1.  Title: Vasectomy reversal: a seven-year experience. Author: Busato WF Jr Source: Urologia Internationalis. 2009;82(2):170-4. Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Since the demand for vasectomy reversal is increasing and many populations in Brazil and other countries show distinct characteristics, this study was carried out as an effort to determine factors and characteristics associated with the success rate of reversal in a population in Southern Brazil. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed 29 cases of vasectomy reversal performed over a 7-year period using the single-layer technique under microscopic magnification. RESULTS: Mean patency, pregnancy, and birth rates were 75, 41.7 and 29%, respectively. The patency and pregnancy rates were 92.3 and 38.5%, respectively, for time intervals since vasectomy <10 years and 63.6 and 45.4%, respectively, for intervals >10 years. Patency and pregnancy rates were 87.5 and 50%, respectively, for patients who had their vasectomy performed by a urologist, and 50 and 25%, respectively, for those who had their vasectomy performed by a generalist surgeon (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: High patency and pregnancy rates are associated with time intervals since vasectomy of <10 years and vasectomies performed by urologists. There was no significant difference in the anastomosis time between the first 12 procedures and the next 12 procedures. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | MEN | VASECTOMY | STERILIZATION REVERSAL | PREGNANCY RATE | BIRTH RATE | TIME FACTORS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Male Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Reversible Sterilization | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 331231 |
2.  Title: Births: preliminary data for 2007. Author: Hamilton BE; Martin JA; Ventura SJ Source: National Vital Statistics Reports. 2009 Mar 18;57(12):1-23. Abstract: Objectives-This report presents preliminary data for 2007 on births in the United States. U.S. data on births are shown by age, live-birth order, race, and Hispanic origin of mother. Data on marital status, cesarean delivery, preterm births, and low birthweight are also presented. Methods-Data in this report are based on 98.7 percent of births for 2007. The records are weighted to independent control counts of all births received in state vital statistics offices in 2007. Comparisons are made with 2006 data. Results-The preliminary estimate of births in 2007 rose 1 percent to 4,317,119, the highest number of births ever registered for the United States. The general fertility rate increased by 1 percent in 2007, to 69.5 births per 1,000 women aged 15-44 years, the highest level since 1990. Increases occurred within all race and Hispanic origin groups and for nearly all age groups. The birth rate for U.S. teenagers 15-19 years rose again in 2007 by about 1 percent, to 42.5 births per 1,000. The birth rate for teenagers 15-17 and 18-19 years each increased by 1 percent in 2007, to 22.2 and 73.9 per 1,000, respectively. The rate for the youngest group, 10-14 years, was unchanged. Birth rates also increased for women in their twenties, thirties, and early forties between 2006 and 2007. The 2007 total fertility rate increased to 2,122.5 births per 1,000 women. All measures of childbearing by unmarried women rose to historic levels in 2007, with the number of births, birth rate, and proportion of births to unmarried women increasing 3 to 5 percent. The cesarean delivery rate rose 2 percent in 2007, to 31.8 percent, marking the 11th consecutive year of increase and another record high for the United States. The rate of preterm births (infants delivered at less than 37 weeks of gestation) decreased 1 percent in 2007, to 12.7 percent, with the decline predominately among infants born late preterm (at 34-36 weeks). The rate of low birthweight (less than 2,500 grams) also declined slightly in 2007, to 8.2 percent. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | VITAL STATISTICS | BIRTH RATE | INFANT HEALTH | FERTILITY RATE | MATERNAL HEALTH | FERTILITY MEASUREMENTS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Health | Health Document Number: 341885 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Trends in sexual experience, contraceptive use, and teenage childbearing: 1992-2002. Author: Manlove J; Ikramullah E; Mincieli L; Holcombe E; Danish S Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2009 May;44(5):413-23. Abstract: PURPOSE: To examine how cohort trends in family, individual, and relationship characteristics are linked to trends in adolescent reproductive health outcomes to provide a better understanding of factors behind recent declines in teenage birth rates. METHODS: We examine a sample of three cohorts of females and males aged 15-19 in 1992, 1997, and 2002, based on retrospective information from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth. We identify how family, individual, and relationship characteristics are associated with the transition to sexual intercourse, contraceptive use at first sex, and the transition to a teen birth. RESULTS: Cohort trends and multivariate analyses indicate changes in family and relationship characteristics among American teens have been associated with positive trends in reproductive health since the early 1990s. Factors associated with improvement in adolescent reproductive health include positive changes in family environments (including increases in parental education and a reduced likelihood of being born to a teen mother) and positive trends in sexual relationships (including an increasing age at first sex and reductions in older partners). These positive trends may be offset, in part, by negative changes in family environments (including an increased likelihood of being born to unmarried parents) and the changing racial/ethnic composition of the teen population. CONCLUSIONS: Recent increases in the U.S. teen birth rate highlight the continued importance of improving reproductive health outcomes. Our research suggests that it is important for programs to take into consideration how family, individual, and relationship environments influence decision-making about sex, contraception, and childbearing. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | COHORT ANALYSIS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | HEALTH SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | PREGNANT WOMEN | SEX BEHAVIOR | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | BIRTH RATE | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Health | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Measurements Document Number: 331077 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Abortion and the risk of subsequent preterm birth: a systematic review with meta-analyses. Author: Swingle HM; Colaizy TT; Zimmerman MB; Morriss FH Jr Source: Journal of Reproductive Medicine. 2009 Feb;54(2):95-108. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To conduct a systematic review and meta-analyses of studies that test the association between induced or spontaneous abortion and subsequent preterm birth. STUDY DESIGN: International databases were reviewed (1995-2007) using the terms preterm, premature, birth, labor, delivery, abortion, induced abortion, miscarriage and spontaneous abortion. Only studies that met prespecified objective criteria for methodologic design and reporting were included in the meta-analyses. RESULTS: Twelve induced and 9 spontaneous abortion studies met inclusion criteria. Common adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for preterm birth following 1 and > or = 2 induced abortions were 1.25 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.03-1.48) and 1.51 (95% CI 1.21-1.75), respectively. Four studies provided a common adjusted OR for < or = 32 weeks' births of 1.64 (95% CI 1.38-1.91). Meta-regression analysis revealed a previously unrecognized inverse relationship between the In OR and the control population preterm birth rate, explaining in part the observed heterogeneity among studies. Analysis of spontaneous abortion and subsequent preterm birth revealed a similar common adjusted OR and inverse meta-regression on the control preterm birth rates. CONCLUSION: Induced and spontaneous abortion are associated with similarly increased ORs for preterm birth in subsequent pregnancies, and they vary inversely with the baseline preterm birth rate, explaining some of the variability among studies. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN | ABORTION | ABORTION, SPONTANEOUS | PREMATURE BIRTH | RISK FACTORS | BIRTH RATE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Pregnancy Complications | Diseases | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Health | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 341116 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Ronald Freedman on American population growth: A view from 1957. Source: Population and Development Review. 2008 Mar;34(1):155-167. Abstract: Half a century ago, in 1957, the American baby boom reached its peak. The period total fertility rate (TFR) had climbed to 3.76-a level wholly unexpected even in the immediate postwar years. In combination with the then prevailing pattern of early childbearing and already fairly low mortality, this yielded an intrinsic rate of natural increase slightly above 2 percent per year. Such a rate implied, even without immigration, a long-run population growth potential unprecedented in US history. How should this demographic upsurge be interpreted? And what was the likely future demographic course of the United States? These were questions of manifest public interest. From the vantage point of the crest of the baby boom, Ronald Freedman addressed them in an essay titled "The planned family and American population growth," which appeared in the March 1957 issue of The Antioch Review. At the time Freedman was already a well-known social demographer, director of the first national fertility survey in the US(Growth of American Families); he was to become a leader in worldwide research on fertility and family planning. His 1957 essay is reproduced below in full. Written in nontechnical language but reflecting the best understanding of the factors underlying US fertility trends, Freedman's commentary provides a compelling narrative for today's readers. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | HISTORICAL REVIEW | CRITIQUE | DEMOGRAPHERS | POPULATION GROWTH | BIRTH RATE | BABY BOOM | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FAMILY SIZE | FAMILY PLANNING | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Contraception | Family Characteristics | Family and Household Document Number: 325567 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Methods used in the 1982, 1993, and 2004 birth cohort studies from Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, and a description of the socioeconomic conditions of participants' families. Author: Barros AJ; Santos IS; Matijasevich A; Araujo CL; Gigante DP; Menezes AM; Horta BL; Tomasi E; Victora CG; Barros FC Source: Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2008;24 Suppl 3:S371-80. Abstract: Three birth cohorts are currently being followed in Pelotas, Southern Brazil, in order to assess changes in birth conditions, growth, development, morbidity, and infant mortality, as well as the influence of pre- and perinatal factors on the subsequent morbidity of participants in their adult lives. We provide a description of the methodology used for the cohort studies that began in 1982, 1993, and 2004 in Pelotas, and a description of the economic conditions of the families involved. For the three cohorts, similar strategies were used to recruit babies born to mothers living in the municipality's urban area. These included daily visits to maternity hospitals where births were identified, mothers interviewed, and newborns examined. Over this time frame, there has been a significant reduction in the number of births due to declining fertility rates amongst the target population. Salaries (measured as a multiple of the minimum wage) were stable across cohorts, but quality of life indicators--such as the availability of piped water, flushing toilets and refrigerators--showed clear improvements. Mothers' levels of education improved markedly. Important changes in the demographic profile of risk factors and health outcomes are being recorded by the Pelotas cohorts. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | PARTICIPATION | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | FERTILITY RATE | BIRTH RATE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | MORBIDITY | INFANT MORTALITY | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Social Behavior | Behavior | Economic Factors | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Status | Diseases | Mortality Document Number: 330457 |
| 7. Title: From birth to adulthood in rural Ethiopia: the Butajira Birth Cohort of 1987. Author: Byass P; Fantahun M; Mekonnen W; Emmelin A; Berhane Y Source: Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology. 2008 Nov;22(6):569-74. Abstract: Long-term birth cohorts from developing countries are uncommon. Here a unique birth to 18-years cohort based on all births during 1987 in a rural area of Ethiopia is presented. This was the first year of the ongoing Butajira Rural Health Programme, since when the sampled population has been followed up in regular household visits. A total of 1884 livebirths in 1987 formed the cohort, corresponding to a birth rate of 0.31 per woman per year; the male : female ratio was 1.10. Perinatal mortality was 22 per 1000 livebirths, and infant mortality 65 per 1000 livebirths. Survival from birth to 18 years was 760 per 1000. Living in Butajira town had a considerable survival advantage compared with the surrounding villages. Most deaths were due to infections. Four per cent of the cohort experienced the death of their mothers before the age of 18 years, and 15 of the girls delivered their own children, suggesting that 1 in 25 women may bear a child before their eighteenth birthday in this community. The children in the cohort received no consequent special care or attention, and so they probably accurately represent the harsh realities of growing up in rural Ethiopia at the turn of the Millennium. The huge gaps between their experience and that of their contemporaries in more affluent settings are a scandal of the 21st century. Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | RURAL POPULATION | CHILDREN | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | BIRTH RATE | PERINATAL MORTALITY | INFANT MORTALITY | DEATH RATE | CHILD SURVIVAL | SURVIVORSHIP | CAUSES OF DEATH | INFECTIONS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Studies | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Mortality | Length of Life | Diseases Document Number: 330038 |
| 8. Title: Characteristics of young women who gave birth in the US-Mexico border region, 2005: the Brownsville-Matamoros Sister City Project for Women's Health. Author: Galvan Gonzalez FG; Mirchandani GG; McDonald JA; Ruiz M; Echegollen Guzman A; Castrucci BC; Gossman GL; Lewis KL Source: Preventing Chronic Disease. 2008 Oct;5(4):A120. Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Childbearing during adolescence and young adulthood is associated with adverse effects on health and quality of life. Lowering birth rates among young women is a binational priority in the US-Mexico border region, yet baseline information about birth rates and pregnancy risk is lacking. Increased understanding of the characteristics of young women who give birth in the region will help target high-risk groups for sexual and reproductive health services. METHODS: We examined data on reproductive health characteristics collected in hospitals from 456 women aged 24 years or younger who gave birth from August 21 through November 9, 2005, in Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Mexico, and Cameron County, Texas. We calculated weighted percentages and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each characteristic and adjusted odds ratios (AORs) for Matamoros and Cameron County women by using multiple logistic regression techniques. RESULTS: Numbers of births per 1,000 women aged 15 to 19 years and 20 to 24 years were similar in the 2 communities (110.6 and 190.2 in Matamoros and 97.5 and 213.1 in Cameron County, respectively). Overall, 38.5% of women experienced cesarean birth. Matamoros women reported fewer prior pregnancies than did Cameron County women and were less likely to receive early prenatal care but more likely to initiate breastfeeding. Few women smoked before pregnancy, but the prevalence of alcohol use in Cameron County was more than double that of Matamoros. In both communities combined, 34.0% of women used contraception at first sexual intercourse. CONCLUSION: Despite geographic proximity, similar ethnic origin, and comparable birth outcomes, young Mexican and US women showed different health behavior patterns. Findings suggest possible pregnancy prevention and health promotion interventions. Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | TEXAS | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | WOMEN'S HEALTH | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | BIRTH RATE | CESAREAN SECTION | ANTENATAL CARE | BREASTFEEDING | TOBACCO USE | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | United States of America | Developed Countries | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Obstetrical Surgery | Surgery | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Behavior Document Number: 329177 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Biological and sociological interpretations of age-adjustment in studies of higher order birth rates. Author: Gerster M; Keiding N Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 11;19(31):1205-1216. Abstract: Several studies of the effect of education on second or third birth rates (e.g. Hoem et al. (2001)) have used the concept of relative age at previous birth (B. Hoem (1996)). B. Hoem's idea was to focus on the social meaning of age at previous birth by redefining it according to the woman's educational attainment. We broaden the discussion by considering other interpretations of the explanatory power of the age at previous birth, particularly via known trends in biological fecundity. A mathematical analysis of the approach reveals side effects that have not been taken sufficiently into account. Our recommendation is not to use the relative age approach without supplementing it with the more traditional approach which includes the actual age at previous birth. (author's) Language: English Keywords: RESEARCH REPORT | AGE FACTORS | BIRTH RATE | EDUCATION | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | FIRST BIRTH | BIRTH INTERVALS | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Pregnancy History | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology Document Number: 327677 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Fertility effects of abortion and birth control pill access for minors. Author: Guldi M Source: Demography. 2008 Nov;45(4):817-27. Abstract: This article empirically assesses whether age-restricted access to abortion and the birth control pill influence minors' fertility in the United States. There is not a strong consensus in previous literature regarding the relationship between laws restricting minors' access to abortion and minors' birth rates. This is the first study to recognize that state laws in place prior to the 1973 Roe v. Wade decision enabled minors to legally consent to surgical treatment-including abortion-in some states but not in others, and to construct abortion access variables reflecting this. In this article, age-specific policy variables measure either a minor's legal ability to obtain an abortion or to obtain the birth control pill without parental involvement. I find fairly strong evidence that young women's birth rates dropped as a result of abortion access as well as evidence that birth control pill access led to a drop in birth rates among whites. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | YOUTH | WHITES | BIRTH RATE | ABORTION RATE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | FERTILITY RATE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 330141 Notification |
| 11. Title: Tracking trends in low fertility countries: An uptick in Europe? Author: Haub C Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], 2008 Sep. [3] p. Abstract: PRB has made a major update to its table of total fertility rates (TFRs) in countries with low or very low fertility rates. The newest tabulations suggest that fertility may be rising in some countries. But does this signal a more general trend? Carl Haub, PRB's senior demographer, analyzed the data. Language: English Keywords: EUROPE | GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | FERTILITY RATE | BIRTH RATE | FERTILITY MEASUREMENTS | POPULATION PROJECTION | CHANGES | Developed Countries | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Estimation Techniques | Research Methodology | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 331484 |
| 12. Title: Demography as a push toward gender equality? Current reforms of German family policy. Author: Henninger A; Wimbauer C; Dombrowski R Source: Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society. 2008 Fall;15(3):287-314. Abstract: This paper analyzes the policy objectives and (potential) outcomes of one of the recent reforms in German family policy, the new parenting benefit. The reform introduces not only a new policy instrument that puts a stronger focus on the labor-market activation of mothers but also a new policy objective: an attempt to raise the birth rate. We argue that this indicates a paradigm shift in German family policy, as it changes the interplay between (de)familialization, (de)commodification, and stratification. While the new paradigm offers better opportunities for highly qualified parents, it also leads to increasing social inequalities between families and, more specifically, mothers. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GERMANY | LITERATURE REVIEW | FAMILY POLICY | BIRTH RATE | CHILD CARE | MATERNITY BENEFITS | PATERNITY BENEFITS | INCOME | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | Europe, Central | Europe | Developed Countries | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Rearing | Behavior | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 328177 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Cohort fertility patterns and breast cancer mortality among U.S. women, 1948 - 2003. Author: Krueger PM; Preston SH Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Apr 15;18(9):263-284. Abstract: Epidemiological research has shown that women who have early and numerous births have reduced risks of being diagnosed with breast cancer. We use U.S. Vital Statistics and Census data and age-period-cohort models to examine whether cohort fertility patterns are associated with breast cancer mortality rates among women aged 40 and older in 1948-2003. Cohorts marked by higher proportions childless at ages 15-24 and lower cumulative second birth rates at ages 15-29 have higher rates of breast cancer mortality. This is the first demonstration that cohort fertility patterns have left a clear imprint on trends in U.S. breast cancer mortality rates. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | BREAST CANCER | INCIDENCE | MORTALITY | FERTILITY MEASUREMENTS | BIRTH RATE | PARITY | VITAL STATISTICS | CENSUS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Measurement | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility | Population Statistics Document Number: 326128 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Contraception to prevent HIV-positive births: current contribution and potential cost savings in PEPFAR countries. Author: Reynolds HW; Janowitz B; Wilcher R; Cates W Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2008 Oct;84 Suppl 2:ii49-53. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To estimate the number of HIV-positive births currently prevented by contraceptive use in the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) focus countries and to estimate the first year cost savings to each country if unintended and unwanted HIV-positive births were prevented via contraceptive use rather than providing antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV-positive pregnant women ("PMTCT services"). METHODS: Data from publicly available sources yielded estimates of (1) contraceptive and HIV prevalence; (2) the number of women of reproductive age; (3) the number of annual births to HIV-infected women; (4) the rates of pregnancy and vertical HIV transmission; (5) the proportions of unintended and unwanted births; and (6) the cost per HIV-positive birth averted by family planning and PMTCT services. The number of HIV-positive births currently averted by contraceptive use and the number of unwanted and unintended HIV-positive births are the product of these estimates. Cost savings are the difference in the costs of family planning and PMTCT services. RESULTS: The annual number of unintended HIV-positive births currently averted by contraceptive use ranges from 178 in Guyana to over 120 000 in South Africa. The minimum annual cost savings to prevent just the unwanted HIV-positive births ranges from $26 000 in Vietnam to over $2.2 million in South Africa. CONCLUSIONS: Contraception is already having an important effect on reducing the number of infant HIV infections. This contribution could be strengthened by additional efforts to provide contraception to HIV-infected women who do not wish to become pregnant. Moreover, the effect of contraception can be achieved at a cost savings compared with PMTCT services. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | PREVALENCE | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | WOMEN | PREGNANT WOMEN | REPRODUCTIVE AGE | BIRTH RATE | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | Measurement | Research Methodology | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Reproduction | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Reproductive Behavior | Transmission | Infections | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 329427 |
| 15. Title: Blacks and the family cap: Pregnancy, abortion, and spillovers. Author: Sabia JJ Source: Journal of Population Economics. 2008 Jan;21(1):111-134. Abstract: While reducing out-of-wedlock childbearing is a central goal of welfare reform, most policymakers prefer achieving this objective via a reduction in nonmarital pregnancy rates rather than through an increase in the incidence of abortion. Using aggregate state-level data from 1984 to 1998, I estimate fixed effects models that allow for autocorrelated and heteroskedastic disturbances to examine the association between the family cap and nonmarital birth, pregnancy, and abortion rates. I find robust evidence that the family cap is associated with a reduction in nonmarital birth rates, particularly among black women. This reduction is driven by a reduction in nonmarital pregnancy rates rather than through an increase in abortion or marriage rates. These findings suggest that that the stigmatizing effect of the family cap may influence the nonmarital pregnancy decisions of black women. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | THEORETICAL STUDIES | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | BLACKS | PREMARITAL PREGNANCY | FAMILY SIZE, COMPLETED | ABORTION RATE | BIRTH RATE | STIGMA | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | DISINCENTIVES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Fertility Measurements | Social Problems | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Policy | Political Factors Document Number: 322758 Notification |
| 16. Title: From the uterus to 12 months of age: changes in the maternal-child health profile in three birth cohorts in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, 1982-2004 [editorial] Author: Santos IS; Barros AJ Source: Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2008;24 Suppl 3:S368. Abstract: This special supplement of Cadernos de Saúde Pública/Reports in Public Health presents the comparative results of three birth cohorts followed in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in relation to the children's first 12 months of life. The analyses included more than 15 thousand births from 1982, 1993, and 2004, a period in which Brazil experienced profound political, social, and economic transformations. Accompanying this process, during these 22 years the country has witnessed important changes in the epidemiological profile of health problems and risk exposures, as well as a total reorganization of the national health system, with the creation of the Unified National Health System in 1988. The results presented in this supplement paint a faithful portrait of these changes, viewed from the perspective of a medium-sized city in the southern region of the country. However, the uniqueness of the data source does not limit its validity for representing a more general reality -the comparison of some results from the Pelotas cohorts to national averages shows great similarities. Meanwhile, the quality of information from cohort studies, preserving the temporality of the events, gives special importance to the panorama presented here. The fact that not just one but three birth cohorts have been performed in the same geographic base, and at 11-year intervals, places Brazil in a prominend position in the international epidemiological scenario. This is a unique situation among developing countries. Some wealthy countries like the United States and France, although experienced in conducting adult cohorts, are just now launching their own birth cohorts. The advantages of this type of study include the possibility of testing hypotheses on long-term effects of exposures occurring during pregnancy (through fetal programming) and in early childhood on morbidity and causes of mortality in adulthood. At a time when complex chronic non-communicable diseases dominate the morbidity profile of both wealthy countries and poor countries undergoing demographic and nutritional transition, the early identification of individuals at risk of becoming ill assumes a vital role. In addition, cohorts allow a detailed follow-up of the life cycle and effect of life histories (for example, gaining/losing weight; getting richer/poorer; and vice versa) on this cycle. The Pelotas cohorts have been visited regularly, and the oldest of the three, launched in 1982, has already undergone more than a dozen follow-ups (including either the entire cohort or sub-samples). The youngest cohort, from 2004, is already in its fifth follow-up at four years of age. Follow-up of the three cohorts when the study participants reach the same chronological age has allowed documenting the "epidemiological transition" in various health aspects. As appears clearly in the following articles, during these 22 years important changes were observed in relation to economic situation, birth weight, prematurity, mortality, and nutritional status, among others. We urge readers to examine this information in the articles, in the hope that it can be used to back action, programs, and policies. At the local level, based on the results for infant mortality, the Pelotas Municipal Health Secretariat has requested support for planning and implementing interventions to improve the infant health situation. A series of measures were implemented, resulting in a reduction in infant mortality from 20 to 12.3 per thousand live births from 2004 to 2007, thus equaling the mean value for the State of Rio Grande do Sul as a whole. (full-text) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | MATERNAL HEALTH | MORBIDITY | CHILD MORTALITY | PREGNANCY | BIRTH RATE | DISEASES | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Research Methodology | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Economic Factors Document Number: 330458 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Overview Chapter 7: The rising importance of migrants for childbearing in Europe. Author: Sobotka T Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(9):225-248. Abstract: This contribution looks at the influence of immigration on childbearing trends in the countries of Western, Northern and Southern Europe, which have received relatively large numbers of immigrants during the last decades. It analyses the contribution of migrants to the total number of births and compares fertility rates of migrant women with the fertility rates of native women, pointing out huge diversity between migrant groups. It also discusses the evidence regarding the progressive 'assimilation' in migrants' fertility to the local fertility patterns and analyses the net impact of migrants on period fertility rates. This review reveals that migrant women typically retain substantially higher levels of period fertility than the 'native' populations, but this difference typically diminishes over time and with the duration of their stay in a country. Immigrants contribute substantially to the total number of births and their share of total births has increased in the last decade, exceeding in some countries one fifth of the recorded live births. However, the 'net effect' of the higher fertility of migrants on the period total fertility of particular countries remains relatively small, typically between 0.05 and 0.10 in absolute terms. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | IMMUNE SYSTEM | MIGRANTS | NATIVE-BORN | MIGRATION | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FERTILITY RATE | BIRTH RATE | HETEROGENEITY | ACCULTURATION | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | Developed Countries | Physiology | Biology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Nationality | Population Characteristics | Fertility | Fertility Measurements | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 327719 |
| 18. Title: Recommendations for routine reporting on indications for cesarean delivery in developing countries. Author: Stanton C; Ronsmans C Source: Birth. 2008 Sep;35(3):204-11. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Cesarean delivery rates are increasing rapidly in many developing countries, particularly among wealthy women. Poor women have lower rates, often so low that they do not reach the minimum rate of 1 percent. Little data are available on clinical indications for cesarean section, information that could assist in understanding why cesarean delivery rates have changed. This paper presents recommendations for routine reporting on indications for cesarean delivery in developing countries. These recommendations resulted from an international consultation of researchers held in February 2006 to promote the collection of comparable data to understand change in, or composition of, the cesarean delivery rate in developing countries. METHODS: Data are presented from selected countries, categorizing cesareans by three classification systems. RESULTS: A single classification system was recommended for use in both high and low cesarean delivery rate settings, given that underuse and overuse of cesarean section are evident within many populations. The group recommended a hierarchical categorization, prioritizing cesareans performed for absolute maternal indications. Categorization among the remaining nonabsolute indications is based on the primary indication for the procedure and include maternal and fetal indications and psychosocial indications, required for high cesarean delivery rate settings. CONCLUSIONS: Data on indications for cesarean sections are available everywhere the procedure is performed. All that is required is compilation and review at facility and at higher levels. Advocacy within ministries of health and medical professional organizations is required to advance these recommendations since researchers have inadequately communicated the health effects of both underuse and overuse of cesarean delivery. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | CLASSIFICATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | FETUS | CESAREAN SECTION | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS | FETAL VIABILITY | BIRTH RATE | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Obstetrical Surgery | Surgery | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Diseases | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 330035 |
| 19. Title: TRANSMONEE 2007 features. Data and analysis on the lives of children in CEE / CIS and Baltic States. Author: UNICEF Source: Florence, Italy, UNICEF, Innocenti Research Centre, 2007. 58 p. Abstract: While the quality of data on children has improved recently, many statistics continue to be collected using mechanisms and definitions that were prevalent in the time of central planning, and that work less well in the new environment. The challenges associated with the data on infant and under-five mortality rates are perhaps the best documented, and are summarized in this publication. However, the statistics used in the region to monitor other aspects of child wellbeing suffer from different but also serious weaknesses. For example, efforts have recently been made to improve and standardize the collection of data on children without parental care, yet the fact that they tend to be collected by different ministries or agencies, using different definitions and levels of disaggregation, still hampers consistency. Employment of young people in the informal labour market is not well captured by routine statistical collection. Formal enrolment in education can be monitored, but it is difficult to monitor the quality of education and the number of children actually attending school as opposed to enrolled in school. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: EUROPE, EASTERN | USSR | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CHILDREN | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | CHILD SURVIVAL | INFANT MORTALITY | CHILD MORTALITY | DEATH RATE | MONITORING | BIRTH RATE | DEPENDENCY BURDEN | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | Developing Countries | Europe | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Evaluation | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 326765 |
| 20. Title: Pregnancy during adolescence: A major social problem [editorial] Author: Amy JJ Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2007 Dec;12(4):299-302. Abstract: Adolescents tend to behave impulsively and may show a low capacity for abstraction and planning ahead of time. This also applies to their sexual behaviour. Worrying parents, and all others providing advice and guidance, must take this profile into account and have regard for the youngsters' innate desire of autonomy. The median age at which adolescents in Europe start having sexual intercourse is presently 15-16 years, but notable differences exist between countries. The following factors have been found to increase the risk for early sexual activity: precocious puberty; low socio-economic level; separation of the parents (single parent family); early motherhood of the mother or a sister; lack of communication with regard to sexuality between the parents and the children; risk behaviours (smoking, use of alcohol or of hard drugs); sexually active peers. Other factors seem to prevent the early onset of sexual activity, such as a warm family atmosphere, good communication skills and self-reliance. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | SEX BEHAVIOR | AGE FACTORS | SEXUAL INTERCOURSE | ABORTION RATE | BIRTH RATE | CONTRACEPTION | Adolescents | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Behavior | Reproduction | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Fertility Measurements Document Number: 322472 Notification |
| 21. Title: Social organization, population, and land use. Author: Axinn WG; Ghimire DJ Source: Ann Arbor, Michigan, University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Population Studies Center, 2007 Jan. 39 p. (Population Studies Center Research Report No. 07-617) Abstract: We examine the population-environment relationship at the local community level by focusing on the impact of population changes on changes in land use. We construct a theoretical framework for the study of microlevel population-environment relationships that guides the appropriate specification of empirical models and emphasizes the multidimensional nature of population impacts on land use. We use newly available longitudinal measures of local land use changes, local population dynamics, and community context from the Nepalese Himalayas to provide empirical estimates of our theoretical model. This empirical investigation reveals that variations in model specification yield different substantive conclusions and that multiple dimensions of population change impact land use. Local birth rates have a large effect on local land use changes that is not explained by changes in population size or structure. This intriguing finding is consistent with the hypothesis that fertility influences household consumption patterns which in turn impact land use changes at the local level. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NEPAL | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | THEORETICAL MODELS | LAND AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT | POPULATION DYNAMICS | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | BIRTH RATE | SOCIAL CHANGE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Rural Development | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Environment | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 322565 |
| 22. Title: Demography of the tribal groups of Rajasthan: 2. Levels, differentials and trends in fertility. Author: Bhasin MK; Nag S Source: Anthropologist. 2007 Jan;9(1):39-46. Abstract: In the present paper, descriptions of "current" and cumulative fertility among the six major Scheduled Tribes have been discussed. Differences in levels of fertility across Scheduled Tribes seemed to be due to the influence of independent determinants as well as different levels of development, viz., Minas have again shown lesser fertility level as compared to other tribes under study. The relationship between fertility and such independent determinants as, economic and socio-cultural characteristics, physical environment has also been explored, which revealed possible influence. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | TRIBES | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | FERTILITY | BIRTH RATE | AGE SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATE | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | CHILD-WOMAN RATIO | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Fertility Measurements | Fertility Rate Document Number: 320531 |
| 23. Title: Abortion debate in Latin America and beyond [letter] Author: Bianco M; Belizán JM; Althabe F Source: Lancet. 2007 Oct 13;370(9595):1309. Abstract: Jill Replogle's observations on the dispute between Latin American activists, the interference of the Catholic Church in legal changes, and the high numbers of abortions are also pertinent to Argentina. Abortion is the main cause of maternal mortality in Argentina, accounting for almost a third of maternal deaths. A survey showed that there are between 560 000 and 615 000 induced abortions per year, a figure close to the 700 000 deliveries per year in Argentina. Such figures suggest a mean of two induced abortions per woman of reproductive age. In Argentina, induced abortion is illegal except in cases in which the mother's life is threatened and in cases of violations on women with mental retardation. Despite this legal concession, women in these exception categories often do not have access to abortion in practice. For example, earlier this year a young mother with severe cancer requiring treatment became pregnant before the cancer treatment started. Her parents requested an abortion in order forher to receive the cancer treatment, but the public hospital authorities refused. The 20-year-old woman gave birth to a premature baby who died, and subsequently died of the cancer herself. The hospital authorities and doctors acted under the Catholic Church's pressure and their own ideology. In Argentina, women still need protection and must be allowed the right to decide on the basis of their beliefs, not those of doctors or anyone else. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: LATIN AMERICA | ARGENTINA | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | POLICYMAKERS | CATHOLICISM | ABORTION | ABORTION LAW | ABORTION RATE | BIRTH RATE | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | Americas | Developing Countries | South America, Southern | South America | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Christianity | Religion | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Human Rights | Political Factors Document Number: 321873 Notification |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: Decline and loss of birth seasonality in Spain: analysis of 33 421 731 births over 60 years. Author: Cancho-Candela R; Andres-de Llano JM; Ardura-Fernandez J Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2007 Aug;61(8):713-718. Abstract: Several seasonal variations have been found in birth rates in different countries at different periods. The characteristics of the rhythmic patterns vary according to geographical location and chronological changes. This study presents data on spanish birth seasonality over six decades. A time series composed of 33 421 731 births in Spain in the period 1941-2000 was analysed. The series comes from the National Institute of Statistics and was processed according to the following norms: (1) normalisation of the duration of months and years; (2) clinical analysis of temporal series (isolation of seasonal component); (3) Fourier's spectral analysis; and (4) cosinor analysis (adjustment to the cosine curve of two harmonics). Significant seasonal rhythm was found in the set of births, both for a 12-month period and a 6-month period. The rhythm shows bimodal morphology, with a pronounced birth peak in April and a smaller one in September. These peaks correspond to July and December conceptions, respectively. The major birth peak shifted to March-May between the 1940s and the 1980s. Birth rhythm changed after the 1960s, with a decrease in amplitude and later loss of seasonality in the 1990s. In Spain, seasonal birth rhythm shows a decline from 1970, and, finally, lack of birth seasonality in 1991-2000. This trend is similar to other European countries, although Spain shows a more intense loss of seasonality. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SPAIN | RESEARCH REPORT | ANALYSIS | POPULATION | SEASONAL VARIATION | BIRTH RATE | FERTILITY DECLINE | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | TIME FACTORS | ENVIRONMENT | Europe, Southwestern | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Fertility Changes Document Number: 318616 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Educational reversals and first-birth timing in sub-Saharan Africa: A dynamic multilevel approach. Author: DeRose LF; Kravdal O Source: Demography. 2007 Feb;44(1):59-77. Abstract: In many areas throughout sub-Saharan Africa, young adult cohorts are less educated than their predecessors because of declines in school enrollments during the 1980s and 1990s. Because a woman with little education typically becomes a mother earlier and has more children than one with better education, and because of a similar well-established relationship between current education and current fertility at the societal level, one might expect such education reversals to raise fertility. However, if there is an additional negative effect of low educational level among currently young women compared with that in the past, which would accord with ideas about the impact of relative deprivation, the total effect of an education reversal may run in either direction. This possibility has not been explored in earlier studies, which have taken a more static approach. We focus on the initiation of childbearing. Using Demographic and Health Survey data from 16 sub-Saharan African countries with multiple surveys, we estimate a fixed-effects multilevel model for first births that includes the woman's own education, community education, and community education relative to the past. There are negative effects of individual and community education, but no effect of relative education. Thus we conclude that education reversals do seem to speed up entry into parenthood. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | FERTILITY | AGE FACTORS | FIRST BIRTH | BIRTH RATE | COMMUNITY | EDUCATION | Developing Countries | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Pregnancy History | Fertility Measurements | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors Document Number: 313231 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Net cohort migration in England and Wales: How past birth trends may influence net migration. Author: Dorling D; Rigby JE Source: Population Review. 2007;46(2):51-62. Abstract: An established role for statistical social science is to try to uncover the extent to which aggregate behaviour is conditioned by context as exemplified by the work of Durkheim. A decade prior to Durkheim's seminal work, eleven 'laws' of human migratory behaviour were proposed by Ravenstein. In this paper we suggest an extension to this work, that: migration balances the relative worth of people to places over the course of human lifetimes; not in days, month or years: people follow the tides of life. We explore the concept of net cohort migration to demonstrate this for England and Wales, for which long-term quality datasets are available. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | WALES | SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | COHORT ANALYSIS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | POPULATION STATISTICS | POPULATION | MIGRANTS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | BIRTH RATE | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | POPULATION DYNAMICS | POPULATION SIZE | Developed Countries | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Europe, Northern | Research Methodology | Studies | Migration | Demographic Factors | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 324756 |
| 27. Title: Births, deaths, and new deal relief during the great depression. Author: Fishback PV; Haines MR; Kantor S Source: Review of Economics and Statistics. 2007 Feb;89(1):1-14. Abstract: The article examines the impact of New Deal relief programs on infant mortality, non-infant mortality, and general fertility rates in major U.S. cities between 1929 and 1940. Effects are estimated using a variety of specifications and techniques for a panel of 114 cities that reported information on relief spending between 1929 and 1940. The significant rise in relief spending during the New Deal contributed to reductions in infant mortality, suicide rates, and some other causes of death, while contributing to increases in the general fertility rate. Similar to Ruhm's (2000) findings for the modern United States, the article finds that many types of death rates were pro-cyclical during the 1930s. Estimates of the relief costs associated with saving a life (adjusted for inflation) are similar to those found in studies of modern social insurance programs. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | URBAN AREAS | HISTORICAL REVIEW | GOVERNMENT | LOW INCOME POPULATION | BIRTH RATE | DEATH RATE | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | ECONOMIC RECESSION | INFANT MORTALITY | MORTALITY DETERMINANTS | FERTILITY CHANGES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Geographic Factors | Population | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Mortality | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Economic Conditions | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 318103 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Minding the shop: The case of obstetrics conferences. Author: Gans JS; Leigh A; Varganova E Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2007 Oct;65(7):1458-1465. Abstract: We estimate the impact of annual obstetricians and gynecologists' conferences on births in Australia and the United States. In both countries, the number of births drops by 2-4 percent during the days on which these conferences are held. Since it is unlikely that parents take these conferences into account when conceiving their child, this suggests that medical professions are timing births to suit their conference schedule. We argue that for this reason professional obstetrics societies should reconsider the timing of their annual conferences to accommodate the lowest natural birth rate in the year. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AUSTRALIA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | OBSTETRICS | GYNECOLOGY | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | BIRTH RATE | INFANT HEALTH | HEALTH SERVICES | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | Developed Countries | Oceania | North America | Americas | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Medicine | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Health | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 313843 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: Education and second birth rates in Denmark 1981 -- 1994. Author: Gerster M; Keiding N; Knudsen LB; Strandberg-Larsen K Source: Demographic Research. 2007 Nov 9;17(8):181-210. Abstract: A high educational attainment is shown to have a positive effect on second birth rates for Danish one-child mothers during the period 1981-94. We examine whether a time-squeeze is a possible explanation: due to the longer enrolment in the educational system, highly educated women have less time at their disposal in order to get the desired number of children. Also, we examine to what extent the partner's education can explain some of the positive effect. We find no evidence that the positive effect of education is due to a time-squeeze nor to a partner effect. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DENMARK | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | WOMEN | SEXUAL PARTNERS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | BIRTH RATE | TIME FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Population Characteristics | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 313957 |
| 30. Title: The role of parents and partners in the pregnancy behaviors of young Latinas. Author: Gilliam ML Source: Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences. 2007 Feb;29(1):50-67. Abstract: Pregnancy among young Latinas demands attention. These teens have higher birthrates than other teen populations. Seven focus groups (N = 40) were conducted with Latinas to explore how relationships between young Latinas and their mothers, fathers, and male partners contribute to teen pregnancy. ATLAS/ti (a qualitative data analysis software program) was used to assist in coding and analysis of data. Salient themes were identified. Mothers rely on cultural values regarding sexuality and pregnancy outside of marriage and fear about birth control to dissuade their daughters from pregnancy. Fathers echo these traditional messages. Open communication about sexuality and contraception rarely occurs. Male partners increase pregnancy susceptibility given the difficulty with negotiating condom use. It is important that research and prevention programs recognize the social context in which pregnancy prevention and susceptibility occur. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH | FOCUS GROUPS | YOUTH | PARENTS | HISPANICS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | CONDOM USE | COMMUNICATION | BIRTH RATE | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Fertility Measurements Document Number: 314456 |
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