1.  Peer Reviewed Title: ACOG Committee Opinion No. 434: induced abortion and breast cancer risk. Author: Committee on Gynecologic Practice Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Jun;113(6):1417-8. Abstract: The Relationship between induced abortion and the subsequent development of breast cancer has been the subject of a substantial amount of epidemiologic study. Early studies of the relationship between prior induced abortion and breast cancer risk were methodologically flawed. More rigorous recent studies demonstrate no causal relationship between induced abortion and a subsequent increase in breast cancer risk. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | ABORTION | BREAST CANCER | RISK FACTORS | EPIDEMIOLOGY | BIAS | Studies | Research Methodology | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Health | Public Health | Error Sources | Measurement Document Number: 341807 Notification |
| 2. Title: The abortion-breast cancer connection. Author: Brind J Source: Specialty Law Digest. Health Care Law. 2009 Jan;(340):9-35. Abstract: This article examines the abortion breast cancer link in some historical scientific detail, offering a perspective on an issue that is at the center of a long-running public policy debate that plays out in legislatures, courtrooms, and newspaper editorials, as well as in scientific and medical journals. Even as politically correct studies have been promulgated to neutralize the data proving the abortion breast cancer link, even stronger data have emerged in recent years that firmly link abortion to premature births in subsequent pregnancies, which in turn raise the risk of breast cancer in mothers and cerebral palsy in prematurely born children. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | ABORTION | BREAST CANCER | RISK FACTORS | EPIDEMIOLOGY | HORMONES | PREMATURE BIRTH | POLITICAL FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Health | Public Health | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 341317 |
| 3. Title: Reproductive and hormonal risk factors for postmenopausal luminal, HER-2-overexpressing, and triple-negative breast cancer [letter] Author: Dizdar O; Aksoy S; Altundag K Source: Cancer. 2009 Apr 15;115(8):1802; author reply 1802-3. Abstract: We read with great interest the article by Phipps et al, in which they examined the risk factors for different subtypes of postmenopausal breast cancer. They found that certain reproductive factors have a greater effect on the risk of certain molecular subtypes of disease compared with others. However, the authors did not analyze oral contraceptive use as a risk factor. Oral contraceptive use has been associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in young women. Narod et al demonstrated that among BRCA1 mutation carriers, women who first used oral contraceptives before 1975, who used them before age 30 years, or who used them for > or = 5 years may have an increased risk of developing breast cancer. Sporadic triple-negative breast cancers and tumors that are noted in carriers of the BRCA1 mutation share similar features, including estrogen receptor negativity, high nuclear grade, high Ki-67 staining, cytokeratin 5/6 expression, and epidermal growth factor receptor expression. Furthermore, BRCA1 is rarely mutated in sporadic breast cancers. However, the pathologic similarities suggest that BRCA1 or associated pathways can become inactivated in triple-negative tumors via other mechanisms, such as gene promoter methylation. We previously reported a positive association between oral contraceptive use and triple-negative breast cancer. Although we did not take into consideration the menopausal status of the patients, the frequency of oral contraceptive use in our small cohort was found to be higher in patients with the triple-negative subtype compared with patients with other subtypes of breast cancer (35.3% vs 12.2%; P=.02). Taken together, we propose that oral contraceptive use may be associated with an increased risk of developing triple-negative breast cancer. However, to identify the exact role of oral contraceptive use in the development of breast cancer, more preclinical and clinical studies are warranted. (full-text) Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | BREAST CANCER | RISK FACTORS | GENETICS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | MENOPAUSE | AGE FACTORS | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Health | Biology | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproduction | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 341636 |
| 4. Title: Risk factors for triple-negative breast cancer in women under the age of 45 years. Author: Dolle JM; Daling JR; White E; Brinton LA; Doody DR; Porter PL; Malone KE Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention. 2009 Apr;18(4):1157-66. Abstract: Little is known about the etiologic profile of triple-negative breast cancer (negative for estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor/human epidermal growth factor), a breast cancer subtype associated with high mortality and inadequate therapeutic options. We undertook this study to assess the risk for triple-negative breast cancer among women 45 years of age and younger in relation to demographic/lifestyle factors, reproductive history, and oral contraceptive use. Study participants were ascertained in two previous population-based, case-control studies. Eligible cases included all primary invasive breast cancers among women ages 20 to 45 years in the Seattle-Puget Sound area, diagnosed between January 1983 and December 1992, for whom complete data was obtained for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor status (n = 897; including n = 187 triple-negative breast cancer cases). Controls were age matched and ascertained via random digit dialing. Oral contraceptive use > or =1 year was associated with a 2.5-fold increased risk for triple-negative breast cancer (95% confidence interval, 1.4-4.3) and no significantly increased risk for non-triple-negative breast cancer (P(heterogeneity) = 0.008). Furthermore, the risk among oral contraceptive users conferred by longer oral contraceptive duration and by more recent use was significantly greater for triple-negative breast cancer than non-triple-negative breast cancer (P(heterogeneity) = 0.02 and 0.01, respectively). Among women < or =40 years, the relative risk for triple-negative breast cancer associated with oral contraceptive use > or =1 year was 4.2 (95% confidence interval, 1.9-9.3), whereas there was no significantly increased risk with oral contraceptive use for non-triple-negative breast cancer among women < or =40 years, nor for triple-negative breast cancer or non-triple-negative breast cancer among women 41 to 45 years of age. In conclusion, significant heterogeneity exists for the association of oral contraceptiveuse and breast cancer risk between triple-negative breast cancer and non-triple-negative breast cancer among young women, lending support to a distinct etiology. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | WASHINGTON | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | BREAST CANCER | RISK FACTORS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | TIME FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Health | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics Document Number: 341655 |
| 5. Title: Oral contraceptives and postmenopausal hormones and risk of contralateral breast cancer among BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers and noncarriers: the WECARE Study. Author: Figueiredo JC; Haile RW; Bernstein L; Malone KE; Largent J; Langholz B; Lynch CF; Bertelsen L; Capanu M; Concannon P; Borg A; Borresen-Dale AL; Diep A; Teraoka S; Torngren T; Xue S; Bernstein JL Source: Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 2009 Jul 14; Abstract: The potential effects of oral contraceptive (OC) and postmenopausal hormone (PMH) use are not well understood among BRCA1 or BRCA2 (BRCA1/2) deleterious mutation carriers with a history of breast cancer. We investigated the association between OC and PMH use and risk of contralateral breast cancer (CBC) in the WECARE (Women's Environment, Cancer, and Radiation Epidemiology) Study. The WECARE Study is a population-based case-control study of 705 women with asynchronous CBC and 1,398 women with unilateral breast cancer, including 181 BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. Risk-factor information was assessed by telephone interview. Mutation status was measured using denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography followed by direct sequencing in all participants. Outcomes, treatment, and tumor characteristics were abstracted from medical records. Ever use of OCs was not associated with risk among noncarriers (RR = 0.87; 95% CI = 0.66-1.15) or BRCA2 carriers (RR = 0.82; 95% CI = 0.21-3.13). BRCA1 carriers who used OCs had a nonsignificant greater risk than nonusers (RR = 2.38; 95% CI = 0.72-7.83). Total duration of OC use and at least 5 years of use before age 30 were associated with a nonsignificant increased risk among mutation carriers but not among noncarriers. Few women had ever used PMH and we found no significant associations between lifetime use and CBC risk among carriers and noncarriers. In conclusion, the association between OC/PMH use and risk of CBC does not differ significantly between carriers and noncarriers; however, because carriers have a higher baseline risk of second primaries, even a potential small increase in risk as a result of OC use may be clinically relevant. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | WOMEN | BREAST CANCER | RISK FACTORS | GENETICS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY | AGE FACTORS | TIME FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Health | Biology | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Population Characteristics | Population Dynamics Document Number: 342125 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Oral contraceptives and family history of breast cancer. Author: Gaffield ME; Culwell KR; Ravi A Source: Contraception. 2009 Oct;80(4):372-80. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Questions remain regarding whether oral contraceptive (OC) use among women with a family history of breast cancer increases disease risk. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a systematic review by searching MEDLINE and CENTRAL databases for evidence (in all languages) published in peer-reviewed journals from 1966 to July 2008 that provided estimates of breast cancer risk according to family history. Twelve articles were identified and the quality of each study was assessed using the United States Preventive Services Task Force grading system. RESULTS: Results from 10 studies and one pooled analysis of 54 studies suggest that the use of OCs does not significantly modify the risk of breast cancer among women with a familial history of breast cancer; however, evidence from four studies shows that some women may be at a greater risk, particularly women who took OCs prior to 1975. CONCLUSIONS: Current evidence shows that women with a family history of breast cancer do not increase their disease risk by using OCs. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGY | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | BREAST CANCER | HEREDITY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Public Health | Health | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Biology Document Number: 342769 |
| 7. Title: Breastfeeding and breast cancer risk in India: a multicenter case-control study. Author: Gajalakshmi V; Mathew A; Brennan P; Rajan B; Kanimozhi VC; Mathews A; Mathew BS; Boffetta P Source: International Journal of Cancer. 2009 Aug 1;125(3):662-5. Abstract: Breast cancer incidence is low in India compared with high-income countries, but it has increased in recent decades, particularly among urban women. The reasons for this pattern are not known although they are likely related to reproductive and lifestyle factors. Here, we report the results of a large case-control study on the association between breastfeeding and breast cancer risk. The study was conducted in 2 areas in South India during 2002-2005 and included 1,866 cases and 1,873 controls. Detailed information regarding menstruation, reproduction, breastfeeding and physical activity was collected through in-person interview. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated by unconditional logistic regression models. Breastfeeding for long duration was common in the study population. Lifetime duration of breastfeeding was inversely associated with breast cancer risk among premenopausal women (p-value of linear trend, 0.02). No such protective effect was observed in postmenopausal women, among whom a protective effect of parity was suggested. A reduction of breast cancer risk with prolonged breastfeeding was shown among premenopausal women. Health campaign focusing on breastfeeding behavior by appropriately educating women would contribute to reduce breast cancer burden. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | WOMEN | BREAST CANCER | RISK FACTORS | BREASTFEEDING | TIME FACTORS | MENOPAUSE | PARITY | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Health | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Population Dynamics | Reproduction | Fertility Measurements | Fertility Document Number: 342166 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Prevention of tamoxifen induced endometrial polyps using a levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine system long-term follow-up of a randomised control trial. Author: Gardner FJ; Konje JC; Bell SC; Abrams KR; Brown LJ; Taylor DJ; Habiba M Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 2009 Sep;114(3):452-6. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: In a RCT, we have previously shown that the levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS, Mirena) produces a decidual response protecting the endometrium at one year follow-up. We here report on the long-term follow-up of this group of women, to test the hypothesis that a LNG-IUS could prevent the pro-proliferative uterine responses of tamoxifen for up to 4.5 years. METHODS: A randomised-controlled trial of postmenopausal women who had taken at least one year of adjuvant tamoxifen therapy. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-two women were recruited. Nine were found to be ineligible after randomisation. The average duration of follow-up was 26.25 months (IQR 14.5-36 months) in the surveillance group and 24.2 months (IQR 13.75-32.5 months) in the LNG-IUS group. Women with LNG-IUS in situ at the time of final assessment had decidualised endometrium, and no polyps. In the surveillance group new polyps arose in 8 cases. There were 3 new polyps in the group initially randomised to LNG-IUS, one in a patient who did not have the device inserted and 2 occurred in patients following the removal of the LNG-IUS. Univariate Cox proportional hazards regression models identified only endometrial thickness at trial entry as a statistically significant variable (HR 1.12, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.22, p=0.01) for the development of polyps. CONCLUSION: This study confirms that LNG-IUS induces benign endometrial changes and prevents endometrial polyps but only during its use in women taking tamoxifen. Endometrial thickness is a risk factor for the development of polyps. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | CLIENTS | BREAST CANCER | TAMOXIFEN | ENDOMETRIAL EFFECTS | IUD, HORMONE RELEASING | LEVONORGESTREL | HYSTEROSCOPY | ULTRASONICS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Fertility Agents | Reproductive Control Agents | Family Planning | Endometrium | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | IUD | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Endoscopy | Physical Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 342402 |
| 9. Title: Contraception and screening for cervical and breast cancer in neuromuscular disease: A retrospective study of 50 patients monitored at a clinical reference centre. Author: Goutard S; Baron C; Bouton C; Penisson-Besnier I; Fosse G; Aube-Nathier AC; Havet-Thomassin V; Dubas F; Richard I Source: Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. 2009 Aug 14; Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To analyse contraceptive methods and the extent of screening for breast and cervical cancer in women with neuromuscular disease, compare these results with data and guidelines for the general population and determine the environmental and attitudinal barriers encountered. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective, descriptive study in a population of female neuromuscular disease patients (aged 20 to 74) monitored at a clinical reference centre. RESULTS: Complete datasets were available for 49 patients. Seventy percent used contraception (hormonal contraception in most cases). Sixty-eight percent had undergone screening for cervical cancer at some time in the previous 3 years and 100% of the patients over 50 had undergone a mammography. Architectural accessibility and practical problems were the most common barriers to care and were more frequently encountered by wheelchair-bound, ventilated patients. CONCLUSIONS: In general, the patients had good access to contraceptive care and cervical and breast cancer screening. However, specific measures may be useful for the most severely disabled patients. Language: English Keywords: FRANCE | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | CLIENTS | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CONTRACEPTION | BREAST CANCER | CERVICAL CANCER | SCREENING | MUSCULAR EFFECTS | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Family Planning | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 342589 |
| 10. Title: The contraceptive revolution: some excellent progress but work still to be done [editorial] Author: Hannaford P; Belfield T Source: British Journal of General Practice. 2009 Jan;59(558):4-6. Abstract: Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | UNITED KINGDOM | SUMMARY REPORT | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | IUD | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | FAMILY PLANNING | DISEASE PREVENTION | BREAST CANCER | ENDOMETRIAL CANCER | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Contraception | Contraceptive Methods | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Cancer | Neoplasms | Safety | Public Health | Health Document Number: 329596 |
| 11. Title: Breast cancer in young women and its impact on reproductive function. Author: Hickey M; Peate M; Saunders CM; Friedlander M Source: Human Reproduction Update. 2009 May-Jun;15(3):323-39. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in developed countries, and 12% of breast cancer occurs in women 20-34 years. Survival from breast cancer has significantly improved, and the potential late effects of treatment and the impact on quality of life have become increasingly important. Young women constitute a minority of breast cancer patients, but commonly have distinct concerns and issues compared with older women, including queries regarding fertility, contraception and pregnancy. Further, they are more likely than older women to have questions regarding potential side effects of therapy and risk of relapse or a new primary. In addition, many will have symptoms associated with treatment and they present a management challenge. Reproductive medicine specialists and gynaecologists commonly see these women either shortly after initial diagnosis or following adjuvant therapy and should be aware of current management of breast cancer, the options for women at increased genetic risk, the prognosis of patients with early stage breast cancer and how adjuvant systemic treatments may impact reproductive function. METHODS: No systematic literature search was done. The review focuses on the current management of breast cancer in young women and the impact of treatment on reproductive function and subsequent management. With reference to key studies and meta-analyses, we highlight controversies and current unanswered questions regarding patient management. RESULTS: Chemotherapy for breast cancer is likely to negatively impact on reproductive function. A number of interventions are available which may increase the likelihood of future successful pregnancy, but the relative safety of these interventions is not well established. For those who do conceive following breast cancer, there is no good evidence that pregnancy is detrimental to survival. We review current treatment; effects on reproductive function; preservation of fertility; contraception; pregnancy; breastfeeding and management of menopausal symptoms following breast cancer. CONCLUSION: This paper provides an update on the management of breast cancer in young women and is targeted at reproductive medicine specialists and gynaecologists. Language: English Keywords: AUSTRALIA | RESEARCH REPORT | BREAST CANCER | SURGERY | DRUGS | GENETICS | FERTILITY | CONTRACEPTION | PREGNANCY | BREASTFEEDING | MENOPAUSE | AGE FACTORS | TAMOXIFEN | Oceania | Developed Countries | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Biology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Reproduction | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Population Characteristics | Fertility Agents | Reproductive Control Agents Document Number: 341960 |
| 12. Title: The effects of hormonal contraception. Author: Kent A Source: Reviews In Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Winter;2(1):66. Abstract: There are many claims made about the beneficial effects of hormonal contraceptives other than their ability to prevent pregnancy. Studies have tracked women's responses to oral contraceptives (OCs) or depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), but few have taken into account the woman's entry status or baseline symptoms, and fewer still have looked at control groups on nonhormonal contraception. Another problem has been the duration of follow-up, which should be longer than 1 year to properly assess the steady state of a changed hormonal environment. A study by Berenson and colleagues deals with the issues of baseline status and prolonged use in a series of women using injectable DMPA and low-dose OCs (typically 20 microg estrogen-containing pills). The first important finding was that symptoms are common in the absence of contraceptive use, such as acne, cyclical mastalgia, cramping, and mood swings. They found these symptoms improved on sustained use of OCs compared with control groups, and therewas no evidence that depression was a problem, despite lowered mood being a commonly quoted negative effect among those prescribing OCs. The most frequent side effect was intermenstrual bleeding with OCs and an increased risk of bleeding for more than 20 days, amenorrhea, weight gain, and loss of energy and libido on DMPA. Most of these effects resolved after 6 months and almost all resolved by 12 months, with amenorrheaic women often welcoming the side effect. Finally, the researchers found that women were not clearly informed of the potential side effects, or of their resolution with ongoing use. They recommend careful counseling about what to expect and more frequent follow-up after initiation to provide reassurance or a change to another method if required. (full-text) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | INJECTABLES | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | PHYSIOLOGY | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | DEPO-PROVERA | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, LOW-DOSE | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, ESTROGEN | METRORRHAGIA | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | BREAST CANCER | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Studies | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Behavior | Biology | Contraceptive Agents | Medroxyprogesterone Acetate | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Oral Contraceptives | Bleeding | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Cancer | Neoplasms Document Number: 331284 |
| 13. Title: Oral Contraceptive Use and BRCA Penetrance: A Case-Only Study. Author: Pasanisi P; Hedelin G; Berrino J; Chang-Claude J; Hermann S; Steel M; Haites N; Hart J; Peled R; Gafa L; Leggio L; Traina A; Amodio R; Primic-Zakelj M; Zadnik V; Veidebaum T; Tekkel M; Berrino F Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention. 2009 Jun 23; Abstract: BACKGROUND: Women with deleterious mutations in BRCA genes are at increased risk of breast cancer. However, the penetrance of the genetic trait may be regulated through environmental factors. This multinational case-only study tested the interaction between oral contraceptive use and genetic susceptibility in the occurrence of breast cancer.METHODS: We recruited 3,123 patients diagnosed with breast cancer before the age of 45 years. Participants were classified according to their probability of carrying a BRCA mutation on the basis of their family history of breast and ovarian cancer. According to a case-only approach, the frequency of relevant exposures among breast cancer cases with high probability of BRCA mutation ("genetic cases") was compared with the frequency of the same exposures among breast cancer cases with a low probability of BRCA mutation ("sporadic cases"). The interaction odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for oral contraceptive use were estimated by unconditional logistic regression, after controlling for potentially confounding variables.RESULTS: The analysis was carried out comparing 382 "genetic" and 1,333 "sporadic" cases. We found a borderline significant interaction between genetic breast cancer and oral contraceptive use for ever users compared with never users (OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.0-1.7). The greatest interaction OR was found for women who started using pill at 18 to 20 years (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1-2.3).CONCLUSION: These results suggest that BRCA mutation carriers, as well as women with a significant family history of breast and ovarian cancer are more vulnerable to exogenous hormones in oral contraceptives. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(7):2107-13). Language: English Keywords: EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | DATA ANALYSIS | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | GENETICS | BREAST CANCER | RISK FACTORS | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Biology | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Health Document Number: 341746 |
| 14. Title: Reproductive and hormonal risk factors for ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. Author: Phillips LS; Millikan RC; Schroeder JC; Barnholtz-Sloan JS; Levine BJ Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention. 2009 May;18(5):1507-14. Abstract: One-fifth of all newly diagnosed breast cancer cases are ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), but little is known about DCIS risk factors. Recent studies suggest that some subtypes of DCIS (high grade or comedo) share histopathologic and epidemiologic characteristics with invasive disease, whereas others (medium or low grade or non-comedo) show different patterns. To investigate whether reproductive and hormonal risk factors differ among comedo and non-comedo types of DCIS and invasive breast cancer (IBC), we used a population-based case-control study of 1,808 invasive and 446 DCIS breast cancer cases and their age and race frequency-matched controls (1,564 invasive and 458 DCIS). Three or more full-term pregnancies showed a strong inverse association with comedo-type DCIS [odds ratio (OR), 0.53; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.30-0.95] and a weaker inverse association for non-comedo DCIS (OR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.42-1.27). Several risk factors (age at first full-term pregnancy, breast-feeding, and ageat menopause) showed similar associations for comedo-type DCIS and IBC but different associations for non-comedo DCIS. Ten or more years of oral contraceptive showed a positive association with comedo-type DCIS (OR, 1.31; 95% CI, 0.70-2.47) and IBC (OR, 2.33; 95% CI, 1.06-5.09) but an inverse association for non-comedo DCIS (OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.25-1.04). Our results support the theory that comedo-type DCIS may share hormonal and reproductive risk factors with IBC, whereas the etiology of non-comedo DCIS deserves further investigation. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | BREAST CANCER | RISK FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | ETHNIC GROUPS | HORMONES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Health | Population Characteristics | Cultural Background | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 341720 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: A case-control study of oral contraceptive use and incident breast cancer. Author: Rosenberg L; Zhang Y; Coogan PF; Strom BL; Palmer JR Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2009 Feb 15;169(4):473-9. Abstract: Oral contraceptive (OC) use has been linked to increased risk of breast cancer, largely on the basis of studies conducted before 1990. In the Case-Control Surveillance Study, a US hospital-based case-control study of medication use and cancer, the authors assessed the relation of OC use to breast cancer risk among 907 case women with incident invasive breast cancer (731 white, 176 black) and 1,711 controls (1,152 white, 559 black) interviewed from 1993 to 2007. They evaluated whether the association differed by ethnicity or tumor hormone receptor status. After control for breast cancer risk factors, the multivariable odds ratio for 1 year or more of OC use, relative to less than 1 year of use, was 1.5 (95% confidence interval: 1.2, 1.8). The estimates were similar within age strata (<50 years and >or= 50 years). The odds ratios were larger for use within the previous 10 years, long-duration use, and black ethnicity, but these differences were not statistically significant. The association of OC use with breast cancer risk did not differ according to the estrogen or progestogen receptor status of the tumor. These results suggest that OC use is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer diagnosed in recent years. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | ETHNIC GROUPS | WOMEN | PREVALENCE | BREAST CANCER | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | HORMONE RECEPTORS | RISK ASSESSMENT | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | TIME FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Studies | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Safety | Public Health | Health | Membrane Proteins | Physiology | Biology | Evaluation | Population Dynamics Document Number: 330380 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Progesterone-only and non-hormonal contraception in the breast cancer survivor: Joint review and committee opinion of the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada and the Society of Gynecologic Oncologists of Canada No. 179, July 2006. Source: International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2008 Jun;101(3):309-318. Abstract: The objective was to examine the relationship between progestin-only contraception and breast cancer, and to make recommendations regarding contraception for the breast cancer survivor. The outcome was incidence of breast cancer among users of progestin-only contraception. PubMed and Medline databases were searched using the terms "breast cancer" and "progesterone," "contraception," "depot medroxyprogesterone acetate," "Micronor," "Mirena," and "subdermal implant." The citations were limited to the English language. References were searched for other relevant articles. The quality of evidence is described using the classification of the Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Exam. Benefits, Harms, and Costs: Providing reliable contraception and non-contraceptive benefits to breast cancer survivors versus breast cancer recurrence risk. Summary Statements: 1. Progesterone and progestins can have a proliferative, antiproliferative, or neutral effect on breast tissue, depending on the type, timing, and dose of progestin used. (I). 2. Use of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) does not increase the risk of breast cancer in the general population. (II-2). 3. Although not as well-studied as the combined contraceptive pill, progestin-only pills do not appear to increase the risk of breast cancer in the general population. (II-2). 4. There is insufficient evidence to comment on risk or recurrence risk of breast cancer with contraceptive implants in the general population (II-2) or among breast cancer survivors. (III). 5. The limited data available suggest that the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) does not seem to increase breast cancer risk in the general population. (II-2). 6. Sterilization and the copper intrauterine device (IUD) are the most reliable non-hormonal contraceptive methods. (II-1). 7. Other non-hormonal methods may also be appropriate given decreased fertility with advancing age and after chemotherapy. (III). 8. Further research into progestin-only contraception inthe breast cancer survivor is needed. (III). Recommendations: 1. DMPA use in a breast cancer survivor can be considered in circumstances where contraceptive or non-contraceptive benefits outweigh any unknown potential increase in recurrence risk. (III-C). 2. Use of progestin-only pills in a breast cancer survivor may be considered in a situation where known benefits outweigh any unknown potential increase in recurrence risk. (III-C). 3. Use of the LNG-IUS in the breast cancer survivor can be considered if the unique contraceptive or non-contraceptive benefits outweigh the risk of an unknown effect on recurrence. (III-C). 4. Non-hormonal contraceptive methods should be used as first-line options in the breast cancer survivor. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CANADA | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | INCIDENCE | WOMEN | BREAST CANCER | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | LOW-DOSE PROGESTINS | PROGESTERONE | North America, Northern | Americas | Developed Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Progestational Hormones | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 326725 |
| 17. Title: Risk factors for the incidence of breast cancer: do they affect survival from the disease? Author: Barnett GC; Shah M; Redman K; Easton DF; Ponder BA Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2008 Jul 10;26(20):3310-6. Abstract: PURPOSE: Risk factors that influence the incidence of breast cancer may also affect survival after diagnosis. METHODS: Data from 4,560 women with invasive breast cancer who had taken part in the population-based Studies of Epidemiology and Risk Factors in Cancer Heredity (SEARCH) breast cancer study were used to investigate the influence on survival of variables related to pregnancy, menarche and menopause, prior use of exogenous hormones, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), smoking history, and alcohol intake. RESULTS: In univariate analyses, there was no association between prognosis and age at menarche and menopause, menopausal status at diagnosis, smoking history, or prior use of the oral contraceptive pill. Women whose most recent pregnancy was more than 30 years ago had a 35% reduced risk of dying (95% CI, 8% to 54%) compared with women who had a full-term pregnancy in the past 15 years, and the use of hormone replacement therapy for more than 4 years was associated with a similar risk reduction. BMI was associated with a 3% (95% CI, 1% to 4%) increase in mortality per unit increase. Improved prognosis was seen with increasing current alcohol consumption, with a 2% (95% CI, 1% to 3%) reduction in the risk of death per unit of alcohol consumed per week. CONCLUSION: The apparent benefit of alcohol intake has not been described before, and our data need to be interpreted with some caution. However, our finding that an increase in BMI is associated with a poorer prognosis supports previously published data and suggests that advice on weight loss should be given to all obese patients with breast cancer. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | INCIDENCE | WOMEN | BREAST CANCER | RISK FACTORS | PREGNANCY | MENARCHE | MENOPAUSE | BODY HEIGHT | BODY WEIGHT | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | TOBACCO USE | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Measurement | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Biology | Reproduction | Menstruation | Physiology | Behavior Document Number: 328315 |
| 18. Title: Oral contraceptives, salpingo-oophorectomy and hormone replacement therapy in BRCA1-2 mutation carriers. Author: Biglia N; Mariani L; Ponzone R; Sismondi P Source: Maturitas. 2008 Jun;60(2):71-77. Abstract: Germline mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes predispose to hereditary breast and ovarian cancers. The estimated lifetime risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 mutation carriers ranges from 50% to 80%, while the estimated lifetime risk of ovarian cancer ranges from 20% to 65%. Although breast cancer risk is similar in women who inherit BRCA2 mutations, the lifetime risk of ovarian cancer is approximately 20%. In the general population reproductive factors (such as parity, age at menopause, use of exogenous steroid hormones as contraceptives or after menopause) influence the risk of breast and ovarian cancer. In BRCA mutation carriers, these issues are much more complicated and not completely understood. Nonetheless, a growing number of data show that estrogens may modulate the risk of breast cancer in women with BRCA mutations. In these women estrogens may increase the probability of mutation due to enhanced proliferation and direct genotoxic effects of estrogen metabolites. Women carrying BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations face difficult decisions during the reproductive life. In the younger age period, they may be reluctant to using oral contraceptives (OCs) for the possible influence of these compounds on breast cancer incidence. After completion of childbearing, they may be offered the option of prophylactic oophorectomy, that is associated with a strong reduction of cancer risk, but also with the early onset of menopausal symptoms and the long-term consequences of estrogen deprivation. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: LITERATURE REVIEW | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | BREAST CANCER | OVARIAN CANCER | GENETICS | HEREDITARY DISEASES | OVARIECTOMY | HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY | RISK ASSESSMENT | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Biology | Gynecologic Surgery | Urogenital Surgery | Surgery | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Evaluation | Behavior Document Number: 327496 |
| 19. Title: Breast cancer knowledge and attitudes toward mammography as predictors of breast cancer preventive behavior in Kazakh, Korean, and Russian women in Kazakhstan. Author: Chukmaitov A; Wan TT; Menachemi N; Cashin C Source: International Journal of Public Health. 2008;53(3):123-30. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To explore differences in breast cancer knowledge and attitudes toward mammography for women representing three ethnic groups (Kazakh, Korean, and Russian) and to determine how these factors affect breast cancer preventive practices in Almaty City, Kazakhstan. METHODS: A cross-sectional, descriptive study design was utilized. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 500 women in Almaty City. A combination of descriptive (ANOVA) and multivariate analyses (structural equation modeling) was used to estimate differences in respondents' breast cancer knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP). RESULTS: Findings indicate that women may be influenced by their clinicians' advice to engage in breast cancer preventive practices. Multivariate models suggest that breast cancer knowledge and attitudes toward the effectiveness of mammography are significant determinants of breast cancer preventive practices among study participants. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians should encourage women to engage in breast cancer preventive practices. Clinical and public health interventions should be aimed at both women and healthcare providers to use mammography as a tool for early detection of breast cancer in Almaty City, Kazakhstan. Language: English Keywords: KAZAKHSTAN | RUSSIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN | BREAST CANCER | ATTITUDES | KNOWLEDGE | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developing Countries | Asia, Central | Asia | Asia, Northern | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 330129 |
| 20. Title: Matrix metalloproteinase-2 promoter polymorphism is associated with breast cancer in a Mexican population. Author: Delgado-Enciso I; Cepeda-Lopez FR; Monrroy-Guizar EA; Bautista-Lam JR; Andrade-Soto Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2008 Jan;65(1):68-72. Abstract: Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) is an enzyme with proteolytic activity on matrix proteins, particularly basement membrane constituents. A single nucleotide polymorphism C > T transition at -1306 displayed a strong association with several cancers. Our study investigated whether or not the MMP-2 -1306C > T polymorphism contributed to the development of breast cancer (BC) in a Mexican population. 90 patients with BC and 96 control subjects were analyzed to detect MMP-2 -1306C > T polymorphism. The frequency of MMP-2 CC genotype was significantly higher in BC patients when compared with the control group (OR 2.15; 95% CI 1.1-4.1). MMP-2 CC genotype frequency was more pronounced in younger subjects (Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | WOMEN | BREAST CANCER | HISTOLOGY | ENZYMES | GENETICS | ANALYSIS | AGE FACTORS | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Biology | Enzymes and Enzyme Inhibitors | Physiology | Population Characteristics Document Number: 323128 |
21.  Title: Oral contraceptives, postmenopausal hormones, and risk of asynchronous bilateral breast cancer: The WECARE study group. Author: Figueiredo JC; Bernstein L; Capanu M; Malone KE; Lynch CF Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2008 Mar 20;26(9):[8] p. Abstract: The purpose was to investigate whether oral contraceptive (OC) use and postmenopausal hormones (PMH) are associated with an increased risk of developing asynchronous bilateral breast cancer among women diagnosed with breast cancer younger than 55 years. The WECARE (Women's Environment, Cancer, and Radiation Epidemiology) study is a population-based, multicenter, case-control study of 708 women with asynchronous bilateral breast cancer and 1,395 women with unilateral breast cancer. Risk factor information collected during a telephone interview focused on exposures before and after the first breast cancer diagnosis. Treatment and tumor characteristics were abstracted from medical records. Multivariable conditional logistic regression was used to estimate rate ratios (RR) and 95% CIs. OC use before the first breast cancer diagnosis was not associated with risk of asynchronous bilateral breast cancer (RR = 0.88; 95% CI, 0.67 to 1.16). OC use after breast cancer diagnosis was also not significantly associated with risk (RR = 1.56; 95% CI, 0.71 to 3.45). Risk did not increase with longer duration of use or among women who had begun using OCs at a younger age. No evidence of an increased risk of asynchronous bilateral breast cancer was observed with PMH use before (RR = 1.21; 95% CI, 0.90 to 1.61) or after breast cancer diagnosis (RR = 1.10; 95% CI, 0.67 to 1.77). Neither duration nor type of PMH were associated with risk. Age at and time since first breast cancer diagnosis did not substantially affect these results. This study provides no strong evidence that OC or PMH use increases the risk of a second cancer in the contralateral breast. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | INTERVIEWS | BREAST CANCER | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | MENOPAUSE | HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY | RISK FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproduction | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Biology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 324213 |
| 22. Title: Progestin and breast cancer. The missing pieces of a puzzle. Author: Giersig C Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz. 2008 Jul;51(7):782-6. Abstract: The previous assumption that progestin does not promote breast cancer development needs to be re-examined since a growing body of evidence indicates the opposite. Data from recent experimental trials and results from clinical and epidemiological studies on hormonal contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) have been confronted with breast cancer cases known from the German database of adverse drug reactions (ADR), reported in association with the use of progestin only contraceptives (POC) and combined oral contraceptives (COC). Also cases reported in association with HRT have been analysed. The available data complement one another showing a tumour promoting potential of progestin, possibly higher than that of a combination of estrogen and progestin. These assumptions are based on the following facts: 1) in estrogen-supplemented animals, progesterone has been shown to reactivate the growth of regressed tumour xenograft obtained from breast cancer cell lines, expressing both estrogen andprogesterone receptor; 2) antiprogestin has been revealed to suppress the reactivation of the growth of tumour xenograft and to fully suppress the development of breast cancer in an animal model for BRCA1 gene mutation; 3) metabolites of progesterone have been recognised as potent regulators of cell proliferation, cell detachment and apoptosis; 4) progesterone has been shown to inhibit, in a dose-dependent manner, apoptosis in breast cancer cell lines and apoptosis induced by doxorubicin and 5-fluorouracyl (drugs used in breast cancer treatment); 5) an association between breast cancer and HRT was suspected upon the addition of progestin on a regular basis for the prevention of endometrial cancer; 6) in a randomised placebo-controlled trial on HRT an increased risk of breast cancer was shown for the combination of estrogen and progestin, but not for estrogen alone; 7) in epidemiological studies on POC the recognition of an increased breast cancer risk was most probably impeded due to previously unrecognised systematic selection bias; 8) in a large epidemiological study on the risk of early-onset breast cancer in association with COC an increased risk was detected for COC use up to 1975, but no increased, even a slightly decreased, risk was shown for users of low-dose COC, applied since 1976; 9) a considerably higher number of breast cancer cases have been reported from Germany on POC than on the widespread used COC [corrected] (111 versus 12); 10) the big resemblance among the breast cancers reported for POC and their similarity with breast malignancies diagnosed in pregnancy suggest the existence of a pattern rather than pure coincidence [corrected] Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGY | CLINICAL RESEARCH | LABORATORY ANIMALS | HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY | ESTROGENS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, LOW-DOSE | BREAST CANCER | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | Public Health | Health | Research Methodology | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents Document Number: 328638 |
| 23. Title: Elements of the menstrual suppression debate. Author: Hitchcock CL Source: Health Care for Women International. 2008 Aug;29(7):702-19. Abstract: In this article I review common arguments and frameworks used by participants in the debate about extended use of combined hormonal contraceptives (CHCs; usually oral contraceptive pills) for menstrual suppression. I examine the way in which menstruation is described and the scope of risks considered. I consider the role of the pharmaceutical industry, personal and clinical experience, and concerns about the contraceptive effectiveness of contraceptive formulations with lower doses. I also address public consequences of the debate, including the possibility of inciting a pill scare, and increasing product awareness and off-label practice. Language: English Keywords: CANADA | RESEARCH REPORT | CRITIQUE | MENSTRUATION | RISK FACTORS | BREAST CANCER | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | WOMEN'S HEALTH | North America, Northern | Americas | Developed Countries | Reproduction | Biology | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Safety | Public Health | Health Document Number: 328619 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: Further support for the hypothesis that parental hormone levels around the time of conception are associated with human sex ratios at birth. Author: James WH Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2008;:1-7. Abstract: During the past year, data have been published on the offspring sex ratios of people diagnosed with toxoplasmosis, hepatitis B, and pre- and post-menopausal breast cancer. It is shown here how these offspring sex ratios constitute further support for the hypothesis that mammalian (including human) parental hormone concentrations around the time of conception partially control the sexes of the resulting infants. If this interpretation were correct, then hormonal treatments might be considered for some or all of these conditions. It is intended that anyone who has read the present note and my two previous papers (James, 1996, 2004) should be aware of all the data relating to the hypothesis. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | HORMONES | PARENTS | SEX RATIO | HEPATITIS | BREAST CANCER | PARASITIC DISEASES | TREATMENT | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Cancer | Neoplasms | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 326913 |
| 25. Title: Oral contraceptives and breast cancer [letter] Author: Kahlenborn C; Modugno F; Severs WB Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2008 Jul;83(7):849-50; author reply 850-1. Abstract: In a Concise Review for Clinicians, Casey et al' examine oral contraceptive (OC) use and the risk of breast cancer. It is noteworthy that the lead author is a consultant for Organon USA, maker of several OCs and other hormonal contraceptives; although Dr Casey disclosed this fact, a potential conflict of interest is nonetheless apparent. The authors conclude that "current evidence suggests that OCs do not play a clinically important role in the risk of breast cancer." That overly broad and inaccurate statement does not reflect the existing literature on OCs and breast cancer. Specifically, the authors fail to discuss the known differences in the epidemiology and pathology between premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer, including the potential differences in risk of disease associated with OC use. Instead, they treat all breast cancers as the same. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CRITIQUE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | RISK FACTORS | BREAST CANCER | MISINFORMATION | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Biology | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Communication Document Number: 328469 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Cohort fertility patterns and breast cancer mortality among U.S. women, 1948 - 2003. Author: Krueger PM; Preston SH Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Apr 15;18(9):263-284. Abstract: Epidemiological research has shown that women who have early and numerous births have reduced risks of being diagnosed with breast cancer. We use U.S. Vital Statistics and Census data and age-period-cohort models to examine whether cohort fertility patterns are associated with breast cancer mortality rates among women aged 40 and older in 1948-2003. Cohorts marked by higher proportions childless at ages 15-24 and lower cumulative second birth rates at ages 15-29 have higher rates of breast cancer mortality. This is the first demonstration that cohort fertility patterns have left a clear imprint on trends in U.S. breast cancer mortality rates. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | BREAST CANCER | INCIDENCE | MORTALITY | FERTILITY MEASUREMENTS | BIRTH RATE | PARITY | VITAL STATISTICS | CENSUS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Measurement | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility | Population Statistics Document Number: 326128 |
| 27. Title: Effect of reproductive factors and oral contraceptives on breast cancer risk in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers and noncarriers: results from a population-based study. Author: Lee E; Ma H; McKean-Cowdin R; Van Den Berg D; Bernstein L; Henderson BE; Ursin G Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention. 2008 Nov;17(11):3170-8. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Multiparity and breast-feeding reduce breast cancer risk, whereas oral contraceptive use may slightly increase breast cancer risk in the general population. However, the effects of these factors in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers are less clear. METHODS: Case patients were 1,469 women from Los Angeles County ages 20 to 49 years with newly diagnosed breast cancer. Control subjects were 444 women without breast cancer, individually matched to a subset of cases on race, age, and neighborhood. BRCA1/2 genes were sequenced in the cases, and odds ratios of breast cancer associated with various reproductive and hormonal factors in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers and noncarriers were estimated using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: Ninety-four women had a deleterious BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. Number of full-term pregnancies was inversely associated with breast cancer risk regardless of BRCA1/2 mutation status. Longer breast-feeding duration was protective among noncarriers but not among mutation carriers; however, this apparent effect modification was not statistically significant (P = 0.23). Neither oral contraceptive use overall nor the use of low-dose oral contraceptives was associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in any subgroup. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that parity protects against breast cancer in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers, whereas breast-feeding does not. Our data suggest no association between oral contraceptive use and breast cancer risk in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. Further confirmation that currently available low-dose oral contraceptives do not increase breast cancer risk in carriers is important from a public health perspective given the high prevalence of oral contraceptive use in the United States. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CALIFORNIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | WOMEN | MULTIPARITY | BREAST CANCER | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, LOW-DOSE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Parity | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 330082 |
| 28. Title: Effects of reproductive and demographic changes on breast cancer incidence in China: a modeling analysis. Author: Linos E; Spanos D; Rosner BA; Linos K; Hesketh T; Qu JD; Gao YT; Zheng W; Colditz GA Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2008 Oct 1;100(19):1352-60. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Breast cancer incidence is currently low in China. However, the distribution of reproductive and lifestyle risk factors for breast cancer among Chinese women is changing rapidly. We quantified the expected effect of changes in breast cancer risk factors on future rates of breast cancer in China. METHODS: We first validated and calibrated the Rosner-Colditz log-incidence breast cancer model in Chinese women who participated in the Shanghai Women's Health Study cohort (N = 74,942). We then applied the calibrated model to a representative sample of Chinese women who were aged 35-49 years in 2001 using data from the Chinese National Family Planning and Reproductive Health Survey (NFPRHS, N = 17,078) to predict the age-specific and cumulative breast cancer incidence among all Chinese women of this age group. We evaluated the relative impact of changes in modifiable risk factors, including alcohol intake, parity, postmenopausal hormone use, and adult weight gain, on cumulative incidence of breast cancer. RESULTS: Breast cancer incidence in China is expected to increase substantially from current rates, estimated at 10-60 cases per 100,000 women, to more than 100 new cases per 100,000 women aged 55-69 years by 2021. We predicted 2.5 million cases of breast cancer by 2021 among Chinese women who were 35-49 years old in 2001. Modest reductions in hormone and alcohol use, and weight maintenance could prevent 270,000 of these cases. CONCLUSIONS: China is on the cusp of a breast cancer epidemic. Although some risk factors associated with economic development are largely unavoidable, the substantial predicted increase in new cases of breast cancer calls for urgent incorporation of this disease in future health care infrastructure planning. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | HEALTH SURVEYS | FAMILY PLANNING SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREVALENCE | BREAST CANCER | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | LIFE STYLE | RISK BEHAVIOR | AGE FACTORS | RISK FACTORS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Health | Family Planning | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Measurement | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Population | Behavior | Population Characteristics | Biology Document Number: 329022 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: Contraception in the cosmos: The combined oral contraceptive pill in space. Author: Murad A Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2008;34(1):55-59. Abstract: The combined oral contraceptive pill (COC) is one medication that could be used to prevent health problems in space. Whilst there is no official requirement for them to do so, the vast majority of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) female astronauts choose to use the COC whilst in space (P Stepaniak, NASA Flight Surgeon, personal communication, 23 October 2006). Whilst much is known about the physiological effects of the COC on Earth, there has been no discussion of the potential benefits and disadvantages of its use in space. Such a discussion must take into account the effects of spaceflight on human physiology and the fact that modern female astronauts are a highly selected, motivated and, in general, healthy group of individuals. This article aims to review the potential benefits and disadvantages of using the COC during long-duration stays in space. It begins with a discussion of the gynaecological effects of the COC. It then examines how the COC might influence the effects of spaceflight on the human musculoskeletal system. Finally, it explores ways in which the COC could affect other systems of the body in ways that are relevant to spaceflight. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: RESEARCH REPORT | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | MENSTRUATION DISORDERS | SKELETAL EFFECTS | BREAST CANCER | THROMBOEMBOLISM | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | PHYSIOLOGY | Technology | Economic Factors | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents | Diseases | Biology | Cancer | Neoplasms | Embolism | Vascular Diseases Document Number: 323394 |
| 30. Title: Utility of blood DNA levels in diagnosis of breast cancer. Author: Nalini R; Silvia CR; Uthappa S Source: Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics. 2008 Apr-Jun;4(2):57-59. Abstract: Background: Prognostic factors, including both histopathological and biochemical variables, influence the choice of modality and the course of therapy in breast cancer. The biomarkers found in biological fluids, particularly in blood, apparently hold the best promise for the development of screening assays. Aim: To find out if any correlation exists between blood DNA level and tumor stage, size and grade. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was carried out on 52 female patients in the age-group of 18-70 years. The cases comprised 25 patients with histopathologically confirmed malignant breast cancer, while 27 patients with benign breast tumors served as the control group. Statistical Analysis: We used the Student's 't' test to compare the differences between the blood DNA levels in the two groups. Pearson's test was performed to find out the correlation between blood DNA levels and the TNM stage, tumor size and grade Results: It was observed that blood DNA levels showed statistically significant correlation with the TNM stage, tumor size and grade. Conclusion: The blood DNA level can be utilized as a noninvasive marker to assess tumor aggressiveness. Thus, it can be useful as a prognostic marker and as a marker of tumor burden. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL STUDIES | WOMEN | HEMATOLOGIC TESTS | BREAST CANCER | NEOPLASMS | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Laboratory Procedures | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Cancer | Diseases Document Number: 329134 |
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