| 1. Title: Contraceptive use among postpartum women - 12 states and New York City, 2004-2006. Author: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Source: MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2009 Aug 7;58(30):821-6. Abstract: Postpartum use of highly effective contraceptive methods can prevent unintended pregnancies and ensure adequate birth spacing. Unintended pregnancies and short interpregnancy intervals are associated with adverse maternal and infant outcomes. In 2001, the year for which the most recent data are available, 49% of all pregnancies were unintended, and 21% of women gave birth within 24 months of a previous birth. Two Healthy People 2010 goals are to increase the percentage of intended pregnancies to 70% (objective 9-1) and to reduce the percentage of births occurring within 24 months of a previous birth to 6% (objective 9-2). To estimate the prevalence and types of contraception being used by women 2-9 months postpartum, CDC analyzed data from the 2004-2006 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) from 12 states and New York City. This report summarizes those results, which indicated that 88.0% of postpartum women reported current use of at least one contraceptive method; 61.7% reported using a method defined as highly effective, 20.0% used a method defined as moderately effective, and 6.4% used less effective methods. Rates of using highly effective contraceptive methods postpartum were lowest among Asian/Pacific Islanders (35.3%), women who had wanted to get pregnant sooner (49.9%), women aged >or=35 years (53.0%), and women who had no prenatal care (54.5%). State policy makers and health-care providers can use these results to promote use of highly effective contraception among postpartum women and target interventions for those with particularly low rates of usage, including women with no prenatal care. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | ETHNIC GROUPS | CDC | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | AGE FACTORS | TITLE 19 MEDICAL ASSISTANCE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Puerperium | Reproduction | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | USPHS | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Public Assistance | Grants | Financial Activities | Economic Factors Document Number: 342395 |
2.  Peer Reviewed Title: Progress in global measles control and mortality reduction, 2000 -- 2006. Author: MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Source: JAMA. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2008 Jan 30;299(4):400-402. Abstract: The World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) comprehensive strategy for measles mortality reduction is focused on 47 priority countries. Components include (1) achieving and maintaining high coverage (greater than 90%) with the first dose of measles vaccine by age 12 months in every district of each priority country through routine immunization services; (2) ensuring that all children receive a second opportunity for measles vaccination; (3) maintaining effective case-based surveillance and monitoring of vaccination coverage; and (4) providing appropriate clinical management, including vitamin A supplementation. In 2005, the World Health Assembly set a goal for global measles control as part of the Global Immunization Vision and Strategy (GIVS): a 90% reduction in measles mortality by 2010, compared with 2000 levels. In January 2007, WHO/UNICEF reported that implementation of measles mortality reduction strategies had reduced measles mortality by 60%, from an estimated 873,000 deaths in 1999 to 345,000 deaths in 2005. This reduction exceeded the goal of 50% measles mortality reduction by 2005 (compared with 1999 levels) that had been set in 2002. This report updates previous reports by detailing (1) measles mortality reduction activities implemented during 2006 and (2) the impact of activities since 2000 on the global burden of measles and progress toward the GIVS mortality reduction goal for 2010. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | TECHNICAL REPORT | WHO | UNICEF | CDC | CHILDREN | MEASLES | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | IMMUNIZATION | MORTALITY DECLINE | GOALS | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | USPHS | Government Agencies | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Planning | Organization and Administration Document Number: 323998 |
| 3. Title: Adverse health conditions and health risk behaviors associated with intimate partner violence - United States, 2005. Author: United States. Center for Disease Control [CDC] Source: MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2008 Feb 8;57(5):113-117. Abstract: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is defined as threatened, attempted, or completed physical or sexual violence or emotional abuse by a current or former intimate partner. IPV can be committed by a spouse, an ex-spouse, a current or former boyfriend or girlfriend, or a dating partner. Each year, IPV results in an estimated 1,200 deaths and 2 million injuries among women and nearly 600,000 injuries among men. In addition to the risk for death and injury, IPV has been associated with certain adverse health conditions and health risk behaviors. To gather additional information regarding the prevalence of IPV and to assess the association between IPV and selected adverse health conditions and health risk behaviors, CDC included IPV-related questions in an optional module of the 2005 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey. This report describes the results of that survey, which indicated that persons who report having experienced IPV during their lifetimes also are more likely to report current adverse health conditions and health risk behaviors. Although a causal link between IPV and adverse health conditions cannot be inferred from these results, they underscore the need for IPV assessment in health-care settings. In addition, the results indicate a need for secondary intervention strategies to address the health-related needs of IPV victims and reduce their risk for subsequent adverse health conditions and health risk behaviors. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | CDC | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | HEALTH | RISK BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | USPHS | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Behavior Document Number: 324354 |
| 4. Title: Abortion surveillance--United States, 2005. Author: Gamble SB; Strauss LT; Parker WY; Cook DA; Zane SB; Hamdan S Source: MMWR. Surveillance Summaries. 2008 Nov 28;57(13):1-32. Abstract: PROBLEM/CONDITION: CDC began abortion surveillance in 1969 to document the number and characteristics of women obtaining legal induced abortions. REPORTING PERIOD COVERED: This report summarizes and describes data voluntarily reported to CDC regarding legal induced abortions obtained in the United States in 2005. DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM: For each year since 1969, CDC has compiled abortion data by state or area of occurrence. Information is requested each year from all 50 states, New York City, and the District of Columbia. For 2005, data were received from 49 reporting areas: New York City, District of Columbia, and all states except California, Louisiana, and New Hampshire. For the purpose of trends analysis, data were evaluated from the 46 reporting areas that have been consistently reported since 1995. RESULTS: A total of 820,151 legal induced abortions were reported to CDC for 2005 from 49 reporting areas, the abortion ratio (number of abortions per 1,000 live births) was 233, and the abortion rate was 15 per 1,000 women aged 15--44 years. For the 46 reporting areas that have consistently reported since 1995, the abortion rate declined during 1995--2000 but has remained unchanged since 2000. For 2005, the highest percentages of reported abortions were for women who were known to be unmarried (81%), white (53%), and aged <25 years (50%). Of all abortions for which gestational age was reported, 62% were performed at 15 weeks' gestation (3.7% at 16--20 weeks and 1.3% at >/=21 weeks). A total of 35 reporting areas submitted data stating that they performed and enumerated medical (nonsurgical) procedures, making up 9.9% of all known reported procedures from the 45 areas with adequate reporting on type of procedure. In 2004 (the most recent years for which data are available), seven women died as a result of complications from known legal induced abortion. One death was associated with known illegal abortion. INTERPRETATION: For the 46 reporting areas that have consistently reported since 1995, the number of abortions has steadily declined over the previous 10 years. The abortion rate declined from 1995 to 2000, but remained unchanged since 2000. In 2004, as in the previous years, deaths related to legal induced abortions occurred rarely. PUBLIC HEALTH ACTION: Abortion surveillance in the United States continues to provide the data necessary for examining trends in numbers and characteristics of women who obtain legal induced abortions and to increase understanding of this pregnancy outcome. Policymakers and program planners use these data to improve the health and well-being of women and evaluate efforts to prevent unintended pregnancies. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL STUDIES | WOMEN | ABORTION | CDC | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | ABORTION RATE | PUBLIC HEALTH | MARITAL STATUS | AGE FACTORS | GESTATIONAL AGE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | USPHS | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Health | Nuptiality | Population Characteristics | Fetus | Pregnancy | Reproduction Document Number: 329496 Notification |
5.  Title: Marching forward: action steps to optimize the health of women and babies [editorial] Author: Howse JL Source: Women's Health Issues. 2008 Nov-Dec;18(6 Suppl):S10-2. Abstract: Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | PREGNANT WOMEN | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | WOMEN'S HEALTH | BEST PRACTICES | ANTENATAL CARE | CDC | ATTITUDES | MEN'S INVOLVEMENT | KNOWLEDGE | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | USPHS | Government Agencies | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Diseases Document Number: 330722 |
| 6. Title: Surveillance for violent deaths - National Violent Death Reporting System, 16 states, 2005. Author: Karch DL; Lubell KM; Friday J; Patel N; Williams DD Source: MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2008 Apr 11;57 Suppl 3:1-45. Abstract: An estimated 50,000 persons die annually in the United States as a result of violence-related injuries. This report summarizes data from CDC's National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS) regarding violent deaths from 16 U.S. states for 2005. Results are reported by sex, age group, race/ethnicity, marital status, location of injury, method of injury, circumstances of injury, and other selected characteristics. The reporting period was 2005. NVDRS collects data regarding violent deaths obtained from death certificates, coroner/ medical examiner reports, and law enforcement reports. NVDRS began operation in 2003 with seven states (Alaska, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Oregon, South Carolina, and Virginia) participating; six states (Colorado, Georgia, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Rhode Island, and Wisconsin) joined in 2004 and four (California, Kentucky, New Mexico, and Utah) in 2005, for a total of 17 states. This report includes data from 16 states; data from California are not included in this report because NVDRS has been implemented only in a limited number of California cities and counties rather than statewide as in other states. For 2005, a total of 15,495 fatal incidents involving 15,962 violent deaths occurred in the 16 NVDRS states included in this report. The majority (56.1%) of deaths were suicides, followed by homicides and deaths involving legal interventions (29.6%), violent deaths of undetermined intent (13.3%), and unintentional firearm deaths (0.7%). Fatal injury rates varied by sex, race/ethnicity, age group, and method of injury. Rates were substantially higher for males than for females and for American Indians/Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) and blacks than for whites and Hispanics. Rates were highest for persons aged 20-24 years. For method of injury, the three highest rates were reported for firearms, poisonings, and hanging/strangulation/suffocation. Suicides occurred at higher rates among males, AI/ANs, whites, and older persons and most often involved the use of firearms in thehome. Suicides were precipitated primarily by mental illness, intimate partner or physical health problems, or a crisis during the previous 2 weeks. Homicides occurred at higher rates among males and young adult blacks and most often involved the use of firearms in the home or on a street/highway. Homicides were precipitated primarily by an argument over something other than money or property or in conjunction with another crime. Similar variation was reported among the other manners of death and special situations or populations highlighted in this report. This report provides the first detailed summary of data concerning violent deaths collected by NVDRS. The results indicate that deaths resulting from self-inflicted or interpersonal violence occur to a varying extent among males and females of every age group and racial/ethnic population. Key factors affecting rates of violent fatal injuries include sex, age group, method of injury, location of injury, and precipitating circumstances (e.g., mental health and substance abuse). Because additional information might be reported subsequently as participating states update their findings, the data provided in this report are preliminary. Accurate, timely, and comprehensive surveillance data are necessary for the occurrence of violent deaths in the United States to be understood better and ultimately prevented. NVDRS data can be used to track the occurrence of violence-related fatal injuries and assist pub lic health authorities in the development, implementation, and evaluation of programs and policies to reduce and prevent violent deaths and injuries at the national, state, and local levels. The continued development and expansion of NVDRS is essential to CDC's efforts to reduce the personal, familial, and societal costs of violence. Further efforts are needed to increase the number of states using NVDRS, with an ultimate goal of full national representation. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | POPULATION | ETHNIC GROUPS | ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES | MORTALITY | CDC | SEX FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | SUICIDE | HOMICIDE | SEASONAL VARIATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Health | Population Dynamics | USPHS | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Crime | Social Problems Document Number: 326816 |
| 7. Title: Baseline data from the Nyando Integrated Child Health and Education Project -- Kenya, 2007. Source: MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2007 Oct 22;56:1-4. Abstract: Approximately 10 million children aged less than 5 years die each year in developing countries. The leading infectious causes of these deaths include acute respiratory infections, diarrhea, measles, and malaria; malnutrition contributes to approximately 50% of these deaths. To address multiple conditions that contribute to mortality, child-survival programs require effective interventions and implementation strategies. To assess the effectiveness of multiple interventions, CDC has joined with partners to create the Nyando Integrated Child Health and Education (NICHE) project to combine several proven approaches to child survival in an impoverished rural district of western Kenya. During March-April 2007, CDC began the NICHE project with a baseline survey. This report summarizes preliminary data from that survey, which determined that 1) 86.1% of surveyed households were in the poorest Kenya socioeconomic quintile and 2) among children aged 6-35 months, 21.5% had experienced an acute respiratory infection and 9.1% had experienced diarrhea in the preceding 24 hours, 28.0% had chronic malnutrition, 66.2% had anemia, and 19.8% had a positive malaria smear. Comprehensive interventions will be needed to improve living conditions and reduce the risk for death before age 5 years among children in this population. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | PROGRESS REPORT | BASELINE SURVEYS | CHILDREN | CHILD SURVIVAL | CHILD HEALTH | INTERVENTIONS | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | IMPLEMENTATION | CDC | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | USPHS | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 321494 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Vaccine-derived poliomyelitis in Nigeria. Source: Lancet. 2007 Oct 20;370(9596):1394. Abstract: Eradicating poliomyelitis presents many challenges. Financing essential activities can be difficult when donors fail to meet funding targets (a US$60 million funding gap currently exists for the fourth quarter of 2007). Security issues in two of the four polio-endemic countries-Afghanistan and Pakistan-make access to children difficult for immunisation teams. And in Nigeria, low vaccine coverage and an outbreak of disease from vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) could set back global eradication efforts. Over the past 10 years there have been nine outbreaks of poliomyelitis derived from the oral vaccine in nine countries. Nigeria has seen the largest outbreak; 69 children have been paralysed this year. VDPVs are rare but occur when the live virus in an oral polio vaccine mutates and reverts to neurovirulence. This loss of attenuation does not matter so much in populations who are fully immunised with oral vaccine, since they will be protected from wild and vaccine-derived poliovirus, but in Nigeria,where vaccine coverage is 39% (and even lower in some northern states), it is a problem. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | CHILDREN | POLICYMAKERS | GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS | POLIO | VACCINES | WHO | CDC | PUBLIC OPINION | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | USPHS | Government Agencies | Attitudes | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 321884 |
| 9. Title: Honduras final report, September 1997 - September 2005. USAID's Implementing AIDS Prevention and Care (IMPACT) project. Author: Family Health International [FHI]. Implementing AIDS Prevention and Care Project [IMPACT] Source: Arlington, Virginia, FHI, 2007 Aug. 12 p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-97-00017-00) Abstract: From the late 1990s until 2005, Family Health International (FHI) helped the Government of Honduras strengthen its AIDS prevention activities. Through the Implementing AIDS Care and Treatment (IMPACT) Project, FHI led initiatives to reduce risk and change behavior; enhance prevention, care, and treatment services; and strengthen monitoring and evaluation systems. IMPACT/Honduras collaborated with the local umbrella nongovernmental organization (NGO) Fundacion Fomento en Salud (FSS), as well as with the Ministry of Health (MOH) and others to coordinate workshops and foster dialogue on HIV/AIDS and policy in Honduras. From 2000 to 2005, IMPACT/Honduras's HIV/AIDS strategic plan project activities reached high-risk populations. In addition, IMPACT/ Honduras helped prepare a bio-behavioral surveillance survey (Bio-BSS) that was to be implemented by the US Centers for Disease Control (CDC). (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: HONDURAS | EVALUATION REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | KAP SURVEYS | HEALTH SURVEYS | QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN | GOVERNMENT AGENCIES | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | TARGET POPULATION | USAID | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | HEALTH POLICY | RISK ASSESSMENT | CDC | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Evaluation | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Health | Survey Methodology | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Program Design | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Policy | USPHS Document Number: 322034 |
| 10. Title: Trends in childhood cancer mortality -- United States, 1990 -- 2004. Author: United States. Center for Disease Control [CDC] Source: MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2007 Dec;56(48):1257-1261. Abstract: Cancer is the fourth most common cause of death (after unintentional injury, homicide, and suicide) among persons aged 1-19 years in the United States. Because recent childhood cancer mortality has not been well characterized in terms of temporal, demographic, and geographic trends, CDC analyzed cancer death rates among children (defined as aged 0-14 years) and adolescents (defined as aged 15-19 years) for the period 1990-2004 by sex, age group, race, ethnicity, U.S. Census region, and primary cancer site/leading diagnosis, using the most recent data available from the National Vital Statistics System (NVSS). This report describes the results of that analysis, which indicated that, overall, age-adjusted childhood cancer death rates decreased significantly during 1990-2004 among both sexes, both age groups, all races (except American Indians/Alaska Natives [AI/ANs]), Hispanics, non-Hispanics, and all U.S. Census regions. However, decreases in death rates varied among U.S. Census regions and betweenHispanics and non-Hispanics. Eliminating racial/ethnic health disparities is one of the overarching goals of Healthy People 2010. Further research is needed to understand geographic and ethnic disparities in childhood cancer death rates. Moreover, cancer prevention and intervention measures should be designed to reach populations that are underserved and at high risk. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | TECHNICAL REPORT | CDC | CHILDREN | CHILD MORTALITY | CANCER | MORTALITY CHANGES | DEATH RATE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | USPHS | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Neoplasms | Diseases Document Number: 324378 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Financial implications of refugee malaria: The impact of pre-departure presumptive treatment with anti-malarial drugs. Author: Collinet-Adler S; Stauffer WM; Boulware DR; Larsen KL; Rogers TB Source: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2007 Sep;77(3):458-463. Abstract: This study is a cost-benefits analysis of the recommendations of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for presumptive anti-malarial treatment among departing West African refugees. We conducted a retrospective chart review of symptomatic, blood smear-positive cases of malaria seen in Minneapolis, Minnesota, from 1996 through 2005. Billing charges of U.S. care were compared with estimates of implementation costs for overseas treatment. Fifty-eight symptomatic malaria infections occurred among West African refugees. After overseas pre-departure presumptive treatment, symptomatic malaria in arriving refugees decreased from 8.2% to 0%. The pre-departure number needed to treat to prevent one case of symptomatic malaria is 13.9 (95% confidence interval = 9.8-24). The average U.S. billing charge for each malaria case is $1,730. Overseas implementation costs for presumptive treatment are estimated to be between $141 and $346 to prevent one U.S. malaria case. Overseas presumptive pre-departure anti-malarial therapy prevents clinical malaria in refugees and results in cost-benefits when the malaria prevalence is > 1%. Overseas presumptive therapy has greater cost-benefits than U.S. based screening and treatment strategies. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, WESTERN | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | CDC | REFUGEES | MALARIA | ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS | DESTINATION | FEES | SCREENING | TREATMENT | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | USPHS | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 320147 |
| 12. Title: Comparison of the WHO Child Growth Standards and the CDC 2000 Growth Charts. Author: de Onis M; Garza C; Onyango AW; Borghi E Source: Journal of Nutrition. 2007 Jan;137(1):144-148. Abstract: The evaluation of child growth trajectories and the interventions designed to improve child health are highly dependent on the growth charts used. The U.S. CDC and the WHO, in May 2000 and April 2006, respectively, released new growth charts to replace the 1977 NCHS reference. The WHO charts are based for the first time on a prescriptive, prospective, international sample of infants selected to represent optimum growth. This article compares the WHO and CDC curves and evaluates the growth performance of healthy breast-fed infants according to both. As expected, there are important differences between the WHO and CDC charts that vary by age group, growth indicator, and specific Z-score curve. Differences are particularly important during infancy, which is likely due to differences in study design and characteristics of the sample, such as type of feeding. Overall, the CDC charts reflect a heavier, and somewhat shorter, sample than the WHO sample. This results in lower rates of undernutrition (except during the first 6 mo of life) and higher rates of overweight and obesity when based on the WHO standards. Healthy breast-fed infants track along the WHO standard's weight-for-age mean Z-score while appearing to falter on the CDC chart from 2 mo onwards. Shorter measurement intervals in the WHO standards result in a better tool for monitoring the rapid and changing rate of growth in early infancy. Their adoption would have important implications for the assessment of lactation performance and the adequacy of infant feeding and would bring coherence between the tools used to assess growth and U.S. national guidelines that recommend breast-feeding as the optimal source of nutrition during infancy. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | CLINICAL RESEARCH | INFANT | CHILDREN | CDC | WHO | GROWTH | STANDARDS | BREASTFEEDING | INFANT NUTRITION | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | USPHS | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | UN | International Agencies | Child Development | Biology | Nutrition | Health Document Number: 310588 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Tuberculosis and HIV coinfection: Genesis of the supplement and sponsors' contribution. Author: Hoxie JA; Miller V; Walker B Source: Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2007 Aug;196 Suppl 1:S4-. Abstract: This supplement to the Journal of Infectious Diseases on tuberculosis (TB)/HIV coinfection came together as a result of a collaboration between the National Institutes of Health (NIH)-funded Centers for AIDS Research (CFARs) at Harvard University and at the University of Pennsylvania, and the Forum for Collaborative HIV Research. It is based on 2 programs addressing TB/HIV coinfection research challenges. A steering committee, consisting of Bruce Walker, Edward Nardell, Megan Murray, and Eric Rubin (Harvard University); Gerald Friedland (Yale University); and James Hoxie (University of Pennsylvania); with the support of the national network of CFARs, organized a symposium entitled "Confronting TB/HIV Co-infection" that was held on 30 June 2005 at Harvard University. The Forum for Collaborative HIV Research, together with the International AIDS Society and the Agence National de Recherches sur le Sida et les Hepatites Virales, with special support from Tibotec, sponsored a special session entitled "HIV/TB: New Visions, New Directions" during the 3rd International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment in Rio de Janeiro on 25 July 2005, followed by a roundtable discussion with representatives from the World Health Organization HIV/ AIDS and Stop TB departments; the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria; the NIH; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); and leaders from the pharmaceutical industry, research networks, and advocacy organizations. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SUMMARY REPORT | CLIENTS | HIV INFECTIONS | TUBERCULOSIS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | GRANTS | CDC | USPHS | WHO | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Technology | Economic Factors | Financial Activities | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | UN | International Agencies Document Number: 318624 |
| 14. Title: Quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). Author: Markowitz LE; Dunne EF; Saraiya M; Lawson HW; Chesson H Source: MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2007 Mar 23;56(11):1-24. (Recommendations and Reports) Abstract: These recommendations represent the first statement by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) on the use of a quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine licensed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration on June 8, 2006. This report summarizes the epidemiology of HPV and associated diseases, describes the licensed HPV vaccine, and provides recommendations for its use for vaccination among females aged 9-26 years in the United States. Genital HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States; an estimated 6.2 million persons are newly infected every year. Although the majority of infections cause no clinical symptoms and are self-limited, persistent infection with oncogenic types can cause cervical cancer in women. HPV infection also is the cause of genital warts and is associated with other anogenital cancers. Cervical cancer rates have decreased in the United States because of widespread use of Papanicolaou testing, which can detect precancerous lesions of the cervix before they develop into cancer; nevertheless, during 2007, an estimated 11,100 new cases will be diagnosed and approximately 3,700 women will die from cervical cancer. In certain countries where cervical cancer screening is not routine, cervical cancer is a common cancer in women. The licensed HPV vaccine is composed of the HPV L1 protein, the major capsid protein of HPV. Expression of the L1 protein in yeast using recombinant DNA technology produces noninfectious virus-like particles (VLP) that resemble HPV virions. The quadrivalent HPV vaccine is a mixture of four HPV type-specific VLPs prepared from the L1 proteins of HPV 6, 11, 16, and 18 combined with an aluminum adjuvant. Clinical trials indicate that the vaccine has high efficacy in preventing persistent HPV infection, cervical cancer precursor lesions, vaginal and vulvar cancer precursor lesions, and genital warts caused by HPV types 6, 11, 16, or 18 among females who have not already been infected with the respective HPV type. No evidence exists of protection against disease caused by HPV types with which females are infected at the time of vaccination. However, females infected with one or more vaccine HPV types before vaccination would be protected against disease caused by the other vaccine HPV types. The vaccine is administered by intramuscular injection, and the recommended schedule is a 3-dose series with the second and third doses administered 2 and 6 months after the first dose. The recommended age for vaccination of females is 11-12 years. Vaccine can be administered as young as age 9 years. Catch-up vaccination is recommended for females aged 13-26 years who have not been previously vaccinated. Vaccination is not a substitute for routine cervical cancer screening, and vaccinated females should have cervical cancer screening as recommended. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RECOMMENDATIONS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | TARGET POPULATION | CHILDREN | IMMUNIZATION | VIRAL DISEASES | CDC | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | SEROCONVERSION | PRODUCT APPROVAL | SAFETY | SIDE EFFECTS | BEST PRACTICES | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Program Design | Programs | Organization and Administration | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Diseases | USPHS | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Legislation | Public Health Document Number: 313293 |
| 15. Title: Vaccine preventable deaths and the global immunization vision and strategy, 2006-2015. Author: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] Source: MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2006 May;12(55):18. 511-515 Abstract: Immunization is among the most successful and cost-effective public health interventions. Immunization programs have led to eradication of smallpox, elimination of measles and poliomyelitis in regions of the world, and substantial reductions in the morbidity and mortality attributed to diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 2 million child deaths were prevented by vaccinations in 2003. Nonetheless, more deaths can be prevented through optimal use of currently existing vaccines. This report summarizes estimates of deaths attributed to vaccine preventable diseases (VPDs) and vaccination coverage by WHO region and outlines the Global Immunization Vision and Strategy developed by WHO and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and partners for implementation during 2006-2015. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | VACCINES | IMMUNIZATION | DISEASE PREVENTION | VACCINATION | IMPLEMENTATION | MORTALITY | WHO | UNICEF | CDC | FUNDS | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Primary Health Care | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | USPHS | Government Agencies | Financial Activities | Economic Factors Document Number: 302558 |
| 16. Title: Global reproductive health: lessons learned from contraceptive logistics. Author: United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] Source: Atlanta, Georgia, CDC, 2006 Mar 21. 9 p. Abstract: In a well-run logistics system, contraceptive supplies are always available and in good condition. Clients never complain that contraceptives are damaged, expired, or not in stock. Staff members are not unhappy because they cannot do their jobs properly for lack of contraceptive supplies. There is no hoarding or rationing of contraceptives or submitting inaccurate reports in order to get more supplies. Contraceptives are available for all who need them when they need them. All appears calm. But an outside observer would hardly be able to guess at all the activity behind the scenes. In a well-run system stocks of every contraceptive product are frequently checked to make sure they never fall below the minimum quantity needed or exceed the maximum desired quantity; accurate reports of the numbers of contraceptives given to family planning users are turned in on time; appropriate quantities of contraceptive supplies are ordered at the right times; supplies are delivered on schedule; - and, most importantly- family planning clients always find all the contraceptives they need when they need them. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | GLOBAL | GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | CDC | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | LOGISTICS | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE | MANAGEMENT | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Organization and Administration | USPHS | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs Document Number: 311715 |
| 17. Title: The long view of adolescent health [editorial] Author: Abrams SE Source: Public Health Nursing. 2006 Nov-Dec;23(6):485-487. Abstract: As evidenced in three of the articles published in this issue of Public Health Nursing, protecting the health of adolescents remains both a high priority and a difficult goal to accomplish. This is true regardless of one's national origin, although the issues that threaten health may vary from country to country. Hot button topics for providers, educators, parents, and ultimately for societies are sexual and reproductive health; tobacco use; alcohol and drug abuse; violence, including suicide; and obesity. The list might include a number of other concerns, such as depression, motor vehicle and other accidental injuries, and social well-being-- depending on the populations involved. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) has a Web site exclusively related to concerns in adolescent and school health. Judging from the wealth of citations found by searching the term ''adolescent health'' in electronic databases, the global community is striving to learn how to take better care of teens and to help them take better care of themselves. But what are we actually learning from the numerous studies of teen social, cognitive, and psychological development and behaviors? What interventions really matter in the long run? Where are the gaps, and how might nursing points of view shape future inquiries and actions? (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ADOLESCENTS | CDC | USPHS | RISK BEHAVIOR | ADOLESCENT HEALTH | HEALTH EDUCATION | SEX BEHAVIOR | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Health | Education Document Number: 309623 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Changing the paradigm for HIV testing -- the end of exceptionalism. Author: Bayer R; Fairchild AL Source: New England Journal of Medicine. 2006 Aug 17;355(7):647-649. Abstract: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is poised to issue new recommendations for testing for HIV in adults, adolescents, and pregnant women. Frustrated that more than 25 percent of Americans with HIV infection are unaware of their status and that almost 40 percent of those with newly diagnosed AIDS discover that they are infected less than a year before diagnosis, officials have proposed that HIV screening be routinely offered in all health care settings. The CDC already recommends routine testing among high-risk groups and in high-prevalence settings. The radical departure is the extension of routine testing to the entire population and the reconceptualization of the requirements for consent. Patients would be told that HIV testing was a routine part of care and given the opportunity to opt out. According to the CDC, specific signed consent would no longer be required, because "general consent for medical care is sufficient to encompass consent for HIV testing." (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ADOLESCENTS | ADULTS | PREGNANT WOMEN | HIV TESTING | ETHICS | RECOMMENDATIONS | CDC | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Sociocultural Factors | USPHS | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors Document Number: 306380 |
| 19. Title: Human immunodeficiency virus prophylaxis for sexual assault survivors: what we need to know [editorial] Author: Ellen JM Source: Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. 2006 Jul;160(7):754-755. Abstract: Adolescent sexual assault is unfortunately all too common. An analysis of the 2001 Youth Risk Behavior Survey revealed that 10.2% of women and 5.1% of men reported forced sexual intercourse at least once in their lifetimes. Recent National Criminal Victimization Survey results revealed that annually 1/10 of one percent of all individuals aged 12 or older had survived rape or sexual assault. The ratio of male/female survivors is 1:10, and 29% of victims are 12 to 17 years old. There is a general concern that survivors are at increased risk for acquiring human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection via the sexual assaults. Most reviews cite a case report by Murphy et al, which describes HIV seroconversion related to rape. Epidemiological studies of consensual coitus have shown that the risk for heterosexual sexual transmission from 1 coital act ranges from 0.001 to 0.008.4 Estimates vary by the stage of the infected person (eg, time since seroconversion: < 5 months, 6-15 months, or > 15 months) and type of exposure (eg, insertive anal intercourse, receptive vaginal intercourse). (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RECOMMENDATIONS | ADOLESCENTS | RAPE | HIV PREVENTION | SEROCONVERSION | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | USER COMPLIANCE | CDC | DRUG RESISTANCE | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | HIV | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Behavior | USPHS | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors Document Number: 303621 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: HIV screening in health care settings: public health and civil liberties in conflict? Author: Gostin LO Source: JAMA. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2006 Oct 25;296(16):2023-2025. Abstract: On September 22, 2006 the Center for Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a sweeping revision of its guidelines for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) screening in health care settings that reversed a decade-old approach to AIDS policy. Previous guidelines recommended HIV testing only for persons at high risk or in health care settings with high HIV prevalence, which reflected a civil liberties approach that constrained testing with costly, cumbersome procedures for pretest counseling and written informed consent. Health care professionals often did not perform HIV screening due to financial or administrative burdens or because conducting risk assessments or discovering HIV prevalence in their facilities was impractical. The new guidelines, which apply to all health care institutions in the public and private sectors (eg, emergency departments, inpatient services, public health and community clinics, primary care, and correctional health care), represent a radical departure. The CDC now recommends HIV screening for all individuals aged 13 to 64 years as a part of routine medical care irrespective of lifestyle, perceived risk, or local HIV prevalence. The recommendations incorporate a concept known as "opt-out" testing, which notifies all patients that testing will be performed unless an individual explicitly declines. Although the CDC guidelines do not explicitly indicate how patients should be notified about testing, separate written informed consent would no longer be required, but rather general consent for medical care would be sufficient. Similarly, counseling would not be required with HIV diagnostic testing or as part of HIV screening programs. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | PROGRESS REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | POLICYMAKERS | HIV TESTING | SCREENING | CDC | HEALTH POLICY | COUNSELING | HUMAN RIGHTS | EPIDEMIOLOGY | LEGISLATION | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | USPHS | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Policy | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Public Health Document Number: 309336 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: Reviving reproductive health. Author: Horton R Source: Lancet. 2006 Nov 4;368(9547):1549. Abstract: The launch of the series--and campaign--on sexual and reproductive health in The Lancet draws attention to an issue that has been utterly marginalised from the global conversation about health and well-being during the past decade. In addition to this inherent value, reproductive health is also a critical underpinning foundation for The Lancet's broader initiatives on maternal, newborn, and child health. For both intrinsic and instrumental reasons, therefore, it is time to put sexual and reproductive health--sometimes known as the missing Millennium Development Goal--centre stage of international efforts to defeat poverty and preventable illness. The Lancet's Sexual and Reproductive Health Steering Group, led by Anna Glasier and Metin Gülmezoglu, and informed by a vigorous peer-review meeting held in Geneva earlier this year, has chosen four aspects to focus on--sexual behaviour, family planning, unsafe abortion, and sexually transmissible infection. Either side of this core agenda is an introductory analysis of the epidemiological importance of these issues and a call to action. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | PANEL DISCUSSION | POLICYMAKERS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | CONTRACEPTION | ABORTION | CULTURE | CDC | POLITICAL FACTORS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Group Meeting | Communication | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Health | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Family Planning | Fertility Control, Postconception | Sociocultural Factors | USPHS | Government Agencies | Organizations Document Number: 309640 Notification |
| 22. Title: Wiring the HIV / AIDS system: building interorganizational infrastructure to link people, sites, and networks. Author: Indyk D; Rier DA Source: Social Work in Health Care. 2006;42(3-4):29-45. Abstract: This paper presents a case example of the new "geometry of care", by examining selected examples from five facets of a program developed by the lead author and in operation since 1989. This program is designed to understand, build, revise, and maintain the organizational infrastructure with which to link diverse players and sites, and combine these into a web for producing, assessing, and exchanging the information needed to combat HIV/AIDS. Each example demonstrates how opportunities were exploited for developing and linking resources within and between systems of care and prevention. The program began as an iterative and systems approach to improve access of high-risk, hard-to-reach inner city New York populations to HIV/AIDS services, treatment, and research. The approach is also currently being further elaborated and applied in Argentina and India, and is adaptable to other local and global public health challenges. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NEW YORK | PROGRESS REPORT | CASE STUDIES | URBAN POPULATION | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | HIV PREVENTION | ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | COORDINATION | CDC | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | HOSPITALS | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Health | Primary Health Care | Health Services | USPHS | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Health Facilities Document Number: 309204 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: CDC consultation on methamphetamine use and sexual risk behavior for HIV / STD infection: summary and suggestions. Author: Mansergh G; Purcell DW; Stall R; McFarlane M; Semaan S Source: Public Health Reports. 2006 Mar-Apr;121(2):127-132. Abstract: In January 2005, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention hosted a national consultation of scientists, public health officials, and community service providers to address growing concerns about the association of methamphetamine use and sexual risk behavior for HIV/STD infection, which is well documented among men who have sex with men. The purpose of the consultation was to review a representation of the current state of the science and practice on the topic in order to reduce the situational link of methamphetamine use and sexual risk. A set of suggestions for future research and programs were developed by the participants. This article provides a summary of content and recommendations from the consultation, and not an exhaustive review of the literature. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | HEALTH PERSONNEL | GOVERNMENT | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | HEALTH POLICY | PUBLIC HEALTH | CDC | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Policy | USPHS | Government Agencies | Organizations | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases Document Number: 300372 |
| 24. Title: Correlation of CD4 count, CD4% and HIV viral load with clinical manifestations of HIV in infected Indian children. Author: Shah I Source: Annals of Tropical Paediatrics. 2006 Jun;26(2):115-119. Abstract: Aim: To correlate the absolute CD4 count, CD4% and HIV viral load with different clinical manifestations of HIV in antiretroviral-naive children. Setting: The paediatric and perinatal HIV clinic in a tertiary care hospital over a period of 4 years, from January 1999 to December 2003. Materials and Methods: A total of 92 highly active antiretroviral-naive, HIV- 1-infected children were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. The clinical manifestations, age, sex and CDC classification of each patient were determined. CD4 count, CD4% and HIV-1 viral load were estimated at presentation and correlated with various clinical manifestations of HIV disease. Results: CD4% was higher in infants (p<0.001) and lower in children over 5 years of age (p=0.01). Boys had a higher absolute CD4 count than girls (769±517 vs 532±430 cells/mm(3), p=0.02). Patients with lymphadenopathy (n=43) had a high CD4 count (840±487 cells/mm(3), p=0.01) whereas patients with HIV cardiomyopathy (n=4) had low CD4 counts (mean 182 cells/mm(3), p=0.04). In patients with failure to thrive (n=29), the CD4% was low (14±9%, p=0.02) and HIV-1 viral load was high (mean 4.5x10(5) copies/ml, p50.03). CD4 count, CD4% and HIV viral load did not correlate with the stage of the disease as per the CDC classification. Conclusion: HIV viral load, CD4 cell count and CD4% vary with age and disease complications in HIV-infected children. However, CD4 count, CD4% and viral load did not correlate with CDC classification. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | CLASSIFICATION | CHILDREN | INFANT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | AGE FACTORS | SEX FACTORS | CYTOLOGY | HEART DISEASES | DEFICIENCY DISEASES | CDC | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Biology | Nutrition Disorders | USPHS | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 302145 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: CDC recommends expensive vaccine for all girls aged 11-12. Author: Tanne J Source: BMJ. British Medical Journal. 2006 Jul 15;333(7559):114. Abstract: Girls aged 11 or 12 years should receive Merck's vaccine Gardasil to prevent infection with the sexually transmitted papillomavirus strains that cause most cervical cancers, a committee of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended last week. The decision by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices aroused worries among doctors and health providers over the vaccine's cost and objections from religious conservatives, who fear it may encourage promiscuity. The vaccine is the first to prevent cancer, the first against a sexually transmitted disease, and the first to be approved for only one sex--although it may later be given to boys. It was approved last month by the Food and Drug Administration. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | CDC | HPV | INFECTION PREVENTION | VACCINATION | CANCER | PRODUCT APPROVAL | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | USPHS | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Immunization | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Neoplasms | Legislation Document Number: 302937 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: CDC warning: family planners should be on the lookout for lymphogranuloma venereum. Source: Contraceptive Technology Update. 2005 Mar;26(3):[3] p.. Abstract: An outbreak of a type of Chlamydia trachomatis, lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) has occurred in the Netherlands and other European countries, which has led infectious disease officials with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to ask U.S. clinicians to look out for LGV cases. Clinicians may find it difficult to diagnose LGV since its symptoms are not recognized as typical symptoms of an STD and are similar to those that are caused by other conditions and infections, notes Catherine McLean, MD, medical epidemiologist with the CDC Division of STD Prevention. “So it’s important to alert health care providers to watch for these symptoms in their patients, especially among MSM [men who have sex with men], and evaluate and treat patients as appropriate,” she says. The systemic STD LGV is extremely rare in the United States and Europe, although its prevalence is greater in Africa, Southeast Asia, Central and South America, and Caribbean countries. However, from April 2003 to September 2004, there were 92 confirmed cases of LGV reported among MSM in the Netherlands. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RECOMMENDATIONS | PROVIDERS WITH CLIENTS | CDC | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | RISK FACTORS | HIV INFECTIONS | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | ANTIBIOTICS | TREATMENT | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | USPHS | Government Agencies | Organizations | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Biology | Viral Diseases | Drugs Document Number: 281905 |
| 27. Title: New microbicides enter trials in United States. Source: AIDS ALERT. 2005 Jan;20(1):10-11. Abstract: Two potential candidates in the microbicide research pipeline are set to be examined in clinical trials, with research to focus on the safety and acceptability in healthy women and women infected with HIV. Two agents are scheduled to be studied at the Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center in Decatur, GA, says Lisa Grohskopf, MD, MPH, a medical epidemiologist with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), which is sponsoring the research. The agents are UC-781, a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, and cellulose acetate phthalate, a pharmaceutical excipient used for enteric film coating of tablets and capsules. UC-781 works by blocking reverse transcriptase, a protein that HIV needs to make more copies of itself, she explains. Cellulose acetate phthalate has a less specific form of action; it appears to inactivate the virus, she notes. The first study, which should begin enrolling this fall, will be a Phase I study of the safety and acceptability of UC-781 gel, says Frances Priddy, MD, MPH, associate director at the clinic and assistant professor of medicine at Emory University at Atlanta. Scientists will test the gel in approximately 36 healthy, HIV-negative women and also will test the gel for safety in a smaller number of HIV-infected women, she states. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NEW YORK | PROGRESS REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | GENETIC TECHNIQUES | WOMEN | MICROBICIDES | HIV PREVENTION | PROTEINS | CDC | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Demographic Factors | Population | Drugs | Treatment | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Physiology | Biology | USPHS | Government Agencies | Organizations Document Number: 291426 |
| 28. Title: Uganda (2005): HIV / AIDS TRaC study examining safe water use among people living with HIV / AIDS. First round. Author: Population Services International [PSI]. Research Division Source: Washington, D.C., PSI, Research Division, 2005. [22] p. (Social Marketing Research SeriesPSI Dashboard) Kampala, Uganda, April, 2005. Abstract: The PSI - Uganda HIV services portfolio, with support from CDC, is expanding to include care and support for PLHA with the introduction of the HIV Basic Care Package program. This study aimed to collect data for two purposes; monitoring program performance and identification of the behavioral determinants that drive or inhibit safe water use among PLHA. The HIV Basic Care Program through organizations working with PLHA, will provide and promote use of the following components of the Basic Care Package - cotrimoxazole prophylaxis (Septrin), safe water systems (SWS), Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNs), condoms, family planning and Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT) services. This program has a communication component with two primary messages for PLHA: how to prevent opportunistic infections; and, how to prevent the transmission of HIV to others. In the program, pilot sites will receive commodities, IEC and training, while others will start with IEC. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | EVALUATION REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | BASELINE SURVEYS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | WATER SUPPLY | BED NETS | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | CONDOM USE | CDC | SANITATION | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Evaluation | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Natural Resources | Environment | Parasite Control | Public Health | Health | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Behavior | USPHS | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 317020 |
| 29. Title: Medical organizations support condom use. Author: Alford S Source: Washington, D.C., Advocates for Youth, 2005. [2] p. (Issues at a Glance) Abstract: Clinical considerations for the pediatrician: Help ensure that all adolescents have knowledge of and access to contraception, including barrier methods and emergency contraception supplies. Pediatricians should actively support and encourage the use of reliable contraception and condoms by adolescents who are sexually active or contemplating sexual activity. In the interest of public health, restrictions and barriers to condom availability should be removed. Schools are an appropriate site for the availability of condoms in a community program because they contain large adolescent populations. Health professionals have an obligation to provide the best possible care to respond to the needs of their adolescent patients. This care should, at a minimum, include comprehensive reproductive health services, such as sexuality education, counseling...[and] access to contraceptives. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | PHYSICIANS | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | PSYCHOLOGISTS | NURSES AND NURSING | ADVOCACY | CONDOM USE | CDC | WHO | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Psychology | Social Sciences | Science | Communication | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | USPHS | Government Agencies | UN | International Agencies Document Number: 315687 |
| 30. Title: African conference highlights gaps in vaccination. Author: Baleta A Source: Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2005 Aug;5(8):472-473. Abstract: 10 million children in sub-Saharan Africa have never been immunised against preventable infectious diseases although the vaccines are available. The high cost of the vaccines, the lack of political will and infrastructure are just some of the obstacles in the way of getting these life-saving vaccines to children in the region, according to speakers at a conference at the University of Cape Town’s recently launched Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine. About 50 scientists, paediatricians, and public-health officials from 15 countries in sub-Saharan Africa met to develop vaccinology expertise in the region. They discussed key strategies including building sustainable research capacity to develop vaccines and to reduce the massive disease burden in their countries. About 10 million children under the age of 5 years die annually worldwide, with 80% of these deaths occurring in Africa. Approximately a third of them can be prevented by vaccines against measles, pertussis, diphtheria, tetanus, hepatitis B, Haemophilus in- fluenzae, and rotavirus. These vaccines are licensed in all African countries but because of operational problems, they are not getting to the children . (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | GOVERNMENT AGENCIES | HEALTH PERSONNEL | GASTROINTESTINAL EFFECTS | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | CDC | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Organizations | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Physiology | Biology | Infections | Diseases | Research Methodology | USPHS Document Number: 289078 |
 |
||
 |
Information & Knowledge for Optimal Health (INFO) Project 111 Market Place Suite 310, Baltimore, MD 21202 Phone: 410-659-6300 Fax: 410-659-6266 Security & Privacy Policy |  |