1.  Title: Male circumcision: a cancer prevention strategy? Source: Lancet Oncology. 2009 May;10(5):431. Abstract: Given that less than 20% of males are circumcised in many developing countries, and that male circumcision is relatively simple and reduces viral infection, might this practice be more widely used as a preventive measure against cancer? In developing countries, male circumcision could have a vital role in specific segments of the population depending on the answers to specific scientific and infrasturcture related questions. Discussions around male circumcision strategies should be encouraged within the context of cancer prevention, and these should include local communities alongside assessments of current capacities, measurable targets, cost analyses and modelling, and the development of practicable guidelines, so as to place male circumcision within the possible options available for disease prevention. Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | SUMMARY REPORT | PREVALENCE | MEN | MALE CIRCUMCISION | CANCER | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | HIV PREVENTION | STANDARDS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Neoplasms | Diseases | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases Document Number: 341199 |
| 2. Title: Oral Contraceptives: A Risk Factor for Squamous Cell Carcinoma? Author: Applebaum KM; Nelson HH; Zens MS; Stukel TA; Spencer SK; Karagas MR Source: Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2009 Jun 25; Abstract: Oral contraceptives (OCs) affect the risk of several cancers in women, but have been virtually unstudied for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). We examined the hypothesis that OCs influence SCC risk in a case-control study among women and also examined whether polymorphisms in the DNA repair gene, Xeroderma pigmentosum group D (XPD), modified the risk. Incident cases of SCC were identified by a network of dermatologists and pathology laboratories. Population-based controls were frequency matched to cases by age and gender (n=261 SCC cases, 298 controls). Overall, OC use was associated with a 60% higher risk of SCC (odds ratio (OR), 1.6; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.0-2.5). ORs for SCC were higher among those who last used OCs >/=25 years before diagnosis (OR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.2-3.7), and among these women, SCC risk increased with duration of use (OR for /=7 years, 2.7; 95% CI: 0.9-8.5, P(trend)=0.01). Furthermore, the XPD Lys751Gln polymorphism was a significant modifier of the OC-SCC association (P(interaction)=0.03). These findings lead us to hypothesize a potential relationship between OCs and SCC risk, and that this could involve DNA repair pathways.Journal of Investigative Dermatology advance online publication, 25 June 2009; doi:10.1038/jid.2009.168. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NEW HAMPSHIRE | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | RISK FACTORS | CANCER | DERMATOLOGICAL EFFECTS | ESTROGENS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents | Health | Neoplasms | Diseases | Physiology | Biology | Hormones | Endocrine System Document Number: 341751 |
| 3. Title: Oral contraceptives and colorectal cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Author: Bosetti C; Bravi F; Negri E; La Vecchia C Source: Human Reproduction Update. 2009 May 4;1(1):1-10. Abstract: BACKGROUND Various studies have reported an inverse relation between oral contraceptive (OC) use and the risk of colorectal cancer, but the issue is still open. METHODS In order to quantify the association between OC use and colorectal cancer risk, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies on this issue. We identified all relevant studies published, in English, as original articles up to December 2008 through a search of the literature using PubMed and EMBASE, and by reviewing the references from the retrieved articles. RESULTS The summary relative risk of colorectal cancer for ever versus never OC use was 0.82 (95% confidence interval, CI, 0.69-0.97) from 11 case-control studies, 0.81 (95% CI, 0.75-0.89) from seven cohort studies, and 0.81 (95% CI, 0.72-0.92) from all studies combined. The results were similar for colon and rectal cancer. No difference was evident according to duration of OC use both for colon and rectal cancer, although there is an indication that the protection is stronger for more recent use (OR = 0.70, 95% CI, 0.53-0.90, on the basis of four studies). CONCLUSION Epidemiological data consistently indicate that OC users have a reduced risk of colorectal cancer, and that the protection is greater for recent use in the absence, however, of a duration-risk relation. Language: English Keywords: ITALY | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGY | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | RISK FACTORS | CANCER | Developed Countries | Europe, Southern | Europe | Public Health | Health | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Neoplasms | Diseases Document Number: 341045 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Pill scare: communication conundrum. Author: Edouard L Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Apr;35(2):121-2. Abstract: Adverse publicity for combined oral contraceptives (COCs) has led to pill scares on numerous occasions such as reproductive cancers in 1983 and venous thromboembolism (VTE) in 1995. Misinformation should be avoided, especially through the correct interpretation of relative risk to avoid confusion and decrease unnecessary anxiety. Reassurance is usually important, as the absolute risk is infinitely small. The popular media are very effective for the prompt dissemination of information, and authoritative statements are useful for improving communications with providers, patients and public. Language: English Keywords: ALGERIA | HISTORICAL REVIEW | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | MISINFORMATION | FEAR | RISK ASSESSMENT | CANCER | THROMBOEMBOLISM | INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION | PUBLIC HEALTH | Africa, North | Africa | Developing Countries | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Health | Communication | Emotions | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Evaluation | Neoplasms | Diseases | Embolism | Vascular Diseases Document Number: 341650 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Combined oral contraceptive and intrauterine device use among women with gestational trophoblastic disease. Author: Gaffield ME; Kapp N; Curtis KM Source: Contraception. 2009 Oct;80(4):363-71. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Women diagnosed with gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) need safe and effective contraception because they are advised to delay a subsequent pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN: We searched MEDLINE and The Cochrane Library for articles in any language on use of combined oral contraceptives (COC), copper-bearing or levonorgestrel-releasing IUDs among women with benign or malignant GTD, from database inception through November 2008. One review and nine articles were identified and evaluated. RESULTS: Incidence of postmolar trophoblastic disease was lower among COC users compared with nonusers in six studies, but higher among COC users in three studies. Five studies reported shorter human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) regression duration among COC users compared with other methods. Development of postmolar trophoblastic disease did not differ significantly among IUD users compared with COC users or nonusers in three studies. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence shows that postmolar trophoblastic disease risk does not increase among women using COCs or an IUD following molar pregnancy evacuation compared with use of other contraceptive methods or no method. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLINICAL RESEARCH | NEOPLASMS | FETAL MEMBRANES | PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS | CANCER | GONADOTROPINS, CHORIONIC | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | IUD, COPPER RELEASING | IUD, HORMONE RELEASING | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | Research Methodology | Diseases | Fetus | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Gonadotropins | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | IUD | Safety | Public Health | Health Document Number: 342770 |
| 6. Title: Estrogens, oral contraceptives and hormonal replacement therapy increase the incidence of cutaneous melanoma: a population-based case-control study. Author: Koomen ER; Joosse A; Herings RM; Casparie MK; Guchelaar HJ; Nijsten T Source: Annals of Oncology. 2009 Feb;20(2):358-64. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Multiple studies showed conflicting results on the association between oral contraceptive (OC) use and the development of cutaneous melanoma (CM). We investigated the association between estrogen use and CM incidence. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data from PHARMO Pharmacy database and PALGA, the pathology database in The Netherlands, were linked. Women, >or=18 years, with a pathology report of a primary CM from 1 January 1991 to 14 December 2004 and >or=3 years of follow-up before CM diagnosis were eligible cases. Controls were matched for age and geographic region. Multivariate logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the association between CM incidence and estrogen use, OCs and hormonal replacement therapy (HRT), separately. RESULTS: In total, 778 cases and 4072 controls were included. CM risk was significantly associated with estrogen use (>or=0.5 year; adjusted OR = 1.42, 95% CI 1.19-1.69). This effect was cumulative dose dependent (P trend < 0.001). CM risk was also significantly associated with the use of HRT (>or=0.5 year: OR = 2.08; 95% CI 1.37-3.14) and OC (>or=0.5 year: OR = 1.28; 95% CI 1.06-1.54). CONCLUSION: Our study suggests a cumulative dose-dependent increased risk of CM with the use of estrogens. Language: English Keywords: NETHERLANDS | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | WOMEN | ESTROGENS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, ESTROGEN | PREVALENCE | DERMATOLOGICAL EFFECTS | CANCER | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Measurement | Neoplasms | Diseases | Safety | Public Health | Health | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Drugs Document Number: 331000 |
| 7. Title: Oral contraceptives and neoplasms other than breast and female genital tract. Author: La Vecchia C; Bosetti C Source: European Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2009 Jul 15; Abstract: We reviewed epidemiological data on oral contraceptive (OC) use and colorectal, liver, lung and other nonfemale neoplasms. The data for colorectal cancer are suggestive of a favourable effect of OC, in the absence, however, of any duration-risk relation. Current, but not past, OC use is associated with excess risk of benign liver tumours, and a modest excess risk of liver cancer. The association with liver cancer was smaller for recent, low-dose OC. There was no evidence of an association between OC use and lung, digestive tract neoplasms other than colorectum, cutaneous malignant melanoma, thyroid cancer and any of the other neoplasms investigated. Language: English Keywords: ITALY | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGY | WOMEN | CANCER | LIVER NEOPLASMS | THYROID EFFECTS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | PULMONARY EFFECTS | NEOPLASMS | Developed Countries | Europe, Southern | Europe | Public Health | Health | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Endocrine Effects | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 342122 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Reproductive factors and risk of renal cell cancer: the Nurses' Health Study. Author: Lee JE; Hankinson SE; Cho E Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2009 May 15;169(10):1243-50. Abstract: Few prospective studies have examined associations between reproductive factors and risk of renal cell cancer (RCC). The authors prospectively examined whether postmenopausal hormone (PMH) use, oral contraceptive use, parity, and other reproductive factors were associated with RCC risk among 118,219 US women in the Nurses' Health Study. A total of 247 RCC cases were confirmed between 1976 and 2004. Multivariate relative risks, adjusted for known risk factors, were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models. Compared with 1 or 2 childbirths, the multivariate relative risks were 1.75 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.21, 2.53) for 4 childbirths and 1.50 (95% CI: 1.00, 2.23) for > or =5 childbirths (P(trend) = 0.02). Comparing an age at first birth of > or =28 years with an age at first birth of < or =22 years, the multivariate relative risk was 0.66 (95% CI: 0.43, 1.01; P(trend) = 0.01). Compared with 1-3 childbirths and an age at first birth of > or =26 years, the multivariate relative risk was 2.17 (95% CI: 1.49, 3.14) for > or =4 childbirths and an age at first birth of <26 years. No clear associations were observed for PMH use or duration, time since last PMH use, oral contraceptive use or duration, age at menarche, age at menopause, or history of hysterectomy or oophorectomy. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | RENAL EFFECTS | CANCER | NEOPLASMS | PARITY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Urogenital Effects | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Diseases | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 341592 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Critical next steps for female condom research - report from a workshop. Author: Mauck CK; Weaver MA; Schwartz JL; Walsh T; Joanis C Source: Contraception. 2009 May;79(5):339-44. Abstract: In addition to a standard slippage and breakage study, the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) currently requires a contraceptive effectiveness trial to be carried out as part of the pathway to regulatory approval for new female condoms. In an attempt to explore acceptable alternatives to expensive and resource-consuming Phase 3 contraceptive effectiveness trials, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) recently requested that CONRAD organize a 1-day meeting of investigators in the female condom and semen biomarker fields. The charge to the group was to devise a study design that would validate a biomarker against a biological end point, such as pregnancy or a sexually transmitted infection (STI), so that the validated marker could be used to augment a slippage and breakage study for approval of new female condoms, eliminating the need for the currently required contraceptive effectiveness trial. The meeting was entitled "Critical Next Steps for Female Condom Research - A Meeting/Workshop" and was convened by CONRAD in Arlington, VA, on July 8, 2008, with USAID support. Afterward, a working group of clinical researchers continued deliberations via teleconference and wrote the following report. After exploring the pros and cons of several biological markers, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was identified as the most promising one to pursue for this application because of the extensive, previous work involving that marker. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH PROPOSAL | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | CLINICAL RESEARCH | EVALUATION RESEARCH | CLINICAL TRIALS | WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | FEMALE CONDOMS | WORKSHOPS | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | CANCER | ANTIGENS | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Evaluation Methodology | Evaluation | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Vaginal Barrier Methods | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Education | Neoplasms | Diseases | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Safety | Public Health | Health Document Number: 330937 |
| 10. Title: Reproductive factors, exogenous hormone use and risk of lymphoid neoplasms among women in the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study Cohort. Author: Morton LM; Wang SS; Richesson DA; Schatzkin A; Hollenbeck AR; Lacey JV Jr Source: International Journal of Cancer. 2009 Jun 1;124(11):2737-43. Abstract: Reasons for higher incidence of lymphoid neoplasms among men than women are unknown. Because female sex hormones have immunomodulatory effects, reproductive factors and exogenous hormone use may affect risk for lymphoid malignancies. Previous epidemiologic studies on this topic have yielded conflicting results. Within the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study cohort, we prospectively analyzed detailed, questionnaire-derived information on menstrual and reproductive factors and use of oral contraceptives and menopausal hormone therapy among 134,074 US women. Using multivariable proportional hazards regression models, we estimated relative risks (RRs) for 85 plasma cell neoplasms and 417 non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) identified during follow-up from 1996 to 2002. We observed no statistically significant associations between plasma cell neoplasms, NHL, or the 3 most common NHL subtypes and age at menarche, parity, age at first birth, oral contraceptive use or menopausal status at baseline. For menopausal hormone therapy use, overall associations between NHL and unopposed estrogen and estrogen plus progestin were null, with the potential exception of an inverse association (RR = 0.49, 95% CI, 0.25-0.96) between use of unopposed estrogen and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the most common NHL subtype, among women with a hysterectomy. These data do not support an important role for reproductive factors or exogenous hormones in modulating lymphomagenesis. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | COHORT ANALYSIS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | WOMEN | PREVALENCE | CANCER | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY | MENOPAUSE | MENSTRUATION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | RISK ASSESSMENT | RISK FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Neoplasms | Diseases | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Reproduction | Evaluation Document Number: 330982 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Reproductive health assessment for women with cancer: a pilot study. Author: Patel A; Sreedevi M; Malapati R; Sutaria R; Schoenhage MB; Patel AR; Radeke EK; Zaren HA Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Aug;201(2):191.e1-4. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to pilot a survey instrument and to develop descriptive data about the reproductive goals of reproductive-aged women (15-44 years) with cancer. STUDY DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional pilot survey study of 20 women who were diagnosed with various types of cancers at the oncology clinic of Stroger Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, from January-July 2006. RESULTS: Of the 20 patients whose cases were surveyed, the mean age was 36.6 years, and 90% of the women had breast cancer. Ten percent of patients would continue pregnancy, if they became pregnant while receiving treatment. Contraception was used by 55% of patients (n = 11), of whom 55% of the women (n = 6) were using abstinence. CONCLUSION: The result of this pilot study demonstrates the need for reproductive health counseling in women with cancer; the range of discussion must include fertility interest, contraception, and fertility preservation. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PILOT PROJECTS | WOMEN | CANCER | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | FERTILITY | CONTRACEPTION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Neoplasms | Diseases | Health | Population Dynamics | Family Planning Document Number: 342578 |
| 12. Title: Genetic counselling and genetic testing in hereditary gastrointestinal cancer syndromes. Author: Raymond VM; Everett JN Source: Best Practice and Research. Clinical Gastroenterology. 2009;23(2):275-83. Abstract: Up to 10% of cancers are caused by inherited mutations in single genes. The process of genetic counselling and genetic testing allows for identification of these high-risk individuals and their at risk family members and enrolment into appropriate screening protocols. The medical impact of genetic testing is evidenced by reduced morbidity and mortality, however, the impact on a personal or psychosocial level has been more difficult to evaluate. We present a review of the current literature regarding the role of genetic counselling and testing in the setting of gastrointestinal cancers and explore several related issues including risk perception and risk communication, family communication, psychosocial factors and decision making, and family planning. We also provide guidelines for referral to cancer genetics clinics and for promoting discussions about genetic counselling and genetic testing. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MICHIGAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CANCER | HEREDITARY DISEASES | POPULATION GENETICS | COUNSELING | FAMILY PLANNING | COMMUNICATION | RISK FACTORS | GASTROINTESTINAL EFFECTS | TESTING | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Neoplasms | Diseases | Genetics | Biology | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health | Physiology | Measurement | Research Methodology Document Number: 342072 |
| 13. Title: Oral contraceptives and the risk of all cancers combined and site-specific cancers in Shanghai. Author: Rosenblatt KA; Gao DL; Ray RM; Nelson ZC; Wernli KJ; Li W; Thomas DB Source: Cancer Causes and Control. 2009 Feb;20(1):27-34. Abstract: From 1998 to 1991, an in-person baseline interview was administered to approximately 267,400 female textile workers in Shanghai, China. The cohort was followed until July 2000 for incident cancer cases. Incidence rate ratios (RR) for 12 types of cancers in users of oral contraceptives (OCs) were calculated using Cox Proportional Hazards analysis. There was a reduced risk of uterine corpus cancer for women who had ever used OCs (RR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.45-1.04) and a trend of decreasing risk with increasing duration of use (p = 0.015). There was an increased risk of colon cancer in women who had used OCs for 10 years or more (RR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.01-2.40) and an increased risk of rectal cancer in women who had ever used OCs (RR = 1.31, 95% CI = 0.98-1.75), with a trend of increasing risk with increasing duration of use (p = 0.017), but these associations may have been due to uncontrolled confounding by physical activity or other non-causal factors. No associations were observed between OCs and the risk of all cancers combined or for any of the nine other cancers. It is unlikely that the use of OCs has contributed to the temporal trends in cancer incidence in China in recent decades. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | COHORT ANALYSIS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | WORKERS | PREVALENCE | CANCER | RISK ASSESSMENT | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | UTERINE CANCER | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | TIME FACTORS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Labor Force | Human Resources | Measurement | Neoplasms | Diseases | Evaluation | Safety | Public Health | Health | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 330727 |
| 14. Title: The fallopian tube: primary site of most pelvic high-grade serous carcinomas. Author: Salvador S; Gilks B; Kobel M; Huntsman D; Rosen B; Miller D Source: International Journal of Gynecological Cancer. 2009 Jan;19(1):58-64. Abstract: Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most common cause of mortality from gynecologic malignancy, and most of epithelial cancers are of serous type. The site of origin of pelvic high-grade serous carcinoma has been the subject of debate for 60 years. This paper reviews the evidence that pelvic serous carcinoma originates from the fallopian tube mucosa and puts forward a theory that inflammation in the tube, caused by menstrual cytokines or infection, is critical to the genesis of these tumors. Other risk factors for pelvic serous carcinoma will be reviewed, including oral contraceptive use, parity, infertility, and tubal ligation.Studies were identified for this review by searching the English language literature in the MEDLINE database between the years 1995 and 2007 using the following keywords: fallopian tube neoplasia, ovarian serous adenocarcinoma, pregnancy, oral contraceptive, infertility, pelvic inflammatory disease, cytokines, menstruation, and tubal ligation, followed by an extensive review of bibliographies from articles found through the search.The clinical implications of this theory are discussed, and a change in surgical practice is recommended, with salpingectomy at the time of simple hysterectomy. This theory also has implications for the development of new methods of screening for pelvic serous carcinomas, as there are no screening methods that are currently available to find this form of cancer in an early stage. Inflammatory markers could be detected in the vagina from the fallopian tube indicating possible chronic inflammation and a risk factor for mutagenesis leading to serous carcinoma. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | OVARIAN CANCER | FALLOPIAN TUBES | CANCER | MORTALITY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Neoplasms | Diseases | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 341231 |
| 15. Title: Reproductive factors and risk of pancreatic cancer in women: a review of the literature. Author: Wahi MM; Shah N; Schrock CE; Rosemurgy AS 2nd; Goldin SB Source: Annals of Epidemiology. 2009 Feb;19(2):103-11. Abstract: PURPOSE: Pancreatic cancer (PCA) is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the United States. The male-to-female incidence and mortality ratio of PCA is 1.1-2.0. One possible explanation for this difference is that female hormone exposure is protective for the development of PCA. Several hypotheses were investigated in this systematic review: (1) increased exposure to estrogen through early menarche and later menopause is associated with a decreased risk of PCA; (2) increased exposure to pregnancy is associated with decreased risk of PCA; and (3) increased exposure to oral contraceptives and/or hormone replacement therapy is associated with decreased risk of PCA. METHODS: Of 371 articles identified, 10 case-control and 5 cohort studies met the criteria for our review. Odds ratios for case-control studies and hazard ratios for cohort studies and their accompanying 95% confidence intervals for analyses relevant to our hypotheses were considered in the review. RESULTS: For all 3 hypotheses, studies displayed inconsistent results, and this may have been due to the diversity of study populations, exposure quantification, analysis approach, confounding and other limitations, and biases across studies. CONCLUSIONS: As there was no strong support for any of the 3 hypotheses, it appears that reproductive factors are not associated with the development of PCA in women. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | COHORT ANALYSIS | WOMEN | CANCER | RISK FACTORS | SEX FACTORS | MENARCHE | AGE FACTORS | ESTROGENS | MENOPAUSE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Neoplasms | Diseases | Health | Population Characteristics | Menstruation | Reproduction | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 331229 |
| 16. Title: Induced abortions in Danish cancer survivors: a population-based cohort study. Author: Winther JF; Boice JD Jr; Svendsen AL; Frederiksen K; Olsen JH Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2009 May 6;101(9):687-9. Abstract: To learn whether female cancer survivors are more likely to terminate a pregnancy by choice than other women, the occurrence of induced abortions was determined in a population-based cohort of 1688 childhood cancer survivors. Proportion ratios (PRs) were estimated from the ratio of the proportion of pregnancies that resulted in induced abortions among the survivors (or 16 700 randomly selected population control subjects) to the proportion among 2737 sisters of the survivors. The proportion of induced abortions among survivors (292 of 1479 [19.7%]) was marginally higher but not statistically significantly different from that among sisters (961 of 5092 [18.9%]; PR = 1.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.96 to 1.22) and similar to that of the population control subjects (5505 of 27 989 [19.7%]; PR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.14). Survivors were not more likely than sisters and population control subjects to elect a second-trimester abortion because of physical and mental conditions or fetal abnormalities. Language: English Keywords: DENMARK | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | ABORTION | WOMEN | SIBLINGS | CANCER | CHILD HEALTH | MENTAL HEALTH | PREGNANCY, SECOND TRIMESTER | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Research Methodology | Studies | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Neoplasms | Diseases | Health | Pregnancy | Reproduction Document Number: 341112 |
| 17. Title: Reproductive factors, exogenous female hormone use and colorectal cancer risk: the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study. Author: Akhter M; Inoue M; Kurahashi N; Iwasaki M; Sasazuki S; Tsugane S Source: European Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2008 Nov;17(6):515-24. Abstract: Evidence for an association between reproductive factors, exogenous female hormone use, and colorectal cancer risk from previous epidemiological studies remains controversial and information from nonwestern populations is limited. We analyzed this association in the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study, conducted in 48 511 Japanese women aged 40-69 years who responded to a self-administered questionnaire that included history of reproductive factors, exogenous female hormone use, and other factors. During a mean follow-up of 12 years, a total of 538 colorectal cancer cases were newly identified. Age at menarche, menopausal status, history of exogenous female hormone use, parity, number of births, age at first birth, history of breast feeding, and reproductive period (postmenopausal women only) were not associated with colorectal cancer. When colon and rectal cancer were, however, analyzed separately among all women, multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for colon cancer for age at first birth of 23-25, 26-29, 30 years or more in comparison to that at 22 years or less were 0.84 (0.64-1.12), 0.73 (0.53-1.01), and 0.66 (0.41-1.09), respectively (P for trend=0.03). These results were strengthened for colon cancer when analysis was restricted to postmenopausal women (P for trend=0.01), but no association was seen in premenopausal women (P for trend=0.59). In contrast, no statistically significant association was found for rectal cancer. These findings suggest that late age at first birth is associated with a reduced risk of colon cancer in postmenopausal Japanese women. Language: English Keywords: JAPAN | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | HORMONES | CANCER | MENARCHE | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | AGE FACTORS | FIRST BIRTH | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Neoplasms | Diseases | Menstruation | Reproduction | Health | Population Characteristics | Pregnancy History | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 329581 |
| 18. Title: Cancer mortality in a Chinese population exposed to hexavalent chromium in drinking water. Author: Beaumont JJ; Sedman RM; Reynolds SD; Sherman CD; Li LH Source: Epidemiology. 2008 Jan;19(1):12-23. Abstract: In 1987, investigators in Liaoning Province, China, reported that mortality rates for all cancer, stomach cancer, and lung cancer in 1970-1978 were higher in villages with hexavalent chromium (Cr/+6)-contaminated drinking water than in the general population. The investigators reported rates, but did not report statistical measures of association or precision. Using reports and other communications from investigators at the local Jinzhou Health and Anti-Epidemic Station, we obtained data on Cr/+6 contamination of groundwater and cancer mortality in 9 study regions near a ferrochromium factory. We estimated: (1) person-years at risk in the study regions, based on census and population growth rate data, (2) mortality counts, based on estimated person-years at risk and previously reported mortality rates, and (3) rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals. The all-cancer mortality rate in the combined 5 study regions with Cr/+6-contaminated water was negligibly elevated in comparison with the rate in the 4 combined study regions without contaminated water (rate ratio = 1.13; 95% confidence interval = 0.86-1.46), but was somewhat more elevated in comparison with the whole province (1.23; 0.97-1.53). Stomach cancer mortality in the regions with contaminated water was more substantially elevated in comparison with the regions without contaminated water (1.82; 1.11-2.91) and the whole province (1.69; 1.12-2.44). Lung cancer mortality was slightly elevated in comparison with the unexposed study regions (1.15; 0.62-2.07), and more strongly elevated in comparison with the whole province (1.78; 1.03-2.87). Mortality from other cancers combined was not elevated in comparison with either the unexposed study regions (0.86; 0.53-1.36) or the whole province (0.92; 0.58-1.38). While these data are limited, they are consistent with increased stomach cancer risk in a population exposed to Cr/+6 in drinking water. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CENSUS | WATER QUALITY | CANCER | EXPOSURE | DEATH RATE | GASTROINTESTINAL EFFECTS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Water | Natural Resources | Environment | Neoplasms | Diseases | Risk Factors | Biology | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Physiology Document Number: 326529 |
19.  Peer Reviewed Title: An integrated approach to cause-of-death analysis: cause-deleted life tables and decompositions of life expectancy. Author: Beltran-Sanchez H; Preston SH; Canudas-Romo V Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 25;19(35):1323-1350. Abstract: This article integrates two methods that analyze the implications of various causes of death for life expectancy. One of the methods attributes changes in life expectancy to various causes of death; the other method examines the effect of removing deaths from a particular cause on life expectancy. This integration is accomplished by new formulas that make clearer the interactions among causes of death in determining life expectancy. We apply our approach to changes in life expectancy in the United States between 1970 and 2000. We demonstrate, and explain analytically, the paradox that cancer is responsible for more years of life lost in 2000 than in 1970 despite the fact that declines in cancer mortality contributed to advances in life expectancy between 1970 and 2000. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | LIFE TABLE METHOD | CAUSES OF DEATH | LIFE EXPECTANCY | CANCER | DEATH RATE | MORTALITY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Analysis | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Length of Life | Neoplasms | Diseases Document Number: 327870 |
| 20. Title: Correlation between IL-10 gene expression and HPV infection in cervical cancer: a mechanism for immune response escape. Author: Bermudez-Morales VH; Gutierrez LX; Alcocer-Gonzalez JM; Burguete A; Madrid-Marina V Source: Cancer Investigation. 2008 Dec;26(10):1037-43. Abstract: The present study was performed to determine IL-10 expression in cervical tissues in Mexican women according to the severity of the malignity and its association with HPV infection. IL-10 expression showed a clear tendency to increase during the different cervical cancer stages: 37% in LGSIL; 62% in HGSIL; and 84% in cancer. However, all the patients that expressed IL-10 were HPV positives; we found an association with HPV 16. These results suggest a clear relationship between IL-10, HPV and the stage of cervical cancer disease; this event could contribute to the immunosuppressive micro-environment in the tumor site. Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | CANCER | AUTOIMMUNE RESPONSE | CERVICAL CANCER | PUBLIC HEALTH | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Neoplasms | Diseases | Antibodies | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Technology | Economic Factors Document Number: 330031 |
| 21. Title: Anterior segment manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Author: Biswas J; Sudharshan S Source: Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2008 Sep-Oct;56(5):363-75. Abstract: Ocular complications are known to occur as a result of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease. They can be severe leading to ocular morbidity and visual handicap. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis is the commonest ocular opportunistic infection seen in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Though posterior segment lesions can be more vision-threatening, there are varied anterior segment manifestations which can also lead to ocular morbidity and more so can affect the quality of life of a HIV-positive person. Effective antiretroviral therapy and improved prophylaxis and treatment of opportunistic infections have led to an increase in the survival of an individual afflicted with AIDS. This in turn has led to an increase in the prevalence of anterior segment and adnexal disorders. Common lesions include relatively benign conditions such as blepharitis and dry eye, to infections such as herpes zoster ophthalmicus and molluscum contagiosum and malignancies such as squamous cell carcinoma and Kaposi's sarcoma. With the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy, a new phenomenon known as immune recovery uveitis which presents with increased inflammation, has been noted to be on the rise. Several drugs used in the management of AIDS such as nevirapine or indinavir can themselves lead to severe inflammation in the anterior segment and adnexa of the eye. This article is a comprehensive update of the important anterior segment and adnexal manifestations in HIV-positive patients with special reference to their prevalence in the Indian population. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | COMPLICATIONS | HIV INFECTIONS | OPHTHALMOLOGICAL EFFECTS | EYESIGHT | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | AIDS | PREVALENCE | SIDE EFFECTS | CANCER | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Physiology | Biology | HIV | Measurement | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Neoplasms Document Number: 328522 |
| 22. Title: Pattern of head and neck malignant neoplasms in HIV-infected patients in Kenya. Author: Butt FM; Chindia ML; Rana F; Machigo FG Source: International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2008 Oct;37(10):907-11. Abstract: HIV-infected patients face a greater risk of developing malignant disease. The most commonly reported neoplasms of the head and neck region include Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). There is also an increased risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). A descriptive cross-sectional study including HIV-infected patients with neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions was conducted. Of the 200 participants, 116 (58%) were male and 84 (42%) female with an age range of 18-61 years (mean 37 years). The females were significantly younger (mean 33 years) than the males (mean 37 years) (t test; 2.57; P<0.05 [0.001]). The prevalence of neoplastic lesions in this study was 27%; 37 (68%) patients had KS, 9 (17%) had SCC, 7 (13%) had NHL and 1 (2%) had Burkitt's lymphoma. More females than males presented with lesions of KS and SCC compared with NHL. The youngest patient presented with SCC at 18 years (mean 35.7 years), followed by KS at 23 years (mean 36.3 years) and NHL at 33 years (mean 43.9 years). Most study participants (97%) were in stage III/IV of the disease and the remaining 3% in stage II. In this study, the most common malignant neoplasms were KS, SCC and NHL, manifesting in a younger age group than in the non-HIV group of patients. Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | CLIENTS | CANCER | RISK FACTORS | HIV INFECTIONS | NEOPLASMS | AGE FACTORS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Biology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 330216 |
| 23. Title: Cutting human papillomavirus infection in men [editorial] Author: Chin-Hong PV Source: Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2008;197:781-783. Abstract: The results of 3 recent randomized, controlled trials in Africa showing the benefit of male circumcision in halving HIV incidence in men are drawing attention to the role of circumcision in preventing other sexually transmitted infections, such as human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. HPV is one of the most common sexually transmitted pathogens and is an important cause of anogenital and other malignancies. HPV-associated cervical cancer is the most common cancer in women in many developing countries and is the second most common cancer in women worldwide. Anal cancer is also strongly linked to HPV infection. Although anal cancer is rare in the general population, it is increasing in incidence. The incidence of anal cancer is especially high among women with a history of cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer, HIV-positive individuals, men who have sex with men, and transplant recipients. HPV-associated penile squamous cell carcinoma is also rare but is more common in the developing world. Preventing HPV infection via male circumcision is compelling, not only because it may prevent penile warts and the relatively rare penile cancer in men but also because it will likely have greater impact on preventing cervical, anal, and other HPV-associated malignancies in female and male sex partners of HPV-infected men. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | LITERATURE REVIEW | MEN | HPV | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | MALE CIRCUMCISION | CANCER | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Neoplasms Document Number: 325230 |
| 24. Title: Malignancies in HIV: the Indian scenario. Author: Dhir AA; Sawant SP Source: Current Opinion In Oncology. 2008 Sep;20(5):517-21. Abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: India has the second largest number of HIV/AIDS patients in the world; however, studies done in the area of HIV-related malignancies are few. With the availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy and treatment and prevention of opportunistic infections, an increase in life expectancy of HIV-infected individuals and an increase in HIV-related malignancies is expected. The purpose of this review is to put forth the Indian scenario of HIV-related malignancies. RECENT FINDINGS: About 2.5 million Indians have HIV/AIDS. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and cervical cancer were found to occur in a higher proportion among the HIV-infected individuals in India as compared with non-HIV-infected individuals. The incidence of AIDS-related primary central nervous system lymphoma is low in India. Kaposi's sarcoma is rare in India. Amongst the non-AIDS defining cancers anal cancer, testicular cancer, Hodgkin's disease, colon cancer and certain head and neck cancer sites in men and vaginal cancers among women were found to occur more frequently. SUMMARY: With the availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy an increased mortality and morbidity due to neoplastic diseases is expected in the future. As India is a large country and geographically and culturally diverse, large-scale studies need to be done linking the regional cancer centres with the AIDS centres across the country to evaluate the exact burden of HIV-related malignancies. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INCIDENCE | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | CERVICAL CANCER | HIV INFECTIONS | CANCER | HIV | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Measurement | Research Methodology | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Neoplasms Document Number: 330198 |
| 25. Title: Effects of pre- and postmenopausal use of exogenous hormones on receptor content in normal human breast tissue: a randomized study. Author: Hallberg G; Persson I; Naessen T; Magnusson C Source: Gynecological Endocrinology. 2008 Aug;24(8):475-80. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of exposure to endogenous and exogenous hormones on estrogen receptor-alpha (ERalpha) and progesterone receptor (PR) levels in normal human breast tissue. METHODS: In a randomized study of women scheduled for mammary reduction plasty (n = 81), ERalpha and PR content in breast parenchyma was analyzed in premenopausal (n = 49) and postmenopausal (n = 16) women. Premenopausal women were randomized to surgery in the follicular or luteal phase of the menstrual cycle or after oral contraceptive treatment for 2 months. Postmenopausal women were randomized to sequential or estrogen-only therapy for 2 months prior to surgery. RESULTS: ERalpha content was higher in parous than in nulliparous (p = 0.009) premenopausal women and displayed a positive association with age (r(s) = 0.51, p = 0.0002). Compared with premenopausal women in the follicular phase, postmenopausal women had higher ERalpha content (p = 0.040) whereas premenopausal women on oral contraception had lower ERalpha (p = 0.048) and PR (p = 0.007) content. Smokers had lower PR content than non-smokers (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: In the present study ERalpha content was higher in parous than in non-parous women and associated with premenopausal age. Short-term oral contraceptives yielded lower ERalpha and PR contents. Postmenopausal estrogen/progestogen combined therapy yielded lower PR content than estrogen-only therapy. Language: English Keywords: SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | MENOPAUSE | SURGERY | BREAST EXAM | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | PROGESTERONE | ESTROGENS | EXPOSURE | CANCER | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Physical Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Progestational Hormones | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Risk Factors | Neoplasms | Diseases Document Number: 329582 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Circumcision and human papillomavirus infection in men: A site-specific comparison. Author: Hernandez BY; Wilkens LR; Zhu X; McDuffie K; Thompson P Source: Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2008;197:787-794. Abstract: Lack of circumcision has been identified as a risk factor for male genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, although this association has not been consistently supported. Specimens for HPV testing were collected from a cohort of 379 (primarily heterosexual) adult males. HPV prevalence in the glans penis and coronal sulcus, penile shaft, scrotum, semen, and urine was compared by circumcision status. Overall, HPV DNA prevalence ranged from 6% in semen to 52% in the penile shaft. The prevalence of any HPV infection in the glans/corona was significantly higher in uncircumcised men (46%) than in circumcised men (29%) (odds ratio [OR], 1.96 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.02-3.75], adjusted for demographic characteristics and sexual history). Uncircumcised men also had an increased risk of oncogenic HPV infection (adjusted OR, 2.51 [95% CI, 1.11-5.69]) and infection with multiple HPV types (adjusted OR, 3.56 [95% CI, 1.50-8.50]). Among uncircumcised men, HPV prevalence in the foreskin (44%) was comparable to that in the glans/corona, and type-specific positivity was observed between the 2 sites (k = 0.52). Uncircumcised men have an increased risk of HPV infection, including with oncogenic HPV, specifically localized to the glans/corona, possibly because of its proximity to the foreskin, which may be particularly vulnerable to infection. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | HAWAII | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | MEN | ADULTS | HPV | RISK FACTORS | MALE CIRCUMCISION | CANCER | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Biology | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Neoplasms Document Number: 325231 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: Pill use is associated with reductions in overall risk of cancer and in risk of main gynecologic cancers. Author: Hollander D Source: Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2008 Mar;40(1):52-53. Abstract: Ever-use of the pill had no adverse effect on the overall risk of cancer in the large cohort of British women participating in the Royal College of General Practitioners' oral contraception study. Rather, analyses of data reflecting as much as 36 years of observation indicate that ever-users of oral contraceptives had a 12% reduction in the risk of developing any cancer and a 29% reduction in the risk of developing cervical, uterine or ovarian cancer. (Analyses of data from a subset of the cohort, however, revealed no association between ever-use and the risk of any cancer.) Long-term pill use was associated with elevated risks of some cancers and with reduced risks of others. Analyses of data from the U.S. Nurses' Health Study, another long-term cohort study, confirm the inverse association between pill use and ovarian cancer risk; they also show that the risk of this disease is reduced among sterilized women and elevated among women who have used an IUD or are infertile. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | WOMEN | CERVICAL CANCER | UTERINE CANCER | OVARIAN CANCER | RISK ASSESSMENT | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | CANCER | DISEASE PREVENTION | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Neoplasms | Diseases | Evaluation | Behavior | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Prevention and Control Document Number: 325188 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Pill use is associated with reductions in overall risk of cancer and in risk of main gynecologic cancers. Author: Hollander D Source: International Family Planning Perspectives. 2008 Jun;34(2):102-103. Abstract: Ever-use of the pill had no adverse effect on the overall risk of cancer in the large cohort of British women participating in the Royal College of General Practitioners' oral contraception study. Rather, analyses of data reflecting as much as 36 years of observation indicate that ever-users of oral contraceptives had a 12% reduction in the risk of developing any cancer and a 29% reduction in the risk of developing cervical, uterine or ovarian cancer. (Analyses of data from a subset of the cohort, however, revealed no association between ever-use and the risk of any cancer.) Long-term pill use was associated with elevated risks of some cancers and with reduced risks of others. Analyses of data from the U.S. Nurses' Health Study, another long-term cohort study, confirm the inverse association between pill use and ovarian cancer risk; they also show that the risk of this disease is reduced among sterilized women and elevated among women who have used an IUD or are infertile. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | WOMEN | RISK ASSESSMENT | CANCER | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | GYNECOLOGIC DISEASES | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Evaluation | Neoplasms | Diseases | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Behavior | Genital Effects, Female | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 327768 |
| 29. Title: The changing pattern of "smart" flow cytometry (S-FC) to assist the cost-effective diagnosis of HIV, tuberculosis, and leukemias in resource-restricted conditions. Author: Janossy G Source: Biotechnology Journal. 2008 Jan;3(1):32-42. Abstract: There is a need to introduce cytometry into areas of the globe that have remained virtually untouched by modern laboratory medicine. With the demand to carry out tests on 100,000 s of individuals requiring antiretroviral therapy (ART), flow cytometry must remain simple and cost-effective - while being sustainable and industry supported as well as proven by quality assessment (QA). This outlook is referred to as "smart flow cytometry" (S-FC). There are five main areas where the power of S-FC is demonstrated. These are: (i) the use of CD45 to assist precise cell counting in blood and tissue samples; (ii) the primary CD4 gating to count CD4+ T cells in patients waiting for ART, including the combination (i) and (ii) in the panleucogating (PLG) protocol; (iii) monitoring of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV+) patients during ART by the decreasing levels of lymphocyte activation in a CD8/CD38 test - leading to economies of viral-load assays; (iv) in tuberculosis and HIV-TB coinfections the use of TB-antigen-stimulated cytokine-synthetic CD4+ T cells to identify active disease; and (v) the utilization of "minimal residual disease (MRD)-Lite" technology in patients 19 days after the start of antileukemic therapy to detect MRD. These methods of S-FC have been successfully introduced in "resource-restricted" countries with international and local QA. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | HIV INFECTIONS | TUBERCULOSIS | CANCER | CYTOLOGY | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | COST EFFECTIVENESS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Neoplasms | Biology | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | HIV Document Number: 325759 |
| 30. Title: Oral contraceptive use, hormone replacement therapy, reproductive history and risk of colorectal cancer in women. Author: Kabat GC; Miller AB; Rohan TE Source: International Journal of Cancer. 2008 Feb 1;122(3):643-646. Abstract: Evidence from epidemiologic studies suggests a possible role of exogenous and endogenous hormones in colorectal carcinogenesis in women. However, with respect to exogenous hormones, in contrast to hormone replacement therapy, few cohort studies have examined oral contraceptive use in relation to colorectal cancer risk. We used data from a large cohort study of Canadian women enrolled in a randomized controlled trial of breast cancer screening to assess the association of oral contraceptive use, hormone replacement therapy and reproductive factors with risk of colorectal cancer, overall and by subsite within the colorectum. Cancer incidence and mortality were ascertained by linkage to national databases. Among 89,835 women aged 40-59 at enrollment and followed for an average of 16.4 years, we identified 1,142 incident colorectal cancer cases. Proportional hazards models were used to estimate the associations between the exposures of interest and risk of colorectal cancer. Ever use of oral contraceptives at baseline was associated with a modest reduction in the risk of colorectal cancer (hazard ratio 0.83, 95% confidence interval 0.73-0.94), with similar effects for different subsites within the colorectum. No trend was seen in the hazard ratios with increasing duration of oral contraceptive use. No associations were seen with use of hormone replacement therapy (ever use or duration of use) or reproductive factors. Our results are suggestive of an inverse association between oral contraceptive use and colorectal carcinogenesis. However, given the lack of a dose-response relationship and the potential for confounding, studies with more complete assessment of exogenous hormone use throughout the life course are needed to clarify this association. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CANADA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | COHORT ANALYSIS | WOMEN | CANCER | NEOPLASMS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | North America, Northern | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 308607 |
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