1.  Peer Reviewed Title: Spread pattern of the first dengue epidemics in the City of Salvador, Brazil. Author: Barreto FR; Teixeira MG; Costa MD; Carvalho MS; Barreto ML Source: BMC Public Health. 2008 Feb 7;8:51. Abstract: The explosive epidemics of dengue that have been occurring in various countries have stimulated investigation into new approaches to improve understanding of the problem and to develop new strategies for controlling the disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of diffusion of the first dengue epidemic that occurred in the city of Salvador in 1995. The epidemiological charts and records of notified cases of dengue in Salvador in 1995 constituted the source of data. The cases of the disease were georeferenced according to census areas (spatial units) and epidemiological weeks (temporal unit). Kernel density estimation was used to identify the pattern of spatial diffusion using the R-Project computer software program. Of the 2,006 census areas in the city, 1,400 (70%) registered cases of dengue in 1995 and the spatial distribution of these records revealed that by the end of 1995 practically the entire city had been affected by the virus, with the largest concentrationof cases occurring in the western region, composed of census areas with a high population density and predominantly horizontal residences compared to the eastern region of the city, where there is a predominance of vertical residential buildings. The pattern found in this study shows the characteristics of the classic process of spreading by contagion that is common to most infectious diseases. It was possible to identify the epicenter of the epidemic from which centrifugal waves of the disease emanated. Our results suggest that, if a more agile control instrument existed that would be capable of rapidly reducing the vector population within a few days or of raising the group immunity of the population by means of a vaccine, it would theoretically be possible to adopt control actions around the epicenter of the epidemic and consequently reduce the incidence of the disease in the city. This finding emphasizes the need for further research to improve the technology available for the prevention of this disease.(author's) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CENSUS METHODS | EVALUATION RESEARCH | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | URBAN POPULATION | DENGUE | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | EPIDEMICS | PREVALENCE | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Census | Population Statistics | Evaluation Methodology | Evaluation | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Measurement Document Number: 324429 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: Direct data capture using hand-held computers in rural Burkina Faso: Experiences, benefits and lessons learnt. Author: Byass P; Hounton S; Ouedraogo M; Some H; Diallo I Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2008 Jul;13 Suppl 1:25-30. Abstract: The objectives were to assess our experiences of using hand-held computers (personal digital assistants, PDAs) for direct data capture in a large community-based geo-referenced survey in rural Burkina Faso, highlighting benefits and lessons learnt from their use. A population-based geo-referenced survey of over 500 000 people was undertaken using PDAs with in-built GPS receivers and the resulting database analysed in terms of successful completion, error rates and interview durations. Surveys were successfully completed for 84 861 households (98.3%) by 127 interviewers. The data input error rate was assessed at 0.24%, with more than half of the errors being made by less than 10% of the interviewers. Faster interviewers were not less accurate. Time-stamped and geo-referenced data allowed reconstruction of particular interviewer-day activities. Although the survey setting was challenging, the feasibility of using direct data capture on a large scale was well established. We learnt that, with more experience, we could have made better use of real-time entry and quality control checking procedures. The work involved in designing and setting up a complex survey on PDAs prior to data collection should not be underestimated. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BURKINA FASO | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | INTERVIEWS | DATA COLLECTION | SURVEY METHODOLOGY | COMPUTERS | SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS | CENSUS METHODS | POPULATION STATISTICS | RURAL AREAS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Information Processing | Information | Telecommunications | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication | Census | Geographic Factors | Population Document Number: 327427 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: The demographic impact of Partition in the Punjab in 1947. Author: Hill K; Selzer W; Leaning J; Malik SJ; Russell SS Source: Population Studies. 2008;62(2):155-170. Abstract: We use data from the 1931, 1941, and 1951 censuses of India and the 1951 census of Pakistan to examine the demographic consequences of Partition in the Punjab in 1947. Had growth rates for the period 1931-41 for the Punjab as a whole continued to 1951, the population of the Punjab would have been 2.9 million larger than that recorded in 1951. Population losses from migration and mortality above age 20 were approximately 2.7 million greater between 1941 and 1951 than would have been predicted by loss rates between 1931 and 1941. We estimate a net Partition-related population movement out of the combined Punjab of about 400,000. We conclude from several lines of analysis that Partition-related population losses in the Punjab, either from deaths or unrecorded migration, were in the range 2.3-3.2 million. Partition was also marked by a dramatic religious homogenization at the district level. Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CENSUS METHODS | POPULATION | ETHNIC GROUPS | MIGRANTS | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | COLONIALISM | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | CENSUS | POPULATION GROWTH | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | POPULATION DECREASE | RELIGION | ISLAM | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Migration | Population Dynamics | Political Systems | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Demography | Social Sciences | Science Document Number: 327733 |
4.  Title: Discrimination from conception to childhood: a study of girl children in rural Haryana, India. Author: Agrawal S; Unisa S Source: In: Watering the neighbour's garden: The growing demographic female deficit in Asia, edited by Isabelle Attane and Christophe Z. Guilmoto. Paris, France, Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography [CICRED], 2007. :247-266. "Chapters in this volume originate from papers presented at an international seminar organized by the authors in Singapore on 5-7 December 2005". Abstract: The authors investigated both qualitative and less explored factors that can influence child sex ratio. In this study, the made use of the ecological model of gender discrimination developed by Heise (1998). As a first dimension in gender discrimination study, consideration of the individual perpetrator, i.e., the woman who has witnessed or experienced discrimination, marital violence or child abuse in her childhood. The diversity of synergistic effects that impinge on childhood is often ignored by social scientists. Here, the authors argue that their attention to a mother must start not once she has become a mother, neither when she is just about to become a mother, but when she was an infant and a child, as what happened to her during her own childhood may eventually determine the adequacy of her physical and mental state as a mother. Another dimension of gender discrimination examined in this study relates to marital conflicts, wealth control and decision-making in the family. Most of the time, it is found that women's fertility is culturally produced and controlled by marital arrangement. Hence, the importance of married life in demographic analysis cannot be ignored as women spend a major part of their life in marital union and their behaviour is greatly influenced by its characteristics. Studies on marital instability in some developing countries show that the presence of a son in the family consistently decreases the likelihood of marital instability. In this study, the authors posit that the various spheres of women's autonomy may affect their reproductive behaviour and sex preferences. Education, work participation, and exposure to mass media are some of the means by which women gains status and autonomy. It has often been argued that women's status is an indicator of the level of development of a given society. Women's autonomy is likely to have a significant impact on demographic and health seeking behaviour of couples by altering women's relative control over fertility and contraception as well as influencing their attitudes and abilities. In the above perspective, the present study tries to investigate sex-selective discrimination in terms of active and passive elimination of a girl child through life-cycle approach. The specific purpose of the study is to examine female child neglect leading to death (passive elimination) and selective abortion (active elimination) according to childhood experiences, autonomy status and marital instability of the mothers. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | CENSUS METHODS | KAP SURVEYS | CHILD, FEMALE | RURAL POPULATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SEX PREFERENCE | SEX PRESELECTION | SEX DISCRIMINATION | SEX RATIO | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | ABORTION | LIFE CYCLE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Census | Population Statistics | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Reproductive Technologies | Reproduction | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Family Research | Family and Household Document Number: 308903 Notification |
| 5. Title: Trends in the percent of children who are orphans in South Africa 1995-2005. Author: Anderson BA; Phillips HE Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 70 p. Abstract: All orphaned children suffer in many ways and place a burden on relatives as well as public and private social service agencies. The HIV epidemic has greatly increased the percent of children who are orphans. Protection of children is a special interest of the government of South Africa, with specific rights protected in the constitution. A rise in the percent of children who are maternal orphans is usually interpreted as reflecting HIV mortality. Paternal orphans are the result of HIV and other diseases as well as the effects of unnatural causes of death (homicide, suicide and accidents). This paper uses information from the 1995-1998 October Household Surveys, the 2001 Census, and the 2002-2005 General Household Surveys to estimate the percent of children (age 0-14) who are maternal orphans, paternal orphans, double orphans (both parents dead), and who have at least one dead parent. Estimates are made for all South Africans, for Africans in South Africa, for non-Africans in South Africa and for Africans in Kwazulu-Natal Province. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | CENSUS METHODS | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | AIDS | POPULATION SIZE | PREVALENCE | FOSTERING | CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Census | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Studies | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Child Rearing | Behavior | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Family and Household Document Number: 317856 |
| 6. Title: Introduction. Author: Attane I; Guilmoto CZ Source: In: Watering the neighbour's garden: The growing demographic female deficit in Asia, edited by Isabelle Attane and Christophe Z. Guilmoto. Paris, France, Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography [CICRED], 2007. :1-22. "Chapters in this volume originate from papers presented at an international seminar organized by the authors in Singapore on 5-7 December 2005". Abstract: These chapters cover a wide array of territories and issues and should help to map the priority issues for future research on masculinization processes in Asia. Obviously, lack of adequate data hampers any progress in both the understanding and the monitoring of current trends. But chapters included in this volume bring together a large amount of quantitative and qualitative data that should inspire scholars. What is probably still lacking is a unified theory accounting for the almost simultaneous rejection of girls expressed by Asian families in countries that otherwise have experienced rather different political and economic conditions over the last two decades. Without such a conceptual frame, it is difficult to foresee the demographic and sociological ramifications of rising sex ratios on Asian societies. With China and India accounting together for more than a third of the world's population, the consequences of this changing sex composition are likely to be significant and probably felt beyond their own borders. At the same time, there is a real ignorance about the potential impact of the current demographic trends, leading observers to draw all kinds of conclusions. These range from rather optimistic views of future self-regulatory mechanisms bound to correct this imbalance to the benefit of women to more doomsday scenarios with hordes of unmarried males causing disorder in Asia. The more optimistic hypothesis posits that the rising proportion of boys in the child populations is obviously unsustainable in the long run: changing sex composition should therefore automatically lead parents to reverse their proson strategy once the deficit of women hits young male adults. A far less sanguine theory envisions somewhat dramatic consequences of the demographic masculinization on the very fabric of Asian societies torn by potentially rising conflict and violence (Hudson, den Boer, 2004). As the world has apparently never experienced any such type of crisis, there is precious little in terms of social and historical literature or documentation that may help to comprehend the ultimate consequences of this singular demographic development while historical experience is missing. We hope that bringing together these studies will help to put the growing Asian female deficit higher on the international population agenda. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ASIA | CRITIQUE | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | CENSUS METHODS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | POPULATION | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | SEX DISTRIBUTION | SEX RATIO | GENDER ISSUES | SEX DISCRIMINATION | ABORTION | DATA QUALITY | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Census | Population Statistics | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Geographic Factors | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Data Analysis Document Number: 308892 Notification |
| 7. Title: The geography of deteriorating child sex ratio in China and India. Author: Guilmoto CZ; Attane I Source: In: Watering the neighbour's garden: The growing demographic female deficit in Asia, edited by Isabelle Attane and Christophe Z. Guilmoto. Paris, France, Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography [CICRED], 2007. :109-129. "Chapters in this volume originate from papers presented at an international seminar organized by the authors in Singapore on 5-7 December 2005". Abstract: This paper starts with a comparative analysis of fertility change and policies in both countries. The author also examines the spatial patterns of sex ratio differentials, which are indeed quite different in China and India. To do that, the author will provide sex ratio maps for China and India and estimate the magnitude of local changes in child sex ratio values between the last two censuses. The paper concludes with a discussion related to the nature of the mechanisms at work in the degradation observed in both countries, followed by a brief explanation of some of the possible factors behind the spatial patterning of sex ratio differentials and trends observed both in China and India. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | CENSUS METHODS | CHILD, FEMALE | POPULATION | SONS | SEX RATIO | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | ONE CHILD POLICY | SEX PREFERENCE | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Census | Population Statistics | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Family Planning | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Antinatalist Policy | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 308897 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Evaluation of a village-informant driven demographic surveillance system in Karonga, northern Malawi. Author: Jahn A; Crampin AC; Glynn JR; Mwinuka V; Mwaiyeghele E Source: Demographic Research. 2007 Mar 23;16(8):219-248. Abstract: This paper describes and evaluates the first demographic surveillance system (DSS) in Malawi, covering a rural population of 30,000. Unlike others, the Karonga DSS relies on trained village informants using formatted registers for the primary notification of vital events and migrations. Seven project enumerators subsequently collect detailed data on events notified by the village informants, using stringent identification procedures for households and individuals. Internal movements are traced systematically to augment event registration and data quality. Continuous evaluation of data collection is built into the methods. A re-census conducted after 2 years indicated that the routine system had registered 97% of 1,588 births, 99% of 521 deaths and 92% of 13,168 movements. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MALAWI | ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICTS | PROGRESS REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | CENSUS METHODS | RURAL POPULATION | POPULATION REGISTER | VITAL STATISTICS | MIGRATION | CENSUS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics Document Number: 313266 |
| 9. Title: Recent and historic population trends in Bering Sea and Aleutian Island fishing communities: hubs and spokes, booms and busts. Author: Poole A; Sepez J Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 22 p. Abstract: This report examines demographic change in Bering Sea and Aleutian Island (BSAI) fishing communities since 1920. We undertook this research in an attempt to begin introducing human population dynamics as an indicator for regional ecosystem analyses. As ocean temperatures rise in response to global climate change, ecosystems at the higher latitudes are expected to see the most dramatic effects. Since all of the communities in the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands are highly resource dependent, we expect to see effects on local populations. By examining past population trends in relation to ecosystem factors, we are laying the groundwork for tying population to ecosystem in a manner that can be used to predict the demographic effects of global climate change in the region. We focus here on human inhabitants of the Bering Sea coast, using total population by community and by Census area as the primary indicator, with some analysis of other population characteristics such as ethnicity. This approach is concordant with research on arctic communities that uses crude population growth or loss as a general measure to determine community viability, as this indicator is easy to understand, locally meaningful, and points to the capacity of people in these places to "dwell and prosper for some period, finding sources of income and meaningful lives". (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ALASKA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | CENSUS METHODS | COMMUNITY | POPULATION | FISHING | POPULATION DYNAMICS | ISLANDS | ECOLOGY | CLIMATE | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | POPULATION GROWTH | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Census | Population Statistics | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Occupations | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Environment Document Number: 317826 |
| 10. Title: In the news: Results trickle out from the Nigerian census. Author: Yin S Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], 2007 Jan. [2] p. Abstract: Nigeria's population reached 140 million, according to provisional results of the Nigerian population census released in December 2006. "The fact that it was a big number is a big deal," says Carl Haub, senior demographer at the Population Reference Bureau. The last census taken in 1991 surprised analysts because it came in low, prompting calls for a recount. At 89 million, the total population figure fell short of government estimates by more than 20 million. For a while, the 1991 census shook people's faith in demographic statistics, says Haub, who has fielded many calls from people wanting to know how the numbers could come out so low. But demographers say the 2006 census figure seems plausible. Nigerian census numbers have not always been credible. Census taking has a checkered history in Nigeria. The 1952/1953 census was the first near-scientific census conducted in the country, but it probably undercounted the population. Results of the first post-independence census conducted in 1962 were withdrawn. In recent decades, Nigeria's population estimates have been based on the 1963 census. Although its reliability has been questioned, it was deemed more dependable than the 1973 census, which never saw the light of day because the results were discredited. No census was taken in 1981. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | CRITIQUE | CENSUS METHODS | ETHNIC GROUPS | CENSUS | POPULATION SIZE | POPULATION GROWTH ESTIMATION | POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | POLITICAL FACTORS | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Estimation Techniques | Geographic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Religion Document Number: 315068 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Advantages and challenges of using census and multiplier methods to estimate the number of female sex workers in a Chinese city. Author: Zhang D; Wang L; Lv F; Su W; Liu Y Source: AIDS Care. 2007 Jan;19(1):17-19. Abstract: Using census and multiplier methods to estimate the size of the population of female sex workers (FSWs) in a small city in western China, this study compared the advantages and challenges of the two methods. It was estimated that there were about 1,500 FSWs within the urban area using the census method, which was significantly lower than that estimated by the multiplier method (2,500). Each method has advantages and limitations, and could be applied to different situations. The census method is less time and resource consuming in smaller regions and has a tendency to underestimate, and therefore, the result can be viewed as a low limit. It is useful in a local setting, for example, when estimations are needed for planning HIV/AIDS prevention programmes in a single city. Using existing information or resources, multiplier method could be used to produce estimates for a large geographic area or at a national level. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | CENSUS METHODS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SEX WORKERS | POPULATION SIZE | HIV PREVENTION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Census | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Studies | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 311291 |
| 12. Title: Optimal sample sizes for two-stage cluster sampling in Demographic and Health Surveys. Author: Aliaga A; Ren R Source: Calverton, Maryland, ORC Macro, MEASURE DHS, 2006 Jul. 18 p. (DHS Working Papers No. 30USAID Project No. GPO-C-00-03-00002-00) Abstract: This paper examines the optimal sample sizes in a two-stage cluster sampling, a sampling procedure used in most Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), which are interview surveys of household members in a certain age group. Determining optimal sample size is a critical step in a DHS survey because it requires a trade-off between the budget available and the desired survey precision The households in a survey area are stratified according to type of residence (urban-rural) crossed by administrative/geographical regions. In the first stage, a number of primary sampling units (PSUs), or clusters, are selected from a sampling frame independently in each stratum. The sampling frame is usually a complete list of enumeration areas (EAs) created in a recent population census. After the selection of EAs and before the second-stage selection, a household listing and mapping operation is conducted in each of the selected EAs. This operation updates the outdated population information in the sampling frame and provides a list of all of the households residing in each EA with a location map. In the second stage, a fixed number of households are selected from the newly constructed household list in each of the selected EAs, and all household members in a certain age group (e.g., all women age 15-49 and all men age 15-59) in the selected household are selected for the survey. This two-stage sampling procedure has several advantages: it provides good coverage, is simple to implement, and allows for control of field-work quality. In order to achieve both economy and good precision, sample sizes at both stages of the survey must be determined in such way that they minimize the sampling error under a given sampling cost. This paper investigates the optimal sample sizes in different situations in DHS surveys, based on experiences of actual surveys. The results show that for an average cluster size of 100-300 households, for moderate intracluster correlation and cost ratio, the optimal second-stage sample size is about 20 women per cluster. The results also show that for most of the DHS surveys the sample sizes met the optimal standard or were within tolerable limits of relative precision loss. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | CENSUS METHODS | SAMPLING STUDIES | POPULATION | HOUSEHOLDS | USAID | EPIDEMIOLOGY | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Census | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Studies | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Public Health | Health Document Number: 309725 |
| 13. Title: Adult mortality in Southern Africa using deaths reported by households: some methodological issues and results. Extended abstract. Author: Dorrington R; Timaeus I; Gregson S Source: [Unpublished] 2006. Presented at the Population Association of America, 2006 Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, California, March 30 - April 1, 2006. 4 p. Abstract: Censuses in developing countries quite often ask households to report of the number of deaths in a period immediately prior to the census but these data don't seem to have been used much to produce estimates of adult mortality in Southern Africa in recent years. This paper analyses the potential biases in these data and applies a combination of the generalized growth balance and synthetic extinct generations method to data adapted from censuses in Zimbabwe to produces estimates of mortality. These estimates are compared with those produced by other researchers and found to be broadly consistent and the results are interpreted in the context of similar applications to data from Swaziland and Botswana. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ZIMBABWE | AFRICA, SOUTHERN | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | CENSUS METHODS | INDIRECT ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | ADULTS | CENSUS | MORTALITY | BIAS | Developing Countries | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Estimation Techniques | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Error Sources | Measurement Document Number: 317419 |
| 14. Title: Adult mortality in a rural area of Senegal: trends and causes of death. Author: Duthe G; Pison G Source: [Unpublished] 2006. Presented at the Population Association of America, 2006 Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, California, March 30 - April 1, 2006. 4 p. Abstract: Adult mortality in developing countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa is difficult to estimate because of the lack of reliable data. This is true for the overall level of mortality and also for mortality due to specific causes of death. In this presentation, we provide original estimates of adult mortality in a rural population of Senegal which has been monitored for twenty years. The demographic surveillance system started in 1985 in Mlomp with an initial census listing the inhabitants of the area and recording information on the union and reproductive histories of adult women. The demographic events (births, deaths, migrations and unions) are recorded yearly. Furthermore, for persons who have died, detailed information about symptoms and diseases prior to death are obtained from a close relative through verbal autopsies. On the basis of these reports, physicians establish the cause of the death whenever possible. Mlomp is located in south-west Senegal, in the Casamance area. At the end of 2003, the population totalled close to 9,000 persons. The population is rural. Most people belong to the Diola ethnic group. They are animist or Catholic. Rice cultivation is the main local economic activity during the rainy season. The majority of male adults migrate during the dry season to earn money through palm wine harvesting or fishing. Young women also move, but only before marriage, to work as domestic servants in urban areas. The local health care system has been functioning since the early 60s, with a dispensary and a maternity clinic. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SENEGAL | RESEARCH REPORT | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | CENSUS METHODS | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | RURAL POPULATION | ADULTS | CAUSES OF DEATH | MORTALITY | AUTOPSY | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Census | Population Statistics | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Age Factors | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 317420 |
| 15. Title: Measuring maternal mortality [letter] Author: Hill K Source: Lancet. 2006 Dec 16;368(9553):2121. Abstract: Carine Ronsmans and Wendy Graham highlight the paucity of empirical data on maternal mortality, particularly at subnational levels. This lack of data means that politicians and planners do not know the extent of the differences in maternal mortality between, for instance, remote and urban communities, or between rich and poor. Lack of information makes needs-based resource allocation difficult, even where there is a will to act. Currently, there is also concern about our ability to monitor progress towards the fifth Millennium Development Goal of reducing maternal mortality by 75% by 2015. An expert panel meeting on Sept 29, 2006, hosted at the UK Department for International Development in London and convened by the Initiative for Maternal Mortality Programme Assessment (IMMPACT) and the Health Metrics Network (HMN), looked at the feasibility of measuring maternal mortality through national censuses. Building on data already published and on new information presented at the meeting, the panel endorsed the usefulness of the census as an extremely efficient and low-cost way of obtaining estimates of maternal mortality, including at subnational levels and for socioeconomic groups. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CENSUS METHODS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | MATERNAL MORTALITY | CENSUS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | ADVOCACY | FOREIGN AID | Research Methodology | Population Statistics | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Diseases | Communication | Financial Activities Document Number: 310959 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: An evaluation of the one percent clustered sample of the 1990 census of China. Author: Lavely W; Mason WM Source: Demographic Research. 2006 Nov 2;15:329-346. Abstract: We describe and evaluate a one percent clustered sample of the 1990 Census of China, the largest publicly-available micro sample of any Chinese census, using direct inspection as well as comparisons with published data drawn from the complete enumeration. In the absence of official documentation, we elucidate the basis of the clustering; detect duplicate cases; report corrected totals; and make comparisons between the sample data and tabulations based on the complete enumeration at the province and county levels. Although the sample contains several anomalies, we conclude that it is broadly serviceable. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICTS | RESEARCH REPORT | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | CENSUS METHODS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | POPULATION | MICROCENSUS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Census | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Studies Document Number: 310144 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Assessing adult mortality in HIV-1-afflicted Zimbabwe (1998-2003). Author: Lopman BA; Barnabas R; Hallett TB; Nyamukapa C; Mundandi C Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2006 Mar;84(3):189-197. Abstract: The objective was to compare alternative methods to vital registration systems for estimating adult mortality, and describe patterns of mortality in Manicaland, Zimbabwe, which has been severely affected by HIV. We compared estimates of adult mortality from (1) a single question on household mortality, (2) repeated household censuses, and (3) an adult cohort study with linked HIV testing from Manicaland, with a mathematical model fitted to local age-specific HIV prevalence (1998-2000). The crude death rate from the single question (29 per 1000 person-years) was roughly consistent with that from the mathematical model (22-25 per 1000 person-years), but much higher than that from the household censuses (12 per 1000 person-years). Adult mortality in the household censuses (males 0.65; females 0.51) was lower than in the cohort study (males 0.77; females 0.57), while mathematical models gave a much higher estimate, especially for females (males 0.80-0.83; females 0.75-0.80). The population attributable fraction of adult deaths due to HIV was 0.61 for men and 0.70 for women, with life expectancy estimated to be 34.3 years for males and 38.2 years for females. Each method for estimating adult mortality had limitations in terms of loss to follow-up (cohort study), under-ascertainment (household censuses), transparency of underlying processes (single question), and sensitivity to parameterization (mathematical model). However, these analyses make clear the advantages of longitudinal cohort data, which provide more complete ascertainment than household censuses, highlight possible inaccuracies in model assumptions, and allow direct quantification of the impact of HIV. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ZIMBABWE | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | ADULTS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | MORTALITY | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | LIFE TABLE METHOD | CENSUS METHODS | COHORT ANALYSIS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Population Dynamics | Demographic Analysis | Census | Population Statistics Document Number: 297465 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Improvement of child survival in Mexico: the diagonal approach. Author: Sepulveda J; Bustreo F; Tapia R; Rivera J; Lozano R Source: Lancet. 2006 Dec 2;368(9551):2017-2027. Abstract: Public health interventions aimed at children in Mexico have placed the country among the seven countries on track to achieve the goal of child mortality reduction by 2015. We analysed census data, mortality registries, the nominal registry of children, national nutrition surveys, and explored temporal association and biological plausibility to explain the reduction of child, infant, and neonatal mortality rates. During the past 25 years, child mortality rates declined from 64 to 23 per 1000 livebirths. A dramatic decline in diarrhoea mortality rates was recorded. Polio, diphtheria, and measles were eliminated. Nutritional status of children improved significantly for wasting, stunting, and underweight. A selection of highly cost-effective interventions bridging clinics and homes, what we called the diagonal approach, were central to this progress. Although a causal link to the reduction of child mortality was not possible to establish, we saw evidence of temporal association and biological plausibility to the high level of coverage of public health interventions, as well as significant association to the investments in women education, social protection, water, and sanitation. Leadership and continuity of public health policies, along with investments on institutions and human resources strengthening, were also among the reasons for these achievements. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | CENSUS METHODS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CHILDREN | CHILD SURVIVAL | CENSUS | NEONATAL MORTALITY | DIARRHEA | DEATH RATE | COST EFFECTIVENESS | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | PUBLIC HEALTH | Developing Countries | North America | Americas | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Infant Mortality | Diseases | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Health | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 311335 |
| 19. Title: Growth and distribution of tribal population in Jharkhand 1961-2001: a census analysis. Author: Thatte S Source: [Unpublished] 2006. Presented at the Population Association of America, 2006 Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, California, March 30 - April 1, 2006. 2 p. Abstract: Indigenous people of Jharkhand are the Tribals. Jharkhand is the fifth state of tribal concentration in India. The trend of tribal concentration in the state shows that over time, their share in the state's population is declining and indicates that the tribal population is growing at a slower rate than non-Tribals. Growth of the Scheduled tribes an economically backward social group, could very well serve as one of the indicators of their well being. Low growth rate, in absence of inter-state migration, may be result of low birth rate and still lower death rate or it may be result of high birth rate and slightly lower death rate. So low growth rate reflect advanced stage of demographic transition or a case of population check as suggested by Malthus. The growth rate of non-tribals in Jharkhand is more than national growth rate of total population and closed to national tribal growth rate. However, total population growth rate in Jharkhand is less than national growth rate in the entire time period. This suggests that slow growth of tribals in Jharkhand keeps the state growth rate at lower scale. Among 18 districts of the State, there were 5 tribal districts in 1961 having tribal population more than 50 percent. In 1991 there were only 3 tribal districts. There was not a single district witnessed steady growth in tribal share in each successive census. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SUMMARY REPORT | CENSUS METHODS | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | POPULATION GROWTH | POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | CENSUS | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | AGE DISTRIBUTION | INTERNAL MIGRATION | BIRTH RATE | DEATH RATE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Geographic Factors | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Age Factors | Migration | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Mortality Document Number: 317433 |
| 20. Title: Advocacy and Resource Mobilization for the 2010 Round of Censuses, New York, 24-25 February 2005. Author: United Nations Population Fund [UNFPA]; United Nations. Statistics Division Source: New York, New York, UNFPA, 2005. [221] p. Abstract: The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) in collaboration with the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), organized an international meeting on "Advocacy and Resource Mobilization towards the Successful Implementation of the 2010 Round (2005-2014) of Population and Housing Censuses in Developing Countries" in New York on 24 and 25 February 2005. The meeting was attended by 64 participants from various United Nations agencies and affiliates, national statistics/census offices, bilateral donors, non-governmental organizations, and academic and technical organizations. The meeting also included representatives from developing country governmental policy-making and funding organizations. The meeting focused on: 1) a review of the problem areas experienced in the 2000 Round of Censuses, including the serious under-utilization and poor dissemination of census results at the national and sub-national levels; 2) a description of the 2010 World Programme on Population and Housing Censuses; 3) a discussion of proposed strategies for the successful implementation of the 2010 Round of Censuses; and 4) the development of an advocacy and resource mobilization plan for the 2010 Round, which identifies the resources needed to ensure successful implementation of the 2010 Round and emphasizes the value of censuses in measuring progress towards the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | CENSUS METHODS | POPULATION | HOUSEHOLDS | CENSUS | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | ADVOCACY | UN | CAPACITY BUILDING | PROMOTION | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Communication | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration | Marketing Document Number: 295848 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: The accuracy of human population maps for public health application. Author: Hay SI; Noor AM; Nelson A; Tatem AJ Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2005 Oct;10(10):1073-1086. Abstract: Human population totals are used for generating burden of disease estimates at global, continental and national scales to help guide priority setting in international health financing. These exercises should be aware of the accuracy of the demographic information used. The analysis presented in this paper tests the accuracy of five large-area, public-domain human population distribution data maps against high spatial resolution population census data enumerated in Kenya in 1999. We illustrate the epidemiological significance, by assessing the impact of using these different human population surfaces in determining populations at risk of various levels of climate suitability for malaria transmission. We also describe how areal weighting, pycnophylactic interpolation and accessibility potential interpolation techniques can be used to generate novel human population distribution surfaces from local census information and evaluate to what accuracy this can be achieved. We demonstrate which human population distribution surface performed best and which population interpolation techniques generated the most accurate bespoke distributions. Despite various levels of modelling complexity, the accuracy achieved by the different surfaces was primarily determined by the spatial resolution of the input population data. The simplest technique of a real weighting performed best. Differences in estimates of populations at risk of malaria in Kenya of over 1 million persons can be generated by the choice of surface, highlighting the importance of these considerations in deriving per capita health metrics in public health. Despite focussing on Kenya the results of these analyses have general application and are discussed in this wider context. (author's) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | EVALUATION | POPULATION AT RISK | POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | MAPS | PUBLIC HEALTH | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | CENSUS METHODS | EPIDEMIOLOGY | MALARIA | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Geographic Factors | Population | Health | Census | Population Statistics | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 290650 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Sexual activity, fertility and contraceptive use in middle-aged and older men: men in Australia, Telephone Survey (MATeS). Author: Holden CA; McLachlan RI; Cumming R; Wittert G; Handelsman DJ Source: Human Reproduction. 2005;20(12):3429-3434. Abstract: With limited information regarding fertility and sexual activity in the older population, men's behaviour, attitudes and concerns were explored in a representative population of middle-aged and older men using the Men in Australia, Telephone Survey (MATeS). A stratified random national sample of 5990 men participated in a standardized computer-assisted telephone interview. Equal numbers in the age strata 40-49, 50-59, 60-69 and = 70 years were surveyed with findings census-standardized to the national population. Broad aspects of men's health and well-being, including reproductive health, were explored. The majority of men were sexually active in the last 12 months (age-standardized proportion, 78.3%) with ~37% of men aged = 70 years still continuing sexual activity. Overall, 12.2% of men had never fathered children, of whom most (7.7%) had chosen not to have children. Questioning on failed attempts to produce a pregnancy suggested an involuntary infertility rate of 7.6%. The age-standardized vasectomy rate was 25.1%, with 5.6% of vasectomized men having no children. Although 9.2% of vasectomized men regretted sterilization, only 1.4% had undergone vasectomy reversal. Continuing sexual activity, fertility and contraception needs in middle-aged and older men suggests that education and service delivery must be more appropriately directed to an ageing population. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AUSTRALIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CENSUS METHODS | MIDDLE AGED ADULTS | MEN | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | SEX BEHAVIOR | FERTILITY RATE | ATTITUDES | VASECTOMY | Developed Countries | Oceania | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Census | Population Statistics | Adults | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Behavior | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Psychological Factors | Male Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual Document Number: 294200 |
| 23. Title: Profiles of the changes in the levels of mortality in the Republic of Panama, for province and indigenous districts and some considerations related to poverty and health, period: 1990-2000. Author: Lopez Cousin RJ Source: [Unpublished] 2005. Presented at the CICRED Seminar on Mortality as Both a Determinant and a Consequence of Poverty and Hunger, Thiruvananthapuram, India, February 23-25, 2005. 23 p. Abstract: There is a large problems of poverty among the indigenous population. A report of the World Bank indicates that in 1997 it stops, 83% of the indigenous population lived under the line of poverty. The report doesn't only consider the economic conditions, but also another series of factors in its evaluation of the poverty. The conditions are among these factors of housing, access to basic services, access to bank money, it appraises from birth and the size of the family. Most of the Panamanians are proud of the indigenous population and their history, languages and forms of life. Their traditional dances are shown with enthusiasm when promoting Panama as a tourist destination. But on the other hand, there are many situations in which the natives are excluded. This is the case, for example, in the labor sector, where often they are discriminated. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: PANAMA | RESEARCH REPORT | CENSUS METHODS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | LOW INCOME POPULATION | CENSUS | POVERTY | MORTALITY DETERMINANTS | SEX DISTRIBUTION | AGE DISTRIBUTION | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | LIFE EXPECTANCY | CAUSES OF DEATH | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Studies | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Sex Factors | Age Factors | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Length of Life Document Number: 310986 |
| 24. Title: Social and economic development and change in four Guatemalan villages: Demographics, schooling, occupation, and assets. Author: Maluccio JA; Melgar P; Mendez H; Murphy A; Yount KM Source: Food and Nutrition Bulletin. 2005;26(2 Suppl 1):S25-S45. Abstract: This article uses census data and village histories to examine changes over the last 35 years in the four villages where the Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama (INCAP) Longitudinal Study (1969-77) was conducted and offers a rare picture of development and change in rural localities over a long period of time. In addition, by characterizing the environment in which the subjects of this study were raised, we provide context for and inputs into quantitative analyses of data collected at various points in time on these subjects. The villages have undergone massive demographic, social, and economic change. Initial differences have conditioned many of these changes, especially differences associated with agricultural potential and location. Originally these villages were rather isolated, but road and transportation access has improved substantially. The populations in the villages have more than doubled and also have aged. While marriage patterns have held steady, religious practice has changed a great deal. After many years of steady out-migration, three of the four villages are more recently experiencing net in-migration, a pattern associated with ease of access. Schooling access and outcomes also have improved, with average grades of schooling nearly tripling and literacy doubling to levels currently above national averages. Although agriculture remains an important component of individual livelihood strategies, non-agricultural sources of employment have become more important. Much of this change is associated with declining agricultural markets and increased access to non-agricultural jobs near the villages and in the capital. Accompanying these changes has been an improvement in living standards as measured by a number of indicators of household living conditions and consumer durable goods. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GUATEMALA | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | CENSUS METHODS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | COMMUNITY | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | LOCALE | TRANSPORTATION | INTERNAL MIGRATION | EDUCATION | OCCUPATIONS | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Census | Population Statistics | Studies | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Rural Development | Migration | Population Dynamics | Human Resources Document Number: 311878 |
| 25. Title: The American Community Survey. Author: Mather M; Rivers KL; Jacobsen LA Source: Population Bulletin. 2005 Sep;60(3):1-20. Abstract: The U.S. government has a long history of gathering information about the American people. Congress has authorized funds to conduct a national census of the U.S. population every 10 years since 1790, as required by the U.S. Constitution. When the first American leaders chose to allocate congressional seats to states according to population size, a decennial census was mandated to obtain a complete and official enumeration of the population. The first census recorded a minimum of information: the gender, race, and age group of household members. Census questionnaires have changed every decade since then, reflecting the current interests and needs for information about the U.S. population and housing units. Some censuses collected detailed demographic, social, and economic information for all Americans, including parents' birthplaces, dates of immigration and naturalization, literacy, and the value of any assets. More recent censuses consist of a "short form" delivered to all U.S. housing units and a "long form," delivered to a sample of housing units. The short form includes questions about age, gender, race, Hispanic origin, household relationship, and owner/renter status; the long form seeks detailed socioeconomic information about U.S. population and housing. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | CENSUS METHODS | POPULATION | IMMIGRANTS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | DEMOGRAPHY | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | INCOME | POVERTY | LANGUAGE | ONE PARENT FAMILY | DIVORCE | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Census | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Migrants | Migration | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Communication | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Nuptiality Document Number: 309880 |
| 26. Title: Marital status and religion in India. Author: Premi MK Source: Demography India. 2005;34(2):197-215. Abstract: As sociologists we have seen that one of the basic functions of a society is to procreate it. As human societies differentiate between mating and reproduction through marriage, the institution of marriage has been found to be almost universal. This has been further reinforced by the social and cultural milieu of each society that determines the forms as well as the rules of marriage. Marriage is important in its own right, and also it influences fertility and status of women. If the first child produced by a woman after marriage is a son, her status in the family increases substantially. If, however, the first child is a daughter followed by another daughter, her status in the family declines substantially and, many a times people, especially in rural areas, start thinking of a second marriage of their son. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CENSUS METHODS | POPULATION | MARITAL STATUS | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | MARRIAGE AGE | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | SEX FACTORS | CHILD MARRIAGE | POLYGAMY | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Census | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Religion | Sociocultural Factors | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Population Characteristics Document Number: 304549 |
| 27. Title: Counting the population. The multiplier method in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Author: Rohrbasser JM Source: Population and Societies. 2005 Feb;(409):1-4. Abstract: Most countries count their populations by census. INSEE conducted the second round of the new French census in January 2005. But this was not always the case. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, an indirect enumeration technique, called the "multiplier", was preferred. Jean-Marc Rohrbasser explains how the method works and cites examples of its use, from France to China. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: EUROPE | CHINA | HISTORICAL REVIEW | POPULATION | DEMOGRAPHERS | CENSUS METHODS | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | Developed Countries | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Census | Population Statistics | Research Methodology Document Number: 312235 |
| 28. Title: A theme issue by, for, and about Africa. Maternal mortality in rural Burkina Faso [letter] [Un thème par, pour et à propos de l'Afrique. La mortalité maternelle dans les zones rurales du Burkina Faso [lettre]] Author: Sombie I; Meda N; Ky-Zerbo O; Dramaix-Wilmet M; Cousens S Source: BMJ. British Medical Journal. 2005 Oct 1;331(7519):779. Abstract: Volmink et al identify maternal mortality as an important health challenge in Africa. Using a census approach with one year recall we estimated the maternal mortality ratio in a population of 44,000 women of childbearing age in Houndé, a rural district in Burkina Faso, to be 406 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births (95% confidence interval 281 to 566). This is probably an underestimate, based as it is on recall and verbal autopsy. We probably missed some deaths altogether and may have misclassified some maternal deaths as not maternal because only 15% of all deaths among women of childbearing age were classified as maternal—a low percentage compared with other reports from similar settings. (excerpt) French Abstract: Volmink et ses collègues ont établi que la mortalité maternelle est un important défi de santé en Afrique. Au moyen d'un recensement avec mémoire d'un an, nous avons estimé que dans une population de 44 000 femmes en âge de procréer à Houndé, un district rural du Burkina Faso, le taux de mortalité maternelle était de 406 décès maternels sur 100 000 naissances vivantes (intervalle de confiance à 95 %, 281 à 566). Il s'agit probablement d'une sous-estimation, basée sur la mémoire et l'autopsie verbale. Nous avons probablement Il est probable que certains décès n'ont pas été comptés et que des décès non-maternels ont été classés comme décès maternels, puisque seulement 15 % de tous les décès parmi les femmes en âge de procréer étaient classés comme maternels ; ce qui représente un faible pourcentage en comparaison d'autres rapports dans des conditions similaires. (extrait) Language: English Keywords: BURKINA FASO | RESEARCH REPORT | CENSUS METHODS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | PREGNANT WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MATERNAL MORTALITY | AUTOPSY | CAUSES OF DEATH | PREVALENCE | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Census | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Examinations and Diagnoses | Measurement Document Number: 292483 |
| 29. Title: The state of the field: demography and war. Author: Toft MD Source: In: Environmental Change and Security Program Report. Issue 11, [compiled by] Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Environmental Change and Security Program. Washington, D.C., Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Environmental Change and Security Program, 2005. :25-28. Abstract: Since the end of World War II, the importance of population as a key component of national security again began to rise after a series of colonial wars in which high-tech, capital- intensive militaries lost bitter contests to relatively low-tech, labor-intensive militaries in Asia and Africa, such as the United States in Vietnam or the Soviet Union in Afghanistan. Moreover, interstate wars between major powers - the type of conflict that had appeared to relegate population to insignificance from the 1880s to the 1940s - ceased to exist, while civil wars - in which population becomes a much more direct representative of a political unit's military capacity - became the norm for large-scale political violence. Today, interstate wars seem poised to make a slow comeback, but the combination of cheap transportation technology, high birth rates in the so-called developing world, and pride in national identity have combined to make refugee and emigration flows a significant new factor in the security calculations of major states and indeed entire regions. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | POPULATION | CENSUS METHODS | WAR | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | POLITICAL FACTORS | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | SEX RATIO | AGE DISTRIBUTION | CENSUS | POPULATION POLICY | Research Methodology | Population Statistics | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics | Age Factors | Social Policy | Policy Document Number: 325132 |
| 30. Title: Regional differences of population life expectancy in China. Author: Zheng X Source: [Unpublished] 2005. Presented at the CICRED Seminar on Mortality as Both a Determinant and a Consequence of Poverty and Hunger, Thiruvananthapuram, India, February 23-25, 2005. 26 p. Abstract: With census 1982, 1990 and 2000 data, the research included analyzing life expectancy trends and regional disparities since 1980s, and attempt to understand socioeconomic characters that affect the regional disparity. The results revealed that prominent regional disparities are screened from relevantly high average life expectancy. During the past two decades, regional disparities are enlarged with improvement of average life expectancy. The research results reveal that economic characters are most significant factors to regional disparity of both female and male population mortality. West and poor areas and remote areas collect lowest average life expectancy, where poverty is none the less most important obstacle to further life expectancy improvement. Culture and education character is second important factor to regional disparity of mortality. Female education level is especially important to regional disparity not only of female population, but also of male population. Basic sanitary conditions take effect on regional disparity of mortality level to some extent. As far as female mortality disparity among areas is concerned, fertility level has close relationship with mortality level. All the result indicate that education improvement in less developed areas, basic sanitary facility supplementation, such as toilet, gas and electricity substitution for traditional fuel step by step will take effect on regional disparity diminution and female average life expectancy improvement. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CENSUS METHODS | POPULATION | LIFE EXPECTANCY | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | CENSUS | AGE SPECIFIC DEATH RATE | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | POVERTY | SEX FACTORS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Population Statistics | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Death Rate | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics Document Number: 310993 |
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