitude, self-efficacy, and partner intimacy related to five stages of consistent condom use. Interview data were collected from sexually active, heterosexual, African-American crack cocaine smokers (N = 366). Dependent measures assessed both the participants' own responses and their perceptions about their last sex partner's own personal condom use attitude and participants' condom use self-efficacy expectations. Partner intimacy was assessed both as a continuous attitudinal and as a discrete relationship measure. Less than 10% were classified as consistent condom users. Two thirds of inconsistent users were in the Precontemplation (PC) stage. The contemplation (C) and preparation (P) stages were equal among the remainder of the inconsistent condom users. Higher partner intimacy reduced modestly readiness for consistent condom use. The stage but not the intimacy group was related to the condom use attitudes and self-efficacy measures. Last partners' perceived own negative attitudes were significantly related to the stages of consistent condom use and was especially low in the action (A) and maintenance (M) stages. Participants' own negative attitudes were unrelated to the stages. Of the self-efficacy measures, both participants' performance and situational condom use self-efficacies increased significantly after the PC stage and were highest in the P, A, and M stages. However, situational self-efficacy accounted for most of performance self-efficacy variance. In sum, consistent condom use was rare. A partner's attitudes and the participants' own situational self-efficacy expectations, rather than intimacy, determined the readiness to adopt consistent condom use.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA COLLECTION | INTERVIEWS | BLACKS | CONDOM USE | ATTITUDES | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | CHANGES | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 330845

17.

Title: Youth, women's rights, and political change in Iran.
Author: Roudi F
Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], 2009 Jul. [1] p.
Abstract: Recent political developments in Iran highlight the country's demographic and social shifts over the past 20 years. One in three Iranians is between the ages of 15 and 29. Furthermore, 60 percent of the Iranian population is under 30, born around the 1979 Islamic revolution or after. This youth bulge, along with changes in women's fertility and reproductive health, provide a backdrop for understanding Iran's current political instability.
Language: English
Keywords:
IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | YOUTH | WOMEN | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | POLITICAL FACTORS | CHANGES | SEX DISTRIBUTION | FERTILITY DECLINE | Middle East | Developing Countries | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Human Rights | Sociocultural Factors | Social Change | Sex Factors | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 342028

18.

Title: Facial lipoatrophy: appearances are not deceiving.
Author: Sanches RS; Mill J; Machado AA; Donadi EA; Morais Fernandes AP
Source: Journal of the Association of Nurses In AIDS Care. 2009 May-Jun;20(3):169-75.
Abstract: Lipodystrophy syndrome (LS) has been reported as visible markers that can identify HIV status. Changes in body shape are detrimental in terms of psychological welfare and may affect well-being and increase the stigma associated with HIV disease. In the current study, the psychosocial impact of LS was evaluated. A total of 84 HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy and exhibiting dyslipidemia were interviewed in an urban hospital setting in Brazil in 2006 using a standardized questionnaire. Of the 84 patients exhibiting dyslipidemia, 40 patients also exhibited body changes, and of these, 25 had facial lipoatrophy. From a psychosocial perspective, patients presenting with facial lipoatrophy reported alterations in self-image and self-esteem and believed that other people noticed their body changes. The results are relevant for nurses who need to be well-prepared to recognize lipodystrophy, to implement nursing interventions including lifestyle changes, and to provide psychosocial support to patients with LS.
Language: English
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | SELF ESTEEM | LIFE STYLE | CHANGES | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 342071

19.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Levels of change in adolescent sexual behavior in three Asian cities.
Author: Zabin LS; Emerson MR; Nan L; Chaohua L; Ersheng G; Minh NH; Chuang YL; Hurng BS; Bishai D; Blum RW
Source: Studies In Family Planning. 2009 Mar;40(1):1-12.
Abstract: Considerable change in the romantic and sexual behaviors of Asian young people may be occurring as traditionally Confucian societies modernize and increase outside contacts. This study explores the dimensions and context of this change in three sites at different stages in the process of modernization: Hanoi (early), Shanghai (intermediate), and Taipei (later stage). A survey was conducted of 17,016 males and females aged 15-24 in urban and rural settings in three large metropolitan areas. Survival analysis and Cox regressions were performed to explore ages of respondents at key transitions and the significance of differences between two age cohorts: 15-19 and 20-24. Significant differences are found in levels of sexual and other transitions, even within the narrow time span reflected by the age cohorts. The findings highlight the differential impact of modernization on adolescent sexual behavior as traditional societies undergo social change, and they underline the importance of context in exploring youthful transitions.
Language: English
Keywords:
ASIA | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS | SEX BEHAVIOR | CHANGES | SOCIAL CHANGE | MODERNIZATION | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 341340

20.

21.

Title: Has the HIV epidemic peaked?
Author: Population Council
Source: Population Briefs. 2008 Dec;14(2):[2] p.
Abstract: The HIV epidemic appears to have stabilized around the world, according to a Population Council Distinguished Scholar and his colleagues. Although the rate of new infections has probably peaked in all world regions, the absolute number of HIV-positive individuals is expected to remain near current levels worldwide, with slower growth in sub-Saharan Africa and declines elsewhere. The epidemic still poses a daunting challenge to public health programs. As a result of continued high rates of population growth and only moderate success of HIV prevention programs, large numbers of adolescents and adults are still likely to become infected.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | SUMMARY REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGY | PREVALENCE | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ADOLESCENTS | OLDER ADULTS | HIV TRANSMISSION | HIV INFECTIONS | CHANGES | POPULATION GROWTH | Africa | Developing Countries | Public Health | Health | Measurement | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Adults | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 331489

22.

Title: HIV: death sentence or chronic and manageable disease? Changing attitudes of health providers and politicians towards women living with HIV in India.
Author: Anand S
Source: Exchange on HIV / AIDS, Sexuality and Gender. 2008;(2):5-6.
Abstract: The Right to Health is universally acknowledged as a human right and Article 21 of the Constitution of India considers it as inherent to the Right to Life. State health-care providers are obliged by law to provide medical treatment to all persons without discrimination of HIV status in emergency and nonemergency situations. A recent assessment by the Positive Women Network (PWN+) on the availability and accessibility of HIV/AIDS care and treatment in India found that health care is greatly influenced by gender and that women and children living with HIV face huge hurdles in accessing treatment and care because of discrimination by government health-care providers. Through focus groups discussions, PWN+ found a discrepancy between the government stance and realities on the ground.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | SUMMARY REPORT | WOMEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | STAFF ATTITUDE | CHANGES | SOCIAL NETWORKS | INFORMATION NETWORKS | HIV | COUNSELING | STIGMA | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Attitudes | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Communication | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Social Problems | Program Evaluation
Document Number: 308006

23.

Title: Trends in sexual risk behavior and unprotected sex among high school students, 1991-2005: the role of substance use.
Author: Anderson JE; Mueller TE
Source: Journal of School Health. 2008 Nov;78(11):575-80.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To determine the trends in sexual activity and unprotected sex among substance-using youth, we examined data from the 1991-2005 Youth Risk Behavior Surveys on drug and alcohol use and sexual risk behaviors. METHOD: We examined the association of alcohol and illicit drug use with recent sexual activity and unprotected sex. We assessed linear trends in behaviors and assessed logistic regression models to examine the relationship of alcohol and illicit drug use on trends in the behavioral outcomes. RESULTS: Strong associations exist between recent sexual activity and alcohol and illicit drug use from 1991 to 2005. In the multivariate model, the odds ratio of having sex in the past 3 months for lifetime illicit drug users compared with nonusers was 3.84 (CI = 3.48-4.23). Among past-month alcohol users compared to nonusers, the odds ratio was 3.23 (CI = 2.93-3.58). Overall, the trend in sexual activity was downward but not for users of alcohol and illicit drugs. Among the sexually active, unprotected sex was not associated with alcohol use over this time period but was associated with illicit drug use. CONCLUSIONS: Illicit drug and alcohol use have a strong association with being recently sexually active. Trends in reported sexual activity declined during 1991-2005, but the trends among alcohol and drug users have not. Many youth remain at dual risk from both substance use and sexual behaviors.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SUMMARY REPORT | SURVEYS | QUESTIONNAIRES | ADOLESCENTS | SEXUAL PARTNERS | SEXUAL INTERCOURSE | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | CHANGES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Reproduction | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 329617

24.

Title: Bangladesh: Contraceptive procurement in transition -- How context can affect outcomes.
Author: Bates J
Source: Arlington, Virginia, John Snow [JSI], DELIVER, 2008 Aug. [39] p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-I-01-06-00007-00)
Abstract: This paper considers the types of work on contraceptive procurement being undertaken world-wide, and examines the experiences of Bangladesh, considering factors that may have promoted or impeded progress. It also places the results in context, comparing experiences of two other countries -- Peru and Malawi. Finally, the paper suggests a framework for identifying and assessing variables that may affect procurement outcomes. (Author's abstract)
Language: English
Keywords:
BANGLADESH | SUMMARY REPORT | USAID | LOGISTICS | CONTRACEPTIVE SECURITY | CHANGES | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Management | Organization and Administration | Contraceptive Availability | Contraception | Family Planning | Social Change | Programs
Document Number: 331445

25.

Title: From convenience to hazard: a short history of the emergence of the menstrual activism movement, 1971-1992.
Author: Bobel C
Source: Health Care for Women International. 2008 Aug;29(7):738-754.
Abstract: In this article, I explore the early history of contemporary menstrual activism in the United States by looking through the lens of the first seven editions of the feminist women's health classic, Our Bodies, Ourselves (OBOS). This analysis illustrates the development of a critical menstrual consciousness as three key phases of the emerging movement, offers a representation of the dynamic nature of feminist health consciousness, and highlights the importance of linking current activism to its past.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | MENSTRUATION | FEMINISM | ADVOCACY | CHANGES | TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Reproduction | Sociocultural Factors | Communication | Social Change | Infections | Diseases
Document Number: 308019

26.

27.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Parliamentarians: Leading the change for maternal, newborn, and child survival?
Author: Bustreo F; Johnsson AB
Source: Lancet. 2008 Apr 12;371(9620):1221-1222.
Abstract: Political will, and the translation of that will into political and legislative action, is essential to ensuring maternal, newborn, and child survival. Recognising this necessity, the Countdown to 2015 initiative and the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) are teaming up on the occasion of the IPU Assembly convening in Cape Town next week. The Countdown to 2015 initiative focuses on the 68 countries that account for 97% of maternal and child deaths worldwide. It aims to improve accountability at the global and country level by including stakeholders from the health sector, governments, and civil society organisations. A key finding of the Countdown to 2015 report is that, although 16 of 68 countries are on track to achieve the Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5, many more are not progressing fast enough. The interventions that are crucial to attaining these goals have not yet achieved a sustained and equitable coverage among the population. Additionally, the funding provided to maternal, newborn, and child health, although increasing in the past 4 years, is still insufficient. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | CRITIQUE | LEGISLATION | HEALTH POLICY | MATERNAL HEALTH | CHILD HEALTH | MATERNAL MORTALITY | CHILD MORTALITY | GOALS | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | CHILD SURVIVAL | CHANGES | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Policy | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Planning | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Survivorship | Length of Life | Social Change
Document Number: 326146

28.

Peer Reviewed

Title: An historical overview of second trimester abortion methods.
Author: Bygdeman M; Gemzell-Danielsson K
Source: Reproductive Health Matters. 2008 May;16(31 Suppl):196-204.
Abstract: The methods used for abortion in the second trimester have changed considerably in recent years. The surgical procedure dilatation and evacuation (D&E) has replaced hysterotomy. Instead of injecting different compounds, such as hypertonic saline, prostaglandin analogues are administered by non-invasive routes. The most effective medical method is combining a prostaglandin analogue with mifepristone. The consequence of these developments is that abortion in the second trimester can be be performed significantly more effectively and that the currently recommended methods being used are associated with fewer side effects and complications.
Language: English
Keywords:
SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | WOMEN | HYSTEROTOMY | ABORTION | PREGNANCY, SECOND TRIMESTER | PROSTAGLANDINS | CHANGES | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Gynecologic Surgery | Urogenital Surgery | Surgery | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 330090 Notification

29.
Title: "...No stone left unturned:" how the public explains the Ugandan success story.
Author: Chapman E; Kipp W; Rubaale T
Source: World Health and Population. 2008;10(3):5-13.
Abstract: We conducted a public poll to assess the public's perception about changes in HIV prevalence and its causes in a township in western Uganda. The main questions related to the declining HIV prevalence and its interpretation, as well as to the "Ugandan success story." The study used a qualitative methodology; we interviewed 68 citizens in eight focus group discussions. The majority stated that the HIV prevalence had declined in their town. Of those respondents, most cited behaviour changes related to Uganda's ABC strategy as their explanation of the declining trends. Those who said that a decline in HIV had taken place also stated that they believed in the Ugandan success story. Our study concludes that it is important to involve the public on important health issues such as HIV/AIDS in order to obtain more valid results by combining scientific findings with public/indigenous knowledge.
Language: English
Keywords:
UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | INCIDENCE | PREVALENCE | RESPONDENTS | PERCEPTION | HIV | HIV TRANSMISSION | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | CHANGES | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Measurement | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Psychological Factors | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 342698

30.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Trends and differentials in child sex ratio in Karnataka: a sub-district level analysis.
Author: Deshpande RV
Source: Journal of Family Welfare. 2008 Jun;54(1):62-78.
Abstract: An attempt has been made in this paper to understand the trends and differentials for the decline in the child sex ratio. The sex ratio of children i.e. number of females per 1000 males has been calculated at state/ district/ sub district level for rural and urban areas for 1991 and 2001, separately using census data on 0-6 population by sex and residence. The sex ratio of children of a particular area say state/district/subdistrict thus calculated for 1991 census was compared with sex ratio of children computed from 2001 census and the trends, patterns and differentials in the sex ratio between the censuses has been analysed. The trend analysis at state/district level revealed that there has been an increase in the overall sex ratio in the state and its districts during 1991-2001, one finds a decline in the child sex ratio of 11 points for the state as a whole. The trend analysis at taluka level revealed that more than three-fourths (76 per cent) of the talukas experienced decline in the CSR, in about one-fifth of the talukas (21 per cent), the CSR has increased and in the remaining talukas the CSR did not change between 1991-2001. The use of contraceptives by couples especially of terminal methods has a direct bearing on the sex ratio. If couples use contraceptives after having a child of a particular sex than the other sex, may lead to imbalance in the sex ratio. Sex determination of fetus has a direct and serious implication on the Child Sex Ratio. Aborting a female fetus is a practice although it is more prevalent in the northern part of the country. An increasing number of women are opting for sex determination test during pregnancy and seek abortion if it is a female in rural and urban areas of Karnataka as well. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CENSUS | SEX RATIO | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | CHANGES | VALIDITY | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors | Measurement
Document Number: 340186


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