1.  Title: Health care to HIV / AIDS patients in Brazil. Author: Portela MC; Lotrowska M Source: Revista de Saude Publica / Journal of Public Health. 2006 Apr;40 Suppl:70-79. Abstract: This study was intended to assess care provided to those living with HIV/AIDS in Brazil and the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) capacity of delivering interventions to cope with the epidemic as well as to discuss the sustainability of the Brazilian initiative of providing universal free access to antiretrovirals (ARVs). Original data from a study comprising 119 respondents on the potential capacity of delivering a prospective HIV vaccine in Brazil was used. Inpatient and pharmaceutical care was based on data from the SUS Hospital Information System and Drug Logistics Management Systems of the National Program for STD/AIDS. The study results indicate good performance of the Brazilian ARV Access Program but access to treatment of opportunistic infections was, however, unsatisfactory. The rates covered by SUS for AIDS hospital admissions remained very low, on average around R$700 in 2004. Health care to HIV/AIDS patients has been considered a citizen's right strongly supported by an effective joint action of the Brazilian government and civil society. The current challenges are fine monitoring of processes and program results and ensuring sustainability of universal free ARV access. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | HIV INFECTIONS | NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICES | CARRYING CAPACITY | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | LOGISTICS | MONITORING | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | AIDS PREVENTION | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health | Health Services | Natural Resources | Environment | Programs | Organization and Administration | Management | Evaluation | HIV | AIDS Document Number: 312817 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: Introducing hepatitis B virus vaccine into the expanded programme on immunization in Bangladesh: a proposed method to evaluate whether the existing infrastructure has the capacity. Author: Trama A; Walker D; Fox-Rushby J Source: Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition. 2005 Mar;23(1):25-33. Abstract: To determine whether the existing Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) in Bangladesh has the capacity to introduce the hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine, this study was carried out in all the nine health facilities, which maintain a cold-chain, in Chandpur district of Bangladesh. The research, focusing specifically on cold-chain equipment, aimed at developing and applying an indicator of the use of cold-chain equipment. A structured questionnaire, developed and field-tested, was used for collecting information on cold-chain equipment and their use-rate. Data were used for estimating the resources needed to introduce the HBV vaccine and for increasing the coverage of measles and DPT vaccines. The findings of the study showed that the use-rate of cold-chain equipment in this district was low, suggesting that the district has sufficient spare capacity to introduce and sustain the storage of an increased quantity of vaccines. This paper suggests an approach to study capacity in relation to infrastructural facilities. By measuring the capacity of capital equipment, the study has illustrated that the measurement of resourceuse rates provides useful information about the burden that a new vaccine places on the EPI. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | CHILD | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | VACCINES | HEPATITIS | IMMUNIZATION | CARRYING CAPACITY | LOGISTICS | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | MEASLES | NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICES | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Organization and Administration | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Natural Resources | Environment | Management Document Number: 286993 |
| 3. Title: Guidelines for assessing costs in a logistics system: an example of transport cost analysis. Author: Abdallah H Source: Arlington, Virginia, John Snow [JSI], DELIVER, 2004. [43] p. (USAID Contract No. HRN-C-00-00-00010-00) Abstract: Financial analysis is relevant for all major components of the logistics cycle. Any given organization can perform various functions of a supply chain, from procurement to warehousing and transport, each requiring unique or shared resources with associated costs. When an organization performs more than one function, to optimize the use of available resources, trade-offs can be made between these costs. Financial analysis can also be performed to rationalize the use of resources between several organizations performing various functions of the logistics cycle. While cost analysis is an area that has benefited from extensive attention and financial investment in the United States private industry (from manufacturing to retail), its application in country contexts where DELIVER works has largely been unexplored. There are a few contributing factors. Public sector organizations working with DELIVER have traditionally focused on effectiveness instead of efficiency. The nature of financing programs for pharmaceutical supply chains has also tended to be mainly donor-driven (dealing with donor-funded products). Frequently, complete or timely information to facilitate financial analysis is often unavailable, and tools and approaches to the specific environments must be adopted and customized. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MANUAL | EVALUATION | USAID | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | LOGISTICS | COST EFFECTIVENESS | TRANSPORTATION | CARRYING CAPACITY | DISTANCE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Government Agencies | Organizations | Quantitative Evaluation | Management | Organization and Administration | Evaluation Indexes | Economic Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Geographic Factors | Population Document Number: 285453 |
| 4. Title: Sayil revisited: inferring terminal classic population size and dynamics in the west-central Yucatán Peninsula. [Regreso a Sayil: deducción del tamaño y la dinámica de la población durante el período Clásico Terminal en la región central oeste de la península de Yucatán] Author: Andrews BW Source: Human Ecology. 2004 Oct;32(5):593-613. Abstract: Research at the site of Sayil in the Yucatan Peninsula has provided a valuable database for making inferences about the Terminal Classic (A.D. 750–1000) occupation of the Puuc region. This article evaluates and modifies previous demographic estimates for the site and considers the long-term implications associated with supporting this many people. Although a relatively high level of population was possible because of the excellent soils in the region, their natural fertility could not have been sustained indefinitely. The apparent demographic load on the proposed Sayil system would have required an intensive cropping strategy that may not have been sustainable for more than 75 years. This conclusion not only indicates how long the principal occupation of Sayil may have lasted, but more importantly, how the occupational dynamics during the Terminal Classic may have played out in the greater Puuc region. (author's) Spanish Abstract: La investigación en el emplazamiento de Sayil en la península de Yucatán ha suministrado una valiosa base de datos para realizar deducciones acerca de la ocupación durante el período Clásico Terminal (750-1000 DC) de la región de Puuc. El presente artículo evalúa y modifica cálculos demográficos previos sobre el emplazamiento y considera las repercusiones a largo plazo asociadas con el apoyo a tal cantidad de personas. Si bien se cree que existía un nivel demográfico relativamente elevado en virtud de los excelentes suelos de la región, su fertilidad natural no se habría sostenido indefinidamente. La supuesta carga demográfica sobre el sistema sugerido de Sayil hubiera exigido una estrategia de cultivos intensivos que quizás no se habría sostenido durante más de 75 años. Esta conclusión no sólo señala la posible extensión de la principal ocupación de Sayil, sino que, fundamentalmente, indica el modo en que la dinámica ocupacional durante el período Clásico Terminal podría haber influido en la vasta región Puuc. (del autor) Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | HISTORICAL REVIEW | NATIVE AMERICANS | AGRICULTURE | LAND AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT | POPULATION PRESSURE | POPULATION THEORY | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | CARRYING CAPACITY | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | North America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Rural Development | Natural Resources | Environment | Demography | Social Sciences | Economic Development Document Number: 281577 |
| 5. Title: Sustainability ethics: world population growth and migration. Author: Cairns J Jr Source: Mankind Quarterly. 2004 Winter;45(2):169-194. Abstract: Large demographic shifts will have many effects on the quest for sustainable use of the planet. Using Garrett Hardin's simile, which portrays Earth as a lifeboat, achieving sustainability requires a dispassionate, objective appraisal of the rate at which additional people can be taken aboard without sinking the lifeboat. However, the world population increase is not uniform among countries, and the growing rate of international migration from countries that have a high fertility rate to countries with a more equable rate is spreading the ecological threat contingent on over population to all habitable regions of the globe. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | MIGRANTS | ETHICS | POPULATION GROWTH | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | CARRYING CAPACITY | ECOLOGY | QUALITY OF LIFE | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Social Welfare Document Number: 283237 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Overpopulation, sustainable development, and security: developing an integrated strategy. Author: Cassils JA Source: Population and Environment. 2004 Jan;25(3):171-194. Abstract: This paper proposes a symposium on overpopulation, sustainable development, and security. These issues are usually treated separately by politicians and the public, but addressing them intelligently requires seeing the interconnections. Many scientists warn that growing human numbers and consumption are undermining the carrying capacity of the Earth. Unfortunately, their advice has not been heeded as it is perceived as being contrary to some prevailing economic and social interests. This symposium would draw together some of the leading minds on the population/ resource issue for the purpose of initiating a process to bridge the gap between scientific concerns and public policy. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH PROPOSAL | RECOMMENDATIONS | POPULATION | POLICYMAKERS | OVERPOPULATION | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | CARRYING CAPACITY | ECOLOGY | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | WAR | POPULATION THEORY | POPULATION POLICY | POPULATION CONTROL | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Natural Resources | Environment | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Demography | Social Sciences | Social Policy Document Number: 194363 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Human carrying capacity is determined by food availability. Author: Hopfenberg R Source: Population and Environment. 2003 Nov;25(2):109-117. Abstract: Simple mathematical models have illustrated the relationship between human carrying capacity and population growth. In this study, food supply is proposed as the variable which best accounts for the human carrying capacity. The logistic equation, using food supply data as a variable carrying capacity, yields population estimates which are in accord with actual population numbers. That food supply data adequately fits the logistic model of human population dynamics provides evidence that, consistent with ecological notions typically applied only to nonhuman species, human population increases are a function of increased food availability. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | THEORETICAL STUDIES | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | LOGISTIC MODEL | POPULATION | CARRYING CAPACITY | FOOD SUPPLY | POPULATION GROWTH | AGRICULTURE | ECOLOGY | POPULATION DYNAMICS | POPULATION THEORY | CULTURE | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Natural Resources | Environment | Demographic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Demography | Social Sciences Document Number: 194361 |
| 8. Title: The Seventeenth Asian Parliamentarians' Meeting on Population and Development, Auckland, New Zealand, May 4-5, 2001. Author: Asian Population and Development Association Source: [Tokyo, Japan], Asian Population and Development Association, 2001. 142 p. Abstract: This document presents a summary on the 17th Asian Parliamentarians' Meeting on Population and Development held in Auckland, New Zealand from May 4-5, 2001. The first part of this document presents the program of the meeting. Addresses delivered in the opening ceremony by different representatives of organizations are then presented. The details on the two sessions of the meeting are also highlighted. Entitled "Carrying Capacity in Asia and the Pacific," Session I focuses on food and water resources. Session II, "Food Security and Population Issues," focuses on environment and sustainability. There was also a panel discussion entitled "Globalization and Sustainable Development," which focused on the future of Asia and the Pacific. Finally, this document highlights the closing addresses of the 2-day event and presents the list of participants attending the meeting. Language: English Keywords: NEW ZEALAND | ASIA | OCEANIA | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | POPULATION | POPULATION GROWTH | CARRYING CAPACITY | ENVIRONMENT | NATURAL RESOURCES | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | WATER SUPPLY | Developed Countries | Developing Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Rural Development | Economic Factors | Environmental Degradation Document Number: 166309 |
| 9. Title: Carrying capacity in Asia and the Pacific with focus on food and water resources: case study of Sri Lanka. Author: Abeykoon AT Source: In: The Seventeenth Asian Parliamentarians' Meeting on Population and Development, Auckland, New Zealand, May 4-5, 2001, [compiled by] Asian Population and Development Association. [Tokyo, Japan], Asian Population and Development Association, 2001. :43-9. Abstract: This paper focuses on the impact of population growth on the water resources in Sri Lanka. It is noted that the first scientific census of population of the country was undertaken during the British period in 1871 where the total population was enumerated at 2.4 million. Between 1871 and 2001, the absolute size of population has increased by 8 times and such, the density of population of the country has also increased from 37 persons per sq. km to 300 during the same period. Consequently, the demand for water has increased due to population increase resulting in greater use of fresh water for agriculture, industry and for domestic use. Globally, it is noted that agriculture accounts for 69% of all annual water withdrawals; industrial use about 23% and 8% for domestic use. Hence, with the growing population and rising per capita consumption and pollution, fresh water resources will become scarce in the future. To avoid this, it is suggested that it is necessary to conserve water, minimize pollution, manage supply and demand of water resources, and retard population growth. In addition to the establishment of water supply schemes in urban and rural areas by the National Water Supply and Drainage Board, the Sri Lankan government is currently attentive on the need for an efficient water management system. Language: English Keywords: SRI LANKA | CASE STUDIES | POPULATION GROWTH | WATER SUPPLY | FOOD SUPPLY | CARRYING CAPACITY | AGRICULTURE | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | POLICY | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Natural Resources | Environment | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Environmental Degradation Document Number: 166308 |
| 10. Title: Net energy cost and population [letter] Author: Adams WR Source: WORLD WATCH. 2001 May-Jun;14(3):6. Abstract: Proposed solutions to the global energy problem emphasize how to replace usage levels of fossil fuels with some form of renewable energy. However, little or no attention is given to the question of whether usage may be already exceeding the sustainable source/sink capacity of the Earth. For 50% of the Earth's land area to be reserved for nonhuman species, as wildlife biologists would consider reasonable, and for the entire human population to live a comfortable, American lifestyle, the global population would have to be one tenth what it is today. The implications for the energy problem are clear: 1) the end of the petroleum company is drawing near; 2) large uncertainties are associated with net energy calculations; 3) compilation of accurate true net cost figures for alternative energy sources should be started; and 4) encouragement must be given to a new breed of economists who understand clearly the "infinite supply" fallacy and its erroneous effects on net energy cost calculations. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | OVERPOPULATION | CARRYING CAPACITY | ENERGY SUPPLY | Natural Resources | Environment Document Number: 157017 |
| 11. Title: Carrying capacity's new guise: folk models for public debate and longitudinal study of environmental change. Author: Cliggett L Source: Africa Today. 2001;48(1):3-19. Abstract: Current public debates about the environment often assume a clear relationship between resource availability and population growth: more people mean fewer resources. Over the past 3 decades, scholars in the social and natural sciences have disassembled the notion of carrying capacity to demonstrate that relationships between humans and their ecosystems are more open, fluid, and complex than the concept allows. Despite scholarly recognition of the problems with carrying capacity, the term, and its underlying logic, endures. By reframing the concept as a folk model, the authors continue to highlight ecological relationships and advance arguments for conservation, but also acknowledge the complexity of human-environment links, which formal applications of carrying capacity ignore. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | EUROPE | CRITIQUE | POPULATION GROWTH | ENVIRONMENT | ECOLOGY | CARRYING CAPACITY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Natural Resources Document Number: 162806 |
| 12. Title: Population carrying capacity in the Pacific. Author: McMurray C Source: In: The Seventeenth Asian Parliamentarians' Meeting on Population and Development, Auckland, New Zealand, May 4-5, 2001, [compiled by] Asian Population and Development Association. [Tokyo, Japan], Asian Population and Development Association, 2001. :50-68. Abstract: This paper assesses the carrying capacity of the Pacific Region. It notes that factors such as population/resources ratio, food preferences and the population distribution, limited purchasing power, availability and quality of water, and lack of capital to exploit resources, indicate that there is little surplus carrying capacity in the region, given the existing population levels. This situation can be expected to worsen if existing land use practices and population trends continue. Research has pointed out that in small island states, political and economic barriers that prevent food security are as much to blame as the restricted resource base. Natural disasters and a reduction of purchasing power due to economic problems indicate that safety margins are very small. Moreover, inappropriate communication between government officials and communities has limited the effectiveness of development strategies that should have remedied such problems. A broader assessment of carrying capacity that included capacity to support populations in a modern lifestyle and capacity to sustain the demand for imports would probably conclude that most Pacific countries are already overpopulated. Language: English Keywords: OCEANIA | SUMMARY REPORT | STUDIES | POPULATION | CARRYING CAPACITY | FOOD SUPPLY | WATER SUPPLY | ENVIRONMENT | NATURAL DISASTERS | ECONOMIC CONDITIONS | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Natural Resources | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 166304 |
| 13. Title: Increasing population and declining biological resources in the context of global change and globalization. Author: Ramakrishnan PS Source: Journal of Biosciences. 2001 Nov;26(4 Suppl):465-479. Abstract: In the context of over-consumption of natural resources in the name of development and rapid industrialization by a small section of the human population that is rapidly growing, the world is currently faced with a variety of environmental uncertainties. “Global change” covering a whole variety of ecological issues, and “globalization” in an economic sense, are two major phenomena that are responsible for these uncertainties. There is increasing evidence to suggest that the developing countries more than the developed, particularly the marginalized traditional (those living close to nature and natural resources) societies would be the worst sufferers. In order to cope with this problem in a situation where the traditional societies have to cope with rapidly depleting biodiversity on which they are dependant for their livelihood, there is an urgent need to explore additional pathways for sustainable management of natural resources and societal development. Such pathways should be based on a landscape management strategy, that takes into consideration the rich traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) that these societies have. This is critical because TEK is the connecting link between conservation and sustainable development. This paper explores the possibilities in this direction through a balanced approach to development, that links the “traditional” with the “modern”, in a location-specific way. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | POPULATION GROWTH | URBANIZATION | MIGRATION | BIODIVERSITY | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | ECOLOGY | ENVIRONMENT | ECONOMIC CONDITIONS | INDUSTRIALIZATION | CARRYING CAPACITY | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | FOOD SUPPLY | CULTURE | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Economic Development | Natural Resources Document Number: 176105 |
| 14. Title: Carrying capacity of Asia as influenced by environmental resources. Author: Zembei U Source: In: The Seventeenth Asian Parliamentarians' Meeting on Population and Development, Auckland, New Zealand, May 4-5, 2001, [compiled by] Asian Population and Development Association. [Tokyo, Japan], Asian Population and Development Association, 2001. :31-42. Abstract: Session 1 of the 17th Asian Parliamentarians' Meeting on Population and Development focused on the carrying capacity of Asia. It notes that in Asia, high yielding agricultural methods, supported by modern technology, are expected to bring about higher production independent of times and regions. However, as crop production data indicate clearly, crop production is still sensitive or vulnerable to fluctuation and change in environmental conditions, particularly climatic conditions. In order to mitigate and/or solve the anthropogenic threat and to make sustainable symbiosis among whole living things, there is a need to make clear the human-carrying capacity of a given region and/or country. Thus, the phytoclimatic characteristics of Asia and the supply-demand relation of foods and carrying capacity are thoroughly discussed. Language: English Keywords: ASIA | LITERATURE REVIEW | CARRYING CAPACITY | ENERGY SUPPLY | FOOD SUPPLY | RESOURCES | ENVIRONMENT | Developing Countries | Natural Resources | Organization and Administration Document Number: 166303 |
| 15. Title: Population growth and earth's human carrying capacity. Author: Cohen JE Source: In: Consumption, population, and sustainability: perspectives from science and religion, edited by Audrey R. Chapman, Rodney L. Petersen, and Barbara Smith-Moran. Washington, D.C., Island Press, 2000. :55-70. Abstract: The human carrying capacity of earth is determined both by natural ecological constraints, but also by human choices concerning economics, environment, culture, and demography. The deceptively simple question “How many people can the earth support?” hides a host of thorny issues: How many people with what fashions, tastes, and values? How many people at what average level of material well-being? With what technology? How many people for how long? In this context, the author critically examines historical estimates of the maximum number of people the earth can sustain, as well as six statistical methods used to estimate carrying capacity. He also presents three approaches that have been advocated to ease future trade-offs among population, economic well-being, environmental quality and cultural values. These approaches are: the “bigger pie” school, which calls for developing more technology; the “fewer forks” school, which advocates slowing or stopping population growth; and the “better manners” school, which supports improving the terms under which individuals interact, such as a more respectful use of resources or decision to bear additional children. The author concludes that each of these approaches is probably necessary, but not sufficient alone, to alleviate the problems of population growth. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | CRITIQUE | POPULATION GROWTH | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | CARRYING CAPACITY | ECONOMIC FACTORS | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | CULTURE | Population Dynamics | Population | Natural Resources | Environment Document Number: 163503 |
| 16. Title: Population-development-environment linkages in India. Author: Gulati SC Source: [Unpublished] 2000. Presented at the Millennium Conference on Population, Development and Environmental Nexus, New Delhi, India, February 14-16, 2000. 30 p. Abstract: This paper examines the population-development-environment linkages in India. Divided into 13 sections, it analyzes the condition of India's environment and discusses the issue of the effect of population growth on the environment as well as the development process in the country. Sections 2 and 3 give an overview of Earth's carrying capacity and a historical perspective on the linkages. Section 4 addresses the controversial issue of the underlying factors contributing to global environmental degradation. It offers perspectives on both developed and developing countries. Section 5 deals with the environmental impacts of population pressure. Sections 6-12 discuss India's population and urbanization process, followed by a summary of its effect on India's natural resources. The discussion includes India's land use and food production patterns; poverty; forestry; energy production; traffic congestion; air pollution; and water pollution. Section 13 concludes with recommendations for development programs and policies. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | POPULATION GROWTH | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | CARRYING CAPACITY | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | NATURAL RESOURCES | POVERTY | DEVELOPMENT PLANNING | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Environment | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 154600 |
| 17. Title: [A study of reproductive health improvement in rural China: the background, objectives and methodology] Author: Liu Y; Shen S; Yan D Source: Chinese Primary Health Care. 2000 Sep;14(9):4-7. Abstract: In order to explore effective and efficient ways for improving reproductive health (RH) services in poor rural China, the Foreign Loan Office of the Ministry of Health is carrying out a reproductive health improvement project (RHIP). It is financed by Ford Foundation and in parallel with a World Bank Loan Basic Health Services Project (Health VIII Project). A RH service needs assessment has been organized in four poverty counties. They are Song County in Henan Province, Yushe County in Shanxi Province, Dafang County in Guizhou Province and Huzhu County in Qinghai Province. The objectives of the study are: (1) getting better understanding of the current status of RH, (2) identifying the needs of RH services of the rural poor, especially of women, (3) analyzing the capacity of service provision and its utilization, and (4) exploring the constraints of RH improvement and recommending strategies for intervention. Both quantitative and qualitative methods are applied including health facility survey, questionnaire survey and participatory rural assessment. (author's) Language: Chinese Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | RURAL POPULATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | HEALTH SERVICES EVALUATION | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | CARRYING CAPACITY | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Management | Organization and Administration | Health | Program Evaluation | Programs | Natural Resources | Environment | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 293128 |
| 18. Title: Population policy: could it work in a neoliberal world? Author: Proctor D Source: [Unpublished] 2000. Presented at the Australian Population Association conference, Melbourne, Australia, November 30, 2000. 14 p. Abstract: During the UN Conference on Population and Development held in Cairo in September 1994, and subsequently at all follow-up meetings generally known as the Hague Forum and Cairo +5, it was agreed that all countries participating would develop a population policy. While many countries in the developing world have completed this task, some developed countries have not. Australia is one of those who have not. There is no general agreement on what a population policy for Australia would look like. While developing countries are usually concerned with excessive population increase, Australia, together with a number of other developed countries, is tied to the concept of economic growth above all else. Matters of immigration and falling fertility rates cloud the issue even further. This has meant that neither major political party has addressed the issue adequately. There are staggeringly different estimates of the carrying capacity of Australia's fragile environment. There are some who argue that the concept of "carrying capacity" is not viable. There are some that do not even bring environmental concerns into the concept of a population policy. This paper will discuss some of these issues. It will particularly focus on Australia's need to at least have a working idea, acceptable to all, of what a population policy should contain, and will take into account the global perspective, where with a population expected to increase to at least 10 billion, can some countries, legitimately and morally be working to increase their populations while others are overburdened with people to whom the most basic services are unavailable. Where does resource usage and management fit into this equation? While this paper will not answer these questions, it is hoped that it will give the basis for some rational debate on the issue of possible approaches. The author will suggest that at the very least, the "precautionary principle" should apply to the development of a population policy for a developed, aging population and that the global situation cannot be ignored. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AUSTRALIA | CRITIQUE | THEORETICAL STUDIES | POPULATION POLICY | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | CARRYING CAPACITY | Developed Countries | Oceania | Social Policy | Policy | Economic Factors | Natural Resources | Environment Document Number: 165509 |
| 19. Title: Revisiting carrying capacity: area-based indicators of sustainability. Author: Rees WE Source: In: Consumption, population, and sustainability: perspectives from science and religion, edited by Audrey R. Chapman, Rodney L. Petersen, and Barbara Smith-Moran. Washington, D.C., Island Press, 2000. :71-95. Abstract: Conventional wisdom suggests that because of technology and trade, human carrying capacity is infinitely expandable. By contrast, this essay argues that ecological carrying capacity is the primary basis for demographic accounting… [It] assesses the natural capital stocks, physical flows, and corresponding ecosystems areas required to support the economy using "ecological footprint" analysis. This approach shows that since not all countries can be net importers of carrying capacity, the material standards of the wealthy cannot be sustainably extended to the world using prevailing technology. In this light, sustainability may well depend on such measures as greater emphasis on equity in international relationships, significant adjustments to prevailing terms of trade, increasing regional self-reliance, and policies to increase the material and energy efficiency of economic activity. (excerpt, modified) Language: English Keywords: CRITIQUE | THEORETICAL STUDIES | CARRYING CAPACITY | ECONOMIC FACTORS | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | Natural Resources | Environment | Economic Development Document Number: 163504 |
| 20. Title: Population: Population and the question of carrying capacity. Author: Shiva V Source: Reproductions. 2000 Apr;(3):[3] p.. Abstract: We thought we had put to rest the 1970's, the debate on "environment and population " as it is euphemistically called. It had been shown again and again and again that it is not the large number of the poor who are the primary cause of environment destruction. When the Ehrlichs and other ecologists started talking about the population bomb and population explosion in the early seventies, during the early part of the environment movement, it did not take very long for more realistic ecologists to point out that the resource pressure on this earth did not come from the large number of the poor people. They showed that population growth statistics and resource degradation could not be correlated in any linear, casual function. At least for those of us who looked at the environment movement in the perspective of justice, the debate had been so thoroughly sorted out, we thought it would never rise again. One thing we have learn is that fascism never sleeps permanently. At any opportune moment, it will create the kind of recipes that it will appear as natural solutions to the maintenance of power. At one very simple level, there is no realization that environmental degradation means resource scarcity. That is something that has slipped out of everybody's mind. There are also straightforward statistics that show who uses the most resources. 20% of the world population is using 80% of the world's resources and 80% is using 20%, and the resource base is shrinking. As the environmental conditions deteriorate and the perpetrator realizes that they can not maintain privilege of the same magnitude anymore if things continue. But if, as Bush says, we have to fight to protect the American life style, it amounts to consuming resources at the same level as before, to still continue to get 80% of the world's resources, while resources are depleting because of this skewed utilization. To protect lifestyles that have to be maintained, the only solution is triage. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | POPULATION | POPULATION PRESSURE | CARRYING CAPACITY | POLITICAL FACTORS | NATURAL RESOURCES | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | INDUSTRIALIZATION | CAPITALISM | Environment | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Political Systems Document Number: 289870 |
| 21. Title: [Demographic pressure and political constraints: the farmers of the Fleuve rouge delta during the twentieth century upheaval] Pression demographique et contraintes politiques: la paysannerie du delta du Fleuve Rouge dans la tourmente du XXe siecle. Author: Tessier O; Fontenelle JP Source: In: Population et developpement au Viet-nam, [edited by] Patrick Gubry. Paris, France, Karthala, 2000. :495-527. (Economie et Developpement) Abstract: During the 1930s, when Viet Nam’s Red River Delta had an average population density of 430 inhabitants per sq. km, some agronomists and geographers forecasted a gloomy future for the region’s peasantry due to its overpopulation. However, now with a population density of 1500 people per sq. km, the delta has absorbed a population almost 3 times as large as it used to support without suffering any major economic or social crisis. The authors explore the technical, social, and institutional conditions which have allowed the delta to support and feed an ever-growing population. The paper considers these phenomena and key factors during the colonial era, agrarian reforms leading to production cooperatives in which the peasantry was dispossessed, decollectivization and the return of the peasantry, and the socialist market economy. Since 1995-96, facing mounting difficulties accessing capital and de facto exclusion from already saturated commercial networks, many households are having problems innovating and sustaining themselves. The marginalization of a growing number of families leads to a proletarization of the least financially stable households. The urban/rural equilibrium is precarious as the pauperization of a growing fringe of the peasantry facilitates the possibility of true social instability. Moreover, environmental degradation and Viet Nam’s integration into ASEAN, and therefore the peasantry’s integration into regional networks, will also interfere with the delta region’s future development. French Abstract: Dans les années 1930, et au moment où le delta du Fleuve Rouge du Viêt-nam avait une densité moyenne de 430 habitants par km carré, certains agronomes et géographes ont prédis un avenir sombre pour la paysannerie de la région comme résultat de sa surpopulation. Mais aujourd'hui, le delta avec sa densité humaine de 1500 habitants par km carré a absorbé une population près de trois fois supérieure qu'auparavant sans souffrir aucune crise économique ou sociale majeure. Les auteurs explorent quelles sont les conditions techniques, sociales, et institutionnelles qui ont permis au delta du Fleuve Rouge de supporter et de nourrir une population humaine toujours plus nombreuse. Le texte considère les phénomènes et les facteurs importants durant l'époque coloniale, le mouvement d'une réforme agraire aux coopératives de production dans lequel la paysannerie a été dépossédée, la décollectivisation ou le retour de la paysannerie, et l'économie « socialiste de marché ». Depuis 1995-1996, face à une inégalité croissante d'accès au capital et à une exclusion de fait de réseaux de commercialisation déjà saturés, beaucoup de foyers ont des difficultés à innover et à assurer leur autosubsistance. La marginalisation d'un nombre croissant de familles mène à une prolétarisation des foyers les plus fragiles économiquement. L'équilibre ville/campagne semble fragile pendant que la paupérisation d'une frange croissante de la paysannerie facilite la possibilité d'une vraie déstabilisation sociale. De plus, la dégradation de l'environnement et l'intégration du pays à l'ASEAN, et par conséquent l'intégration de la paysannerie dans des réseaux de dépendance régionaux, vont aussi interférer sur le développement à venir du delta. Language: French Keywords: VIETNAM | HISTORICAL REVIEW | POPULATION PRESSURE | CARRYING CAPACITY | LAND SUPPLY | POLITICAL FACTORS | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | AGRARIAN REFORM | ECONOMIC FACTORS | HOUSEHOLDS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Natural Resources | Environment | Labor Force | Human Resources | Rural Development | Family and Household Document Number: 156172 |
| 22. Title: Reflections on sustainability, population growth, and the environment -- revisited. Author: Bartlett AA Source: CARRYING CAPACITY NETWORK FOCUS. 1999;9(1):49-68. Abstract: This article clarifies the definition of the concept of sustainability and the implications of its use. The introduction notes that, during the 1980s, the concept of an agriculturally "sustained yield" began to be more widely applied as an antidote to the specter posed by the book "Limits to Growth." Next, the article points out that the term "sustainable growth" is an oxymoron when applied to material things, that definitions of "sustainable development" give no clue about how this can be achieved, that the term "carrying capacity" is central to discussions of population growth, that prominent individuals in the US deny the population problem, that the US Environmental Protection Agency fails to acknowledge the centrality of population growth to environmental degradation, and that the work of Malthus continues to be marginalized. The essay continues by considering the role of population consumption rather than size, population momentum, the way communities support population growth, and pseudo solutions such as "growth management through smart growth," the creation of jobs, building highways, and regional planning. Next, the essay details the impact of population growth on democracy, war and peace, injustice, and the economy. After presenting a series of laws and hypotheses that clarify implications of the use of the concept of sustainability, the article offers observations as well as technical and political predictions relating to sustainability and ends by defining the challenge of becoming a sustainable society. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | THEORETICAL STUDIES | POPULATION | OVERPOPULATION | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | CARRYING CAPACITY | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | MALTHUSIANISM | DEMOCRACY | WAR | ECONOMIC FACTORS | ECOLOGY | POLITICAL FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Natural Resources | Environment | Economic Development | Population Theory | Demography | Social Sciences | Political Systems Document Number: 139481 |
| 23. Title: No room at the inn, or why population problems are not all economic. Author: Chapman R Source: POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT. 1999 Sep;21(1):81-97. Abstract: This paper argues that 1) population numbers do count, 2) there are good familiar arguments for restricting the cherished rights to reproduce when these rights conflict with 'subsistence' rights, and 3) government intervention is significant if we are to efficiently decrease population growth. An environment where human populations remain within the biological and cultural carrying capacity of their respective geographies is among the conditions vital for human well being. Overpopulation produces serious environmental problems, which many have experienced a lower quality of life. Shortening reproductivity can only serve to improve the global population crisis while, at the same time, encourage a social and political setting in which the most extensive rights and liberties are realized. The increasing human populations jeopardize this enterprise, and the theories of rights providing unlimited freedoms to unburdened individuals lead to systematic abuse both to humans and the natural environment. Language: English Keywords: SUMMARY REPORT | POPULATION SIZE | POPULATION GROWTH | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | OVERPOPULATION | CARRYING CAPACITY | HUMAN RIGHTS | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Natural Resources | Environment Document Number: 144495 |
| 24. Title: How many times has the human population doubled? Comparisons with cancer. Author: Hern WM Source: POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT. 1999 Sep;21(1):59-80. Abstract: The close parallelism between the total number of human population doublings accompanied by increasing growth rates of malignant processes raised disturbing questions about the relationship between the human population and the global environment. Some cancers display decreasing doubling times of cell proliferation during the most rapidly growing phase. In 1998, 32.5 doublings were reached by the human population, with the 33rd doubling expected early in the next century. The 33rd doubling of human-related biomass has been passed in terms of total animal biomass. The human species has passed its 36th doubling in terms of energy use. These calculations are important because the human population is showing several important similarities with the growth of a malignant tumor, which results in the death of the host organism between 37 and 40 doublings. These observations lead to the hypothesis that the human species has become a malignant growth on the planet; if a malignancy continues to develop in an organism until it has ceased to function, the organism dies. Although we cannot demolish the Earth, the global ecosystem can be modified to the point that it will no longer support human or any other complex form of life. Language: English Keywords: SUMMARY REPORT | POPULATION GROWTH | POPULATION SIZE | CARRYING CAPACITY | ANIMALS | ECOLOGY | CANCER | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Natural Resources | Environment | Neoplasms | Diseases Document Number: 144494 |
| 25. Title: 6,000,000,000 consumption machines. Author: Hinrichsen D Source: INTERNATIONAL WILDLIFE. 1999 Sep-Oct;:22-9. Abstract: Human activities caused by population growth and consumption patterns are taking a heavy toll on the Earth's life-support systems as well as on Earth's other species, which are disappearing at record rates as human numbers rise. It has been reported that sometime on October 12, 1999, the 6 billionth human will be born on the planet. This report looks at the collective effect of 6 billion consumption machines on six aspects of the natural world. These include water, forest, air, soil, oceans, and animals. All these resources are projected to deplete substantially and quantifiably in the next years to come, adding to the ongoing degradation of the Earth's natural system happening today. Factors contributing to the drastic increase of exhaustion include population growth and the increasing demands of humans for such expedients. However, successful initiatives are being promoted and undertaken in some countries which could help stabilize the level of consumption of global resources. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | POPULATION PRESSURE | POPULATION GROWTH | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | NATURAL RESOURCES | CONSUMPTION | CARRYING CAPACITY | Environment | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 148105 |
| 26. Title: Carrying capacity reconsidered. Author: Price D Source: POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT. 1999 Sep;21(1):5-26. Abstract: This paper evaluates the utility of the concept of carrying capacity and develops an alternative understanding of population growth. People concerned about overpopulation often discuss carrying capacity. Definitions differ, but everybody shares the idea that there are environmental constraints that limit the size a population can safely attain. Primarily, it is viewed in historical perspective and evidence that support it is criticized. Then the underlying assumptions upon which it is based are reexamined. Limits to growth are observed as both multiple and variable. The mechanism that regulate population is critically reviewed as well as the assumptions of balance in nature and equilibrium in biotic communities. Population growth is reassessed in relation to environmental variability. The description of strategies by which different species cope with variability and identification of the windfall effect is included. Finally, this paper suggests that carrying capacity may be a self-validating belief and that it has limited relevance to human population growth. Language: English Keywords: SUMMARY REPORT | CARRYING CAPACITY | POPULATION GROWTH | POPULATION DENSITY | POPULATION POLICY | POPULATION SIZE | Natural Resources | Environment | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Social Policy | Policy Document Number: 144491 |
| 27. Title: Ethical choices in world of limits: social justice, environmental protection, and immigration limitation. Population-environment balance. Source: CARRYING CAPACITY NETWORK FOCUS. 1998;8(1):55-7. Abstract: Some people who are determined to realize social justice argue that reducing immigration is unjust. Such people typically claim that any effort to reduce levels of immigration are nativist, racist, and xenophobic. People also argue that the desire to reduce immigration is selfish because we have a moral responsibility to provide for all people, and we have the almost infinite resources to do so. The US population is already growing by almost 60,000 people/week, or 3 million people/year. Over half of that growth is due to immigration from refugees and asylees: 1 million people annually are added through legal immigration, 275,000 from illegal immigration, and others are produced through the higher than average fertility rates of recent immigrants. If current trends continue, the US population will double by 2025, with the vast majority of that growth due to immigration. With the US's carrying capacity already challenged by the existing population, claims of what is socially just should be evaluated with regard to the fact that America's own citizens are at risk. Reducing the flow of immigrants to the US does not run counter to the goals of social justice; rather, reducing immigration is an ethical choice which must be made in order to ensure that the poor, homeless, and unemployed in the US also have opportunities. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | CARRYING CAPACITY | ETHICS | IMMIGRANTS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | NEEDS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Natural Resources | Environment | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors Document Number: 134557 |
| 28. Title: Overpopulation question is complex, scientist says. Author: Bauman J Source: DESERET NEWS. 1998 Mar 13;:A11. Abstract: This article presents Joel E. Cohen's lecture on the issue of population growth. Cohen, a professor at Rockefeller and Columbia universities, outlined the complexities involved in estimating the world's ability to support humans. He noted that the world has undergone a startling population explosion, with the total number of humans expected to surpass 6 billion in 1998, doubling the population size in only 40 years. Estimates of the total number of humans the planet can support have been varied over the years. However, the only constant element is that there is a wide gap between the standard of living in rich countries with relatively slow population growth and poor countries, where the population is booming. Statistics compiled in the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s attest to this fact. In addition, demographers show that food supply is not a good indicator of how many people an area can support and the fact that food prices are low does not indicate that there is no scarcity. Hence, there is a need to cope with the flourishing worldwide population. To do this, people should understand the complicated relationship between the physical constraints of the planet's carrying capacity and the choices that people must make. Cohen advocated for an improvement in the world's economic climate through better trade relations between developed and poorer countries. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | POPULATION GROWTH | POPULATION SIZE | CARRYING CAPACITY | OVERPOPULATION | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Natural Resources | Environment Document Number: 147328 |
| 29. Title: Building a new economy. Author: Brown LR; Mitchell J Source: In: State of the world 1998: A Worldwatch Institute report on progress toward a sustainable society. New York, New York, W.W. Norton, 1998. :168-87. Abstract: This essay on the necessity of building a new economy that is environmentally sustainable opens by noting that continued expansion of the world economy as currently structured will destroy natural economic support systems and lead to economic collapse. An ecologically sustainable economic system would respect the carrying capacity of natural systems, be powered by renewable energy sources, and emulate nature by recycling waste. Two key steps will be stabilizing population growth as soon as possible and adopting a solar/hydrogen energy supply. After considering the importance of and means to stabilize population and earth's climate, the essay proposes that tax policy be used to build an environmentally sustainable economy. Instead, governments are actually subsidizing many environmentally destructive activities. Using tax policy would take advantage of the inherent efficiency of the market and would allow changes to occur incrementally. The essay concludes by considering whether the political will exists to create a sustainable economy. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | ECONOMIC FACTORS | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | POPULATION SIZE | CLIMATE | POLICY | POLITICAL FACTORS | ECOLOGY | CARRYING CAPACITY | Environment | Economic Development | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Natural Resources Document Number: 133497 |
| 30. Title: Third world development and population: a reflection. Author: Desta E Source: GEOGRAPHICAL BULLETIN. 1998 May;40(1):24-30. Abstract: "In a world of plenty, many countries continue to suffer from lack of basic necessities.... The reason [that] Third World countries remain underdeveloped is certainly not because of absence of resources or lack of know-how. The relationship between development and population might also be direct but it is not necessarily negative all the time. If the potentials of science and technology are released, most of the constraints of economic sustainability would probably be overcome within a few years." (EXCERPT) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CARRYING CAPACITY | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | POPULATION DYNAMICS | POPULATION GROWTH | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | Natural Resources | Environment | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 256926 |
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