| 1. Peer Reviewed Title: HIV testing rates and outcomes in a South African community, 2001-2006: implications for expanded screening policies. Author: April MD; Walensky RP; Chang Y; Pitt J; Freedberg KA; Losina E; Paltiel AD; Wood R Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2009 Jul 1;51(3):310-6. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Revised World Health Organization recommendations seek to increase HIV testing. We assessed the need for expanded testing in South Africa by examining current testing and treatment trends among a high prevalence population. METHODS: We determined the numbers of adults receiving HIV testing and antiretroviral treatment (ART) during 2001-2006 using testing registers linked to patient records from 2 health care facilities believed responsible for virtually all HIV services available to the population. We evaluated annual population testing rates using census population counts; proportions of clients testing seropositive (yield); CD4 counts and World Health Organization stage at diagnosis; and ART initiation rates. RESULTS: HIV testing rates rose from 4% in 2001 to 20% in 2006 (P < 0.001) and were highest among pregnant females receiving provider-initiated testing. Yield for first-time testers decreased from 47% in 2001 to 28% in 2006; annual incidence of seroconversion among initially HIV-negative retesters was 1.9%. Median CD4 counts and World Health Organization stage distributions for newly diagnosed clients remained stable. HIV-infected clients receiving ART within 6 months of eligibility increased from 0% in 2001 to 68% in 2006 (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Population testing and ART initiation rates rose dramatically during 2001-2006. Yet, yield remained high, and HIV-infected persons continued to receive late diagnoses. These findings highlight the continuing need for expanded testing and linkage to care. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA LINKAGE | STATISTICAL STUDIES | HIV TESTING | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | SCREENING | HEALTH POLICY | CENSUS | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Studies | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Population Statistics | Measurement Document Number: 342149 |
2.  Peer Reviewed Title: The 1991-2004 evolution in life expectancy by educational level in Belgium based on linked census and population register data. L'evolution de l'esperance de vie par niveau d'instruction en Belgique de 1991 a 2004 sur la base de donnees de recensement liees au registre de la population. Author: Deboosere P; Gadeyne S; Oyen HV Source: European Journal of Population. 2008 May;25(2):175-196. Abstract: The aim of this study is to determine trends in life expectancy by educational level in Belgium and to present elements of interpretation for the observed evolution. The analysis is based on census data providing information on educational level linked to register data on mortality for the periods 1991-1994 and 2001-2004. Using exhaustive individual linked data allows to avoid selection bias and numerator-denominator bias. The trends reveal a general increase in life expectancy together with a widening social gap. Summary indices of inequality based on life expectancies show, however, a more complex pattern and point to the importance to include the shifts in population composition by educational level in an overall assessment of the evolution of inequality by educational level. Language: English Keywords: BELGIUM | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA LINKAGE | LIFE EXPECTANCY | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | HEALTH | INEQUALITIES | MORTALITY | DEATH RECORDS | CENSUS | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Length of Life | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Vital Statistics | Population Statistics Document Number: 340174 |
| 3. Title: Strong association between birth month and reproductive performance of Vietnamese women. Author: Huber S; Fieder M Source: American Journal of Human Biology. 2009 Jan-Feb;21(1):25-35. Abstract: Epidemiological studies on premodern and modern Western societies indicate that birth season may influence female reproduction. Nothing is known, however, about this effect in developing economies. Many of the latter are characterised by tropical climates with a rainy season associated with lower food availability and a greater prevalence of infectious diseases. We therefore predict that an association between birth month and reproductive output, if it exists, should be related to the rainy season. To test this prediction, we analysed census data of Vietnam obtained from IPUMS-International (Vietnam 1999 Population and Housing Census). Based on 493,853 women born between 1950 and 1977 and thus aged 22 to 49 years, we found that the time series of mean offspring count per month of birth has a highly significant period of 12 months (power = 46.871, P < 0.00001). Our results further indicate that the 12-month periodic signal has a maximum in July and a minimum in January. Accordingly, the peak corresponds to birth during the rainy season, the low if the third pregnancy month concurs with the rainy season. The month of birth is therefore clearly associated with the later reproductive performance of Vietnamese women, strongly supporting the assumption that environmental and maternal conditions during early development exert long-term effects on reproductive functioning. Provided the rainy season adversely affects developmental processes due to inadequate food and/or high infection risk, the association reported here points to a critical period of reproductive development during early pregnancy. Language: English Keywords: VIETNAM | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGY | CENSUS | WOMEN | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | TIME FACTORS | SEASONAL VARIATION | CLIMATE | CHILDBIRTH | FOOD SECURITY | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Public Health | Health | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Environment | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Food Supply | Natural Resources Document Number: 330492 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: DOES FAMINE HAVE A LONG-TERM EFFECT ON COHORT MORTALITY? EVIDENCE FROM THE 1959-1961 GREAT LEAP FORWARD FAMINE IN CHINA. Author: Song S Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2009 Mar 23;41:469-491. Abstract: SummaryUsing retrospective individual mortality records of three cohorts of newborns (1954-1958, 1959-1962 and 1963-1967) from a large national fertility survey conducted in 1988 in China, this paper examines the effect of being conceived or born during the 1959-1961 Great Leap Forward Famine on postnatal mortality. The results show strong evidence of a short-term (period) effect of the famine, caused directly by starvation or severe malnutrition during the period of the famine. After controlling for period mortality fluctuation, however, the famine-born cohort does not show higher mortality than either the pre-famine or the post-famine cohort. Aggregate-level cross-temporal comparisons using published cohort population counts from China's 1982 Census, 1990 Census, 1995 micro-Census, 2000 Census and 2005 micro-Census lead to the same conclusion. The relevance of these new findings for the 'fetal origins' hypothesis and the selection effect hypothesis is discussed. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | FERTILITY SURVEYS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | POPULATION | POLITICAL SYSTEMS | FAMINE | LONGTERM EFFECTS | MORTALITY | DEATH RATE | CENSUS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Time Factors | Population Statistics Document Number: 341482 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Contextual correlates of child malnutrition in rural Maharashtra. Author: Bawdekar M; Ladusingh L Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2008 Sep;40(5):771-786. Abstract: This paper examines the role of observed contextual factors like topography, development and literacy on severe malnutrition among social groups in rural Maharashtra based on the Reproductive and Child Health District Level Household Survey (RCH-DLHS) Round II (2002-04) data. Multilevel modelling techniques were applied in order to examine the district-wise variations in severe malnutrition associated with the characteristics of the places (contextual effects), as the relationships with the type of people (compositional effects) have already been well established. The results show that developmental aspects such as road connectivity, community literacy, toilet facilities and household standard of living contribute positively to the status of severe malnutrition. Also, the scheduled tribe, aboriginal underprivileged group are more at risk of severe malnourishment due to a lack of proper development, poor awareness about maintaining and enhancing the nutritional value of food and lack of hygiene and sanitation as compared with the scheduled castes, another aboriginal group. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | CENSUS | RURAL AREAS | TRIBES | CHILD | MALNUTRITION | LITERACY | AGRICULTURE | POVERTY | STANDARD OF LIVING | HYGIENE | SANITATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Population Statistics | Geographic Factors | Population | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Public Health | Health Document Number: 308355 |
| 6. Title: Cancer mortality in a Chinese population exposed to hexavalent chromium in drinking water. Author: Beaumont JJ; Sedman RM; Reynolds SD; Sherman CD; Li LH Source: Epidemiology. 2008 Jan;19(1):12-23. Abstract: In 1987, investigators in Liaoning Province, China, reported that mortality rates for all cancer, stomach cancer, and lung cancer in 1970-1978 were higher in villages with hexavalent chromium (Cr/+6)-contaminated drinking water than in the general population. The investigators reported rates, but did not report statistical measures of association or precision. Using reports and other communications from investigators at the local Jinzhou Health and Anti-Epidemic Station, we obtained data on Cr/+6 contamination of groundwater and cancer mortality in 9 study regions near a ferrochromium factory. We estimated: (1) person-years at risk in the study regions, based on census and population growth rate data, (2) mortality counts, based on estimated person-years at risk and previously reported mortality rates, and (3) rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals. The all-cancer mortality rate in the combined 5 study regions with Cr/+6-contaminated water was negligibly elevated in comparison with the rate in the 4 combined study regions without contaminated water (rate ratio = 1.13; 95% confidence interval = 0.86-1.46), but was somewhat more elevated in comparison with the whole province (1.23; 0.97-1.53). Stomach cancer mortality in the regions with contaminated water was more substantially elevated in comparison with the regions without contaminated water (1.82; 1.11-2.91) and the whole province (1.69; 1.12-2.44). Lung cancer mortality was slightly elevated in comparison with the unexposed study regions (1.15; 0.62-2.07), and more strongly elevated in comparison with the whole province (1.78; 1.03-2.87). Mortality from other cancers combined was not elevated in comparison with either the unexposed study regions (0.86; 0.53-1.36) or the whole province (0.92; 0.58-1.38). While these data are limited, they are consistent with increased stomach cancer risk in a population exposed to Cr/+6 in drinking water. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CENSUS | WATER QUALITY | CANCER | EXPOSURE | DEATH RATE | GASTROINTESTINAL EFFECTS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Water | Natural Resources | Environment | Neoplasms | Diseases | Risk Factors | Biology | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Physiology Document Number: 326529 |
7.  Title: International migration and educational assortative mating in Mexico and the United States. Author: Choi KH; Mare RD Source: Los Angeles, California, University of California - Los Angeles, California Center for Population Research, 2008 Feb. 40 p. (California Center for Population Research On-Line Working Paper Series CCPR-004-08) Abstract: Using data from the 2000 U.S. and Mexican Censuses, this paper examines the relationship between migration and marriage patterns by describing how the distributions of marital statuses and assortative mating patterns vary by individual and community experiences of migration. In Mexico, migrants and those living in areas with high levels of migration are less likely to marry a spouse with the same level of education. Return migrants from the U.S. to Mexico may use their improved economic position to marry up. In the U.S., Mexican migrants are also less likely to enter into homogamous unions; however, the odds of homogamy do not vary by couple level of migration. Migrants may expand their pool of potential spouses to include non-migrants and nonmigrants tend to be better educated than Mexican migrants. With individual migration experiences, the odds of marrying outside of one's education group increase the most among the least educated. With community level of migration in Mexico, the odds of marrying outside of the group increases the most among the best educated. These findings suggest that preferences for homogamy are disrupted by migration. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | CENSUS | MIGRANTS | MIGRATION | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marriage | Nuptiality | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 325784 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Trends and differentials in child sex ratio in Karnataka: a sub-district level analysis. Author: Deshpande RV Source: Journal of Family Welfare. 2008 Jun;54(1):62-78. Abstract: An attempt has been made in this paper to understand the trends and differentials for the decline in the child sex ratio. The sex ratio of children i.e. number of females per 1000 males has been calculated at state/ district/ sub district level for rural and urban areas for 1991 and 2001, separately using census data on 0-6 population by sex and residence. The sex ratio of children of a particular area say state/district/subdistrict thus calculated for 1991 census was compared with sex ratio of children computed from 2001 census and the trends, patterns and differentials in the sex ratio between the censuses has been analysed. The trend analysis at state/district level revealed that there has been an increase in the overall sex ratio in the state and its districts during 1991-2001, one finds a decline in the child sex ratio of 11 points for the state as a whole. The trend analysis at taluka level revealed that more than three-fourths (76 per cent) of the talukas experienced decline in the CSR, in about one-fifth of the talukas (21 per cent), the CSR has increased and in the remaining talukas the CSR did not change between 1991-2001. The use of contraceptives by couples especially of terminal methods has a direct bearing on the sex ratio. If couples use contraceptives after having a child of a particular sex than the other sex, may lead to imbalance in the sex ratio. Sex determination of fetus has a direct and serious implication on the Child Sex Ratio. Aborting a female fetus is a practice although it is more prevalent in the northern part of the country. An increasing number of women are opting for sex determination test during pregnancy and seek abortion if it is a female in rural and urban areas of Karnataka as well. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CENSUS | SEX RATIO | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | CHANGES | VALIDITY | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors | Measurement Document Number: 340186 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: [Fertility of indigenous women in Minas Gerais State, Brazil: an analysis using the 2000 census] Fecundidade das mulheres autodeclaradas indigenas residentes em Minas Gerais, Author: Dias Junior CS; Verona AP; Pena JL; Machado-Coelho GL Source: Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2008 Nov;24(11):2477-86. Abstract: Indigenous populations living in villages in Brazil have presented high total fertility rates (TFR) that have increased over time in some cases. Meanwhile, data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) or National Census Bureau show a decline in the TFR for the total self-declared indigenous population (combining urban, rural, and specific rural residence). The current study uses data from the 2000 Population Census to describe and compare the structure and level of period fertility for the cohort of self-declared indigenous women living in the State of Minas Gerais. We calculated age-specific fertility rates (ASFR), the period TFR for 2000, and the cohort TFR for women 50 years and older. According to the findings, self-declared indigenous women living in Minas Gerais experienced high fertility in the past, regardless of their place of residence. In conclusion, the 2000 Population Census is an important data source for studies on indigenous populations in Brazil, based on the high coverage and wealth of information. Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | CENSUS | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | WOMEN | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | AGE CUMULATIVE FERTILITY RATE | CONTRACEPTIVE USE-EFFECTIVENESS | EVALUATION | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraceptive Effectiveness | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 342262 |
| 10. Title: Maternal mortality in South Africa in 2001: From demographic census to epidemiological investigation. Author: Garenne M; McCaa R; Nacro K Source: Population Health Metrics. 2008 Aug 21;6(4):[30] p. Abstract: Maternal mortality remains poorly researched in Africa, and is likely to worsen dramatically as a consequence of HIV/AIDS. The 2001 census of South Africa included a question on deaths in the previous 12 months, and two questions on external causes and maternal mortality, defined as "pregnancy-related deaths". A microdata sample from the census permits researchers to assess levels and differentials in maternal mortality, in a country severely affected by high death rates from HIV/AIDS and from external causes. After correcting for several minor biases, our estimate of the Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) in 2001 was 542 per 100,000 live births. This level is much higher than previous estimates dating from pre-HIV/AIDS times. This high level occurred despite a relatively low proportion of maternal deaths (6.4%) among deaths of women aged 15-49 years, and was due to the astonishingly high level of adult mortality, some 4.7 times higher than expected from mortality below age 15 or above age 50. The main reasons for these excessive levels were HIV/AIDS and external causes of deaths. Our regional estimates of MMR were found to be consistent with other findings in the Cape Town area, and with the Agincourt DSS. The differentials in MMR were considerable: 1 to 9.2 for population groups (race), 1 to 3.2 for provinces, and 1 to 2.4 for levels of education. Relationship with income and wealth were complex, with highest values for middle income and middle wealth index. The effect of urbanization was small, and reversed in a multivariate analysis. Higher risks in provinces were not necessarily associated with lower income, lower education or higher proportions of home delivery, but correlated primarily with the prevalence of HIV/AIDS. Demographic census microdata offer the opportunity to conduct an epidemiologic analysis of maternal mortality. In the case of South Africa, the level of MMR increased dramatically over the past 10 years, most likely because of HIV/AIDS. Indirect causes of maternal deaths appear much more important than direct obstetric causes. The MMR appears no longer to be a reliable measure of the quality of obstetric care or a measure of safe motherhood. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CENSUS | MATERNAL MORTALITY | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CAUSES OF DEATH | HIV | AIDS | PREVALENCE | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement Document Number: 328135 |
| 11. Title: Increasing differential mortality by educational attainment in adults in the United States. Author: Hadden WC; Rockswold PD Source: International Journal of Health Services. 2008;38(1):47-61. Abstract: Economic inequality has increased substantially in the United States since the early 1970s. Inequality in mortality increased from 1960 to 1986. To assess the trend in inequality in mortality the authors calculate age-adjusted mortality rates by educational attainment for 2000 and compare them with rates from 1960 and 1986, using relative and absolute indexes of inequality. Rates are calculated for non-Hispanic white and black adults aged 25 to 64 years, using mortality data from U.S. Vital Statistics and population estimates from the Census Public Use Microdata Sample. The trend toward increasing inequality in mortality between 1960 and 1986 accelerated from 1986 to 2000. Improvements in mortality went disproportionately to those with the most education. Mortality rates for whites with low education, which declined from 1960 to 1986, actually rose from 1986 to 2000. The relative change was greatest for those with only a high school education. This change, however, is largely explained by shifts in the distribution of education, which left those with a high school education in a lower position. The increase in inequality was particularly strong in whites and stronger in men than in women. For black men there was a small decline in absolute inequality between 1986 and 2000. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | ADULTS | ETHNIC GROUPS | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | INEQUALITIES | AGE SPECIFIC DEATH RATE | VITAL STATISTICS | CENSUS | SEX FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Cultural Background | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Death Rate | Population Statistics Document Number: 325212 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: The demographic impact of Partition in the Punjab in 1947. Author: Hill K; Selzer W; Leaning J; Malik SJ; Russell SS Source: Population Studies. 2008;62(2):155-170. Abstract: We use data from the 1931, 1941, and 1951 censuses of India and the 1951 census of Pakistan to examine the demographic consequences of Partition in the Punjab in 1947. Had growth rates for the period 1931-41 for the Punjab as a whole continued to 1951, the population of the Punjab would have been 2.9 million larger than that recorded in 1951. Population losses from migration and mortality above age 20 were approximately 2.7 million greater between 1941 and 1951 than would have been predicted by loss rates between 1931 and 1941. We estimate a net Partition-related population movement out of the combined Punjab of about 400,000. We conclude from several lines of analysis that Partition-related population losses in the Punjab, either from deaths or unrecorded migration, were in the range 2.3-3.2 million. Partition was also marked by a dramatic religious homogenization at the district level. Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CENSUS METHODS | POPULATION | ETHNIC GROUPS | MIGRANTS | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | COLONIALISM | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | CENSUS | POPULATION GROWTH | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | POPULATION DECREASE | RELIGION | ISLAM | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Migration | Population Dynamics | Political Systems | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Demography | Social Sciences | Science Document Number: 327733 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Abortion in the United States: Incidence and access to services, 2005. Author: Jones RK; Zolna MR; Henshaw SK; Finer LB Source: Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2008 Mar;40(1):6-16. Abstract: Accurate information about abortion incidence and services is necessary to monitor levels of unwanted pregnancy and women's ability to access abortion services. All known abortion providers in the United States were contacted for information about abortion services in 2004 and 2005. This information, along with data from the U.S. Census Bureau, was used to examine national and state trends in numbers of abortions and abortion rates, proportions of counties and metropolitan areas without an abortion provider, and accessibility of abortion services. An estimated 1.2 million abortions were performed in the United States in 2005, 8% fewer than in 2000. The abortion rate in 2005 was 19.4 per 1,000 women aged 15-44; this rate represents a 9% decline from 2000. There were 1,787 abortion providers in 2005, only 2% fewer than in 2000. Some 87% of U.S. counties, containing 35% of women aged 15-44, did not have an abortion provider in 2005. Early medication abortion, offered by an estimated 57% of known providers, accounted for 13% of abortions (and for 22% of abortions before nine weeks' gestation). The average amount paid for an abortion at 10 weeks was $413-after adjustment for inflation, $11 less than in 2001. The numbers of abortions and the abortion rate continued their long-term decline through 2005. Reasons for this trend are unknown but may include improved access to and use of contraceptives or decreased access to abortion services. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | WOMEN | ABORTION RATE | ABORTION | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | INCIDENCE | CENSUS | FAMILY PLANNING SURVEYS | GESTATIONAL AGE | FEES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health | Measurement | Population Statistics | Health Facilities | Fetus | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Financial Activities | Economic Factors Document Number: 325186 Notification |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Cohort fertility patterns and breast cancer mortality among U.S. women, 1948 - 2003. Author: Krueger PM; Preston SH Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Apr 15;18(9):263-284. Abstract: Epidemiological research has shown that women who have early and numerous births have reduced risks of being diagnosed with breast cancer. We use U.S. Vital Statistics and Census data and age-period-cohort models to examine whether cohort fertility patterns are associated with breast cancer mortality rates among women aged 40 and older in 1948-2003. Cohorts marked by higher proportions childless at ages 15-24 and lower cumulative second birth rates at ages 15-29 have higher rates of breast cancer mortality. This is the first demonstration that cohort fertility patterns have left a clear imprint on trends in U.S. breast cancer mortality rates. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | BREAST CANCER | INCIDENCE | MORTALITY | FERTILITY MEASUREMENTS | BIRTH RATE | PARITY | VITAL STATISTICS | CENSUS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Measurement | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility | Population Statistics Document Number: 326128 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Regional differences in mortality in Greece (1984-2004): the case of Thrace. Author: Papastergiou P; Rachiotis G; Polyzou K; Zilidis C; Hadjichristodoulou C Source: BMC Public Health. 2008 Aug 23;8:297. Abstract: Mortality differences at national level can generate hypothesis on possible causal association that could be further investigated. The aim of the present study was to identify regions with high mortality rates in Greece. Age adjusted specific mortality rates by gender were calculated in each of the 10 regions of Greece during the period 1984-2004. Moreover standardized mortality rates (SMR) were also calculated by using population census data of years 1981, 1991, 2001. The mortality rates were examined in relation to GDP per capita, the ratio of hospital beds, and doctors per population for each region. During the study period, the region of Thrace recorded the highest mortality rate at almost all age groups in both sexes among the ten Greek regions. Thrace had one of the lowest GDP per capita (11 123 Euro) and recorded low ratios of Physicians (284) per 100 000 inhabitants in comparison to the national ratios. Moreover the ratio of hospital beds per population was in Thrace very low (268/100 000) in comparison to the national ratio (470/100 000). Thrace is the Greek region with the highest percentage of Muslim population (33%). Multivariate analysis revealed that GDP and doctors/100000 inhabitants were associated with increased mortality in Thrace. Thrace is the region with the highest mortality rate in Greece. Further research is needed to assess the contribution of each possible risk factor to the increased mortality rate of Thrace which could have important public health implications. Language: English Keywords: GREECE | RESEARCH REPORT | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | CENSUS | DEATH RATE | LIFE STYLE | Europe, Southern | Europe | Developed Countries | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Population Statistics | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior Document Number: 308275 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: A double disadvantage? Immigration, gender, and employment status in Israel. Author: Rebhun U Source: European Journal of Population. 2008 Mar;24(1):87-113. Abstract: This article examines gender differences in employment status among immigrants in Israel, and how these differences vary across origin groups. Analysis of the 1995 population census indicates that, all else being equal, immigrant women exert a negative effect on activity in the annual labor force. As time elapses, the probability of immigrant women being employed improves but remains considerably lower than that of both immigrant and native-born men. However, after a few years in the country, immigrant women do close the gap with native-born women. For employment status in the last week, being an immigrant woman has a positive effect on full-time employment. A detailed analysis reveals substantial stratification by country of birth. Thus, the patterns of employment status for immigrant groups can reflect different levels (single, double, and triple) of disadvantage or advantage for women. I attach this stratification to cultural background and social values of country of birth as well as to economic and religious considerations, not fully indexed by the census data. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ISRAEL | RESEARCH REPORT | CENSUS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | IMMIGRANTS | WOMEN | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | SEX FACTORS | GENDER ISSUES | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | Developed Countries | Middle East | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Sociocultural Factors | Family and Household Document Number: 325046 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Discrepancies between UN models and DHS survey estimates of maternal orphan prevalence: Insights from analyses of survey data from Zimbabwe. Author: Robertson L; Gregson S; Madanhire C; Walker N; Mushati P Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2008;84 Suppl 1:i57-i62. Abstract: Model-based estimates of maternal (but not paternal) orphanhood are higher than those based on data from demographic and health surveys (DHS). We investigate the consistency of reporting of parental survival status in data from Manicaland, Zimbabwe. We compared estimates of paternal and maternal orphan prevalence in three rounds of a prospective household census in Manicaland (1998-2005) with estimates from DHS surveys and UNAIDS model projections. We investigated the consistency of reporting of parental survival status across the three rounds and compared estimates of adult mortality from the orphan data with direct estimates from concurrent follow-up of a general population cohort. Qualitative data were collected on possible reasons for misreporting. Paternal and maternal orphan prevalence is increasing in Zimbabwe. Mothers reported as deceased in round 1 of the Manicaland survey were more likely than fathers to be reported as alive in rounds 2 or 3 (33.3% vs 13.4%). This pattern was most apparent among younger children. The qualitative findings suggest that foster parents sometimes claim adopted children as their natural children. These results are consistent with misreporting of foster parents as natural parents. This appears to be particularly common among foster mothers and could partly explain the discrepancy between mathematical model and DHS estimates of maternal orphanhood. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ZIMBABWE | RESEARCH REPORT | CENSUS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | THEORETICAL MODELS | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | PREVALENCE | MATERNAL MORTALITY | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Measurement | Mortality Document Number: 327826 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Intergenerational coresidence in developing countries. Author: Ruggles S; Heggeness M Source: Population and Development Review. 2008 Jun;34(2):253-281. Abstract: Newly available census microdata from IPUMS-International are used to assess trends in intergenerational coresidence in 15 developing countries. Contrary to expectations, we find no general decline in intergenerational coresidence over the past several decades. There have been, however, significant changes in the configuration of intergenerational coresidence. Families in which a member of the older generation is household head -- a configuration consistent with traditional patriarchal forms in which the older generation retains authority -- are becoming more common in most of the countries. Intergenerational families headed by a member of the younger generation -- the configuration one would expect if intergenerational coresidence were motivated by a need for old-age support -- are on the decline in most of the countries. Multivariate analysis reveals that intergenerational families headed by the older generation are positively associated with measures of economic development. These findings are at variance with widely accepted social theory. We hypothesize that housing shortages, economic stress in the younger generation, and old-age pensions may contribute to the change. More broadly, in some developing countries rising incomes may have allowed more people to achieve their preferred family structure of intergenerational coresidence following traditional family forms. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | CENSUS | RESIDENCE CHARACTERISTICS | GENERATIONS | EXTENDED FAMILY | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | Research Methodology | Population Statistics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 327373 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: What can we learn from indirect estimations on mortality in Mongolia, 1969 - 1989? Author: Spoorenberg T Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Apr 18;18(10):285-310. Abstract: The closure of Mongolia to the international community during the 20th century resulted in a dearth of available data and analytic demographic studies. In the absence of mortality analysis during the socialist period, this paper proposes the use of indirect census-based techniques to estimate mortality levels and trends of the last two socialist decades (1969-1989). Due to census data quality and choice of model life table, results are not homogeneous. The respective effects of these two components are discussed in order to understand the results. However, despite these shortcomings, it is shown that during the last socialist decades in Mongolia, the health conditions of the population deteriorated. The Mongolian pattern is relatively similar to the situation documented for the ex-socialist republics. Causes of this similarity are discussed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MONGOLIA | RESEARCH REPORT | MORTALITY CHANGES | INDIRECT ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | POPULATION DYNAMICS | CENSUS | RELIABILITY | HEALTH SERVICES | HEALTH SERVICES ADMINISTRATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Northern | Asia | Mortality | Demographic Factors | Population | Estimation Techniques | Research Methodology | Population Statistics | Measurement | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Management | Organization and Administration Document Number: 326095 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Human population, urban settlement patterns and their impact on Plasmodium falciparum malaria endemicity. Author: Tatem AJ; Guerra CA; Kabaria CW; Noor AM; Hay SI Source: Malaria Journal. 2008;7:218. Abstract: BACKGROUND: The efficient allocation of financial resources for malaria control and the optimal distribution of appropriate interventions require accurate information on the geographic distribution of malaria risk and of the human populations it affects. Low population densities in rural areas and high population densities in urban areas can influence malaria transmission substantially. Here, the Malaria Atlas Project (MAP) global database of Plasmodium falciparum parasite rate (PfPR) surveys, medical intelligence and contemporary population surfaces are utilized to explore these relationships and other issues involved in combining malaria risk maps with those of human population distribution in order to define populations at risk more accurately. METHODS: First, an existing population surface was examined to determine if it was sufficiently detailed to be used reliably as a mask to identify areas of very low and very high population density as malaria free regions. Second, the potential of international travel and health guidelines (ITHGs) for identifying malaria free cities was examined. Third, the differences in PfPR values between surveys conducted in author-defined rural and urban areas were examined. Fourth, the ability of various global urban extent maps to reliably discriminate these author-based classifications of urban and rural in the PfPR database was investigated. Finally, the urban map that most accurately replicated the author-based classifications was analysed to examine the effects of urban classifications on PfPR values across the entire MAP database. RESULTS: Masks of zero population density excluded many non-zero PfPR surveys, indicating that the population surface was not detailed enough to define areas of zero transmission resulting from low population densities. In contrast, the ITHGs enabled the identification and mapping of 53 malaria free urban areas within endemic countries. Comparison of PfPR survey results showed significant differences between author-defined 'urban' and 'rural' designations in Africa, but not for the remainder of the malaria endemic world. The Global Rural Urban Mapping Project (GRUMP) urban extent mask proved most accurate for mapping these author-defined rural and urban locations, and further sub-divisions of urban extents into urban and peri-urban classes enabled the effects of high population densities on malaria transmission to be mapped and quantified. CONCLUSION: The availability of detailed, contemporary census and urban extent data for the construction of coherent and accurate global spatial population databases is often poor. These known sources of uncertainty in population surfaces and urban maps have the potential to be incorporated into future malaria burden estimates. Currently, insufficient spatial information exists globally to identify areas accurately where population density is low enough to impact upon transmission. Medical intelligence does however exist to reliably identify malaria free cities. Moreover, in Africa, urban areas that have a significant effect on malaria transmission can be mapped. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLASSIFICATION | URBAN POPULATION | PREVALENCE | MALARIA | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | URBAN AREAS | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | POPULATION DENSITY | POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | MAPS | CENSUS | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Population Statistics Document Number: 329353 |
| 21. Title: Sample Vital Registration with Verbal Autopsy (SAVVY): an overview. Author: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Carolina Population Center [CPC]. MEASURE Evaluation; United States. Census Bureau. Population Division. International Programs Center Source: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center [CPC], MEASURE Evaluation, 2007. [4] p. (MS-07-26-OBUSAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-03-00003-00) Abstract: Accurate statistics on births, deaths, and the causes of death generated by a well functioning vital statistics system are the foundation of rational health and public policy. Yet these are lacking for the vast majority of the world's poorest countries. In sub-Saharan Africa, for example, fewer than 10 countries have routine vital statistics systems that produce usable data. In particular, data on both the number and causes of death in developing countries are virtually non-existent. Reliable data on levels of adult death - let alone causes of death - simply do not exist for the majority of developing countries, where a large majority of deaths occur at home. Mortality estimates, particularly for adults, that are patched together and modeled from limited sources of information have not provided an adequate foundation for setting health sector priorities or for assessing program progress and impact. The objective is to move from a situation in which knowledge of most events that take place in communities and households is lost, to one in which information about those vital events is brought into the health information system. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | DATA COLLECTION | VITAL STATISTICS | DEATH RECORDS | CAUSES OF DEATH | CENSUS | STANDARDS | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | Research Methodology | Population Statistics | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Organization and Administration Document Number: 322554 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Population change due to geographic mobility in Albania, 1989 -- 2001, and the repercussions of internal migration for the enlargement of Tirana. Author: Agorastakis M; Sidiropoulos G Source: Population, Space and Place. 2007 Nov-Dec;13(6):471-481. Abstract: Being a country in transition, Albania has sustained vast political and socio-economic changes over the past 15 years, mostly due to its engagement in democratisation and transformation to an open market economy. The pathway to transition has involved economic hardship and political unrest and has been accompanied by intense, large-scale, geographical mobility. This paper describes population change due to internal and international migration, 1989-2001, using Census data at district level. Its contribution is a technical one in applying a method that allows new estimates to be made of the scale of internal migration in Albania. Descriptive analysis of population changes in 36 Albanian districts, based on the last two censuses, lead to the identification of poles of attraction of internal migrants. Limited data concerning the 1989 Census and the 12 years between the censuses resulted in the creation of various indices that characterise internal migration, such as the Attraction and Expulsion Indexstemming from the Origin-Destination Matrix of the districts. In addition an Index of Conservation of the population and an Index of External Migration were also derived at the district level. By considering internal and international migration as two separate phenomena, we emphasise their uniqueness in affecting population change in Albania. The District of Tirana, capital of Albania, absorbed the majority of the inflow of internal migrants. The latter part of the paper focuses on the population of Tirana as the county's major migration destination. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ALBANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CENSUS | POPULATION SIZE | INTERNAL MIGRATION | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | SOCIAL CHANGE | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migration | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 321498 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: Sexually transmitted infections and risk factors among truck stand workers in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Author: Alam N; Rahman M; Gausia K; Yunus MD; Islam N Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2007 Feb;34(2):99-103. Abstract: This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of selected sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and their risk factors among workers in and near a truck stand in Dhaka, Bangladesh. A random sample of 696 men and 206 women were recruited into a cross--sectional study using a census that enumerated transport agents, motor mechanics, laborers, and vendors in Tejgaon truck stand. The prevalence rates of syphilis (rapid plasma reagin and Treponema pallidum hemagglutination), gonorrhea (polymerase chain reaction [PCR]), and chlamydial infections (PCR) among men were 4.1%, 7.7%, and 2.3%, respectively, and among women were 2.9%, 8.3%, and 5.2%. Multivariable analysis revealed that having = 2 sex partners in the last month, never using a condom with sex workers, and ever injecting narcotics were significant predictors of STI among men. Being never married, working as a laborer, older age, and living within the truck stand were significant predictors of practicing high-risk behaviors among men, but none predicted infection with STIs. Both behavioral and STI data suggest that truck stand workers should be included in the STI/HIV intervention programs. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | CENSUS | PREVALENCE | LABOR FORCE | TRANSPORTATION | TRUCK DRIVERS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | SYPHILIS | CHLAMYDIA | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Population Statistics | Measurement | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Behavior Document Number: 312773 |
| 24. Title: Hill out-migration from Uttarakhand: Access to livelihood, education and other determinants of movement. Author: Belwal OK Source: Demography India. 2007 Jan-Jun;36(1):135-143. Abstract: Newly created 27th Indian state Uttaranchal (now Uttarakhand) represents a high rate of out-migration 29.7 per cent (Census, 1991) and majority of the population migrate to various urban areas for better economic opportunities (Mehta, 1991). The reasons of that out migration from hill areas to cities is closely related to regional backwardness (Mehta, 1996), small landholding size, unemployment, under-employment and high natural growth of rural population (Singh and Aggrawal, 1998). Earlier the pattern of migration was from plain to hilly areas, but now the direction of migration has changed. Now migration takes place from hill to plains, wherefrom 40 per cent of the total and 67 per cent of the male population migrated to various places of the countries (Rawat, 1984). There is hardly any family in the villages of Garhwal, which has not sent any migrant (Rawat and Rawat, 1986). Out-migration of people especially able-bodied labour force from Uttarakhand has been a regular feature (Tewari, 2001). As migration has its impact on various aspects of rural areas of Uttarakhand, this paper makes an attempt to draw attention on out migration from rural areas of Uttarakhand. The paper was pursued with the following objectives: to study several dimension of hill out-migration from rural areas of Uttarakhand; to examine the reasons of out-migration; to investigate the impact of out-migration on place of origin. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | CASE STUDIES | EMIGRANTS | RURAL POPULATION | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | MOTIVATION | ORIGIN | CENSUS | POPULATION DECREASE | REMITTANCES | SEX FACTORS | LAND TENURE | INCOME | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Migrants | Migration | Population Characteristics | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Population Statistics | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 324148 |
| 25. Title: Demography of the tribal groups of Rajasthan: 1. Population structure. Author: Bhasin MK; Nag S Source: Anthropologist. 2007 Jan;9(1):1-37. Abstract: This paper presents the population composition and details of the economic, socio-cultural, physical environmental attributes of the households of the major Scheduled Tribes of Rajasthan, namely, Sahariya, Mina, Bhil, Kathodi, Damor and Garasia belonging to five districts, namely, Baran, Sawai Madhopur, Udaipur, Dungarpur and Sirohi in Rajasthan. All the measures of population composition indicate the demographic backwardness of the Scheduled Tribes, in general. Individually speaking, however, the position of Minas, a land owning economically well-off Scheduled Tribe, appears relatively better. The paper also includes some comparisons of the findings with the estimates of the 1991 census. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | CENSUS | TRIBES | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | POPULATION DYNAMICS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | ECOLOGY | BIOLOGY | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Statistics | Cultural Background | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Environment Document Number: 320530 |
| 26. Title: The disappearing girl child: Possible role of sterilizations as a method of family planning. Author: Bhasin SK; Saini NK; Trikha VK; Joshi ID Source: Indian Journal of Community Medicine. 2007 Jul-Sep;32(3):212-214. Abstract: The sex ratio in India has constantly been unfavorable to women. Although the 2001 census figures show it to be marginally better than the previous census figures, yet there was a marked decline in child sex ratio (0-6 years) from 945 females per 1000 males in 1991 to 927 in 2001. The anti-female bias is not limited to poor-performing states but also to better-performing states. There are a number of important demographic factors (e.g., sex composition of the previous children, birth order of children and sex differentials in mortality, ect.) which are responsible for this declining sex ration. A little lesser talked about factor is the possible role of sterilizations performed under the National Family Welfare Programme. The present study was aimed at finding out possible relationship of sterilizations as a method of family welfare with the declining sex ratio. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CENSUS | DATA ANALYSIS | CHILD, FEMALE | SEX RATIO | HEALTH AND WELFARE PLANNING | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Population | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Social Planning | Economic Factors | Family Planning Document Number: 321651 |
| 27. Title: The demography of Mau Mau: Fertility and mortality in Kenya in the 1950s: A demographer's viewpoint. Author: Blacker J Source: African Affairs. 2007 Apr;106(423):205-227. Abstract: This article examines the allegation that up to 300,000 Kikuyu and others died as a result of the Mau Mau Emergency in Kenya in the 1950s. This figure was based on comparative numbers from the 1948 and 1962 censuses, but they failed to take into account the changes in the tribal classifications and differences in the coverage of the two censuses. Using data from the 1969 Kenya census, we have reconstructed the levels and patterns of mortality in the 1950s, and we show that mortality of the Kikuyu was consistently lower than those of the Kamba, Luhya and Luo peoples. We have also used unpublished data from the 1948 census to estimate infant mortality among the Kikuyu, Embu and Meru prior to the emergency. Using this figure as an indicator of 'normal' mortality, we have compared them with the estimates derived from the 1969 census, and so calculated the number of 'excess' deaths. They amount to perhaps 50,000; more than half of them were children under 10. Given the fragile nature of the data and assumptions, our estimates are subject to large margins of error, but they at least give us an order of magnitude. (author's) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | CENSUS | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | DEMOGRAPHY | FERTILITY | MORTALITY | INFANT MORTALITY | DEATH RATE | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 313443 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: When ancient meets modern: The relationship between postpartum non-susceptibility and contraception in sub-Saharan Africa. Author: Brown M Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2007 Jul;39(4):493-515. Abstract: Extended durations of postpartum non-susceptibility (PPNS) comprising lactational amenorrhoea and associated taboos on sex have been a central component of traditional reproductive regimes in sub-Saharan Africa. In situations of rising contraceptive prevalence this paper draws on data from the Demographic Health Surveys to consider the neglected interface between ancient and modern methods of regulation. The analysis reports striking contrasts between countries. At one extreme a woman's natural susceptibility status appears to have little bearing on the decision to use contraception in Zimbabwe, with widespread 'double-protection'. By contrast, contraceptive use in Kenya and Ghana builds directly onto underlying patterns of PPNS. Possible explanations for the differences and the implications for theory and policy are discussed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CENSUS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | DATA ANALYSIS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | POSTPARTUM | POSTPARTUM AMENORRHEA | CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | Developing Countries | Africa | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility | Puerperium | Reproduction | Family Planning Document Number: 317052 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: New techniques in small area population estimates by demographic characteristics. Author: Cai Q Source: Population Research and Policy Review. 2007 Apr;26(2):203-218. Abstract: The increasing demand for small area population estimates calls for both innovative ways of using existing data and new techniques suitable for small area estimates. This paper explores the methods for population estimates by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin at the census tract level for Multnomah County, Oregon. New techniques include employing building permits to indirectly estimate migration and examining the changes in age/sex structure using the American Community Survey (ACS). A practical method for bridging the race categories is also developed. Finally, the paper discusses some reflections on small area estimates and the potentials of using ACS to track the changes of the demographic characteristics for the sub-county level. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | OREGON | RESEARCH REPORT | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | CENSUS | POPULATION STATISTICS | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology Document Number: 316687 |
| 30. Title: Family planning in Ghana. Author: Caldwell JC; Sai FT Source: In: The global family planning revolution: three decades of population policies and programs, edited by Warren C. Robinson and John A. Ross. Washington, D.C., World Bank, 2007. :379-391. Abstract: Among all the regions of the developing world, fertility decline and family planning programs came last to Sub-Saharan Africa. Good reasons account for this. Indeed, foundations and governments, and accordingly technical aid programs, doubted the value of introducing population programs to the region in the 1960s, as the countries were poor, attitudes were mostly pro-natalist, and independence was recent. The early Population Council program in Ghana happened largely by accident, but Ghana turned out to be a fortunate setting. It was the earliest European colony in Sub-Saharan Africa to win its independence, doing so as early as 1957. It was also relatively rich, exporting large amounts of cocoa, gold, bauxite, industrial diamonds, and mahogany. In the early 1960s, its spending on education as a proportion of national income was the highest in the world. It was not riven by serious ethnic conflicts or demands to divide the country into separate nations. Above all, modernizing attitudes were widespread, both under President Kwame Nkrumah and under later regimes. Admittedly, Nkrumah's socialist beliefs led him to oppose family planning programs, but not the demographic research that implied the need for such programs. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GHANA | HISTORICAL REVIEW | TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE | CENSUS | FAMILY PLANNING | POPULATION GROWTH | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | GOALS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | ABORTION LAW | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | FERTILITY RATE | POLITICAL FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Programs | Organization and Administration | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Planning | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Control, Postconception | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 321997 Notification |
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