1.  Peer Reviewed Title: A highly conserved segmental duplication in the subtelomeres of Plasmodium falciparum chromosomes varies in copy number. Author: Mok BW; Ribacke U; Sherwood E; Wahlgren M Source: Malaria Journal. 2008 Mar 7;7:46. Abstract: Segmental duplications (SD) have been found in genomes of various organisms, often accumulated at the ends of chromosomes. It has been assumed that the sequence homology in-between the SDs allow for ectopic interactions that may contribute to the emergence of new genes or gene variants through recombinatorial events. In silico analysis of the 3D7 Plasmodium falciparum genome, conducted to investigate the subtelomeric compartments, led to the identification of subtelomeric SDs. Sequence variation and copy number polymorphisms of the SDs were studied by DNA sequencing, real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). The levels of transcription and the developmental expression of copy number variant genes were investigated by qPCR. A block of six genes of greater than 10 kilobases in size, including var, rif, pfmc-2tm and three hypothetical genes (n-, o- and q-gene), was found duplicated in the subtelomeric regions of chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 10 and 11 (SD1). The number of SD1 per genome was found to vary from 4 to 8 copies in between different parasites. The intragenic regions of SD1 were found to be highly conserved across ten distinct fresh and long-term cultivated P. falciparum. Sequence variation was detected in a approximately 23 amino-acid long hypervariable region of a surface-exposed loop of PFMC-2TM. A hypothetical gene within SD1, the n-gene, encoding a PEXEL/VTS-containing two-transmembrane protein was found expressed in ring stage parasites. The n-gene transcription levels were found to correlate to the number of n-gene copies. Fragments of SD1 harbouring two or three of the SD1-genes (o-gene, pfmc-2tm, q-gene) were also found in the 3D7 genome. In addition a related second SD, SD2, of approximately 55% sequence identity to SD1 was found duplicated in a fresh clinical isolate but was only present in a single copy in 3D7 and in other P. falciparum lines or clones. Plasmodium falciparum carries multiple sequence conserved SDs in the otherwise highly variable subtelomeres of its chromosomes. The uniqueness of the SDs amongst plasmodium species, and the conserved nature of the genes within, is intriguing and suggests an important role of the SD to P. falciparum. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGY | PARASITES | MALARIA PREVENTION | GENETICS | BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS | Public Health | Health | Biology | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 325233 |
| 2. Title: Demographic and health surveillance of mobile pastoralists in Chad: integration of biometric fingerprint identification into a geographical information system. Author: Weibel D; Schelling E; Bonfoh B; Utzinger J; Hattendorf J; Abdoulaye M; Madjiade T; Zinsstag J Source: Geospatial Health. 2008 Nov;3(1):113-24. Abstract: There is a pressing need for baseline demographic and health-related data to plan, implement and evaluate health interventions in developing countries, and to monitor progress towards international development goals. However, mobile pastoralists, i.e. people who depend on a livestock production system and follow their herds as they move, remain marginalized from rural development plans and interventions. The fact that mobile people are hard to reach and stay in contact with is a plausible reason why they are underrepresented in national censuses and/or alternative sequential sample survey systems. We present a proof-of-concept of monitoring highly mobile, pastoral people by recording demographic and health-related data from 933 women and 2020 children and establishing a biometric identification system (BIS) based on the registration and identification of digital fingerprints. Although only 22 women, representing 2.4% of the total registered women, were encountered twice in the four survey rounds, the approach implemented is shown to be feasible. The BIS described here is linked to a geographical information system to facilitate the creation of the first health and demographic surveillance system in a mobile, pastoralist setting. Our ultimate goal is to implement and monitor interventions with the "one health" concept, thus integrating and improving human, animal and ecosystem health. Language: English Keywords: CHAD | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | RURAL POPULATION | RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION SYSTEMS | EPIDEMIOLOGY | MONITORING | BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Records | Information Processing | Information | Public Health | Health | Evaluation | Biology Document Number: 329843 |
3.  Title: Menarche and menopause among the Iruliga tribal women. Author: Dakshayani B; Chandran MS; Gangadhar MR Source: Anthropologist. 2007 Jul;9(3):255-256. Abstract: In the present study an attempt has been made to study the age at menarche and menopause among the Iruliga women of Mysore district, Karnataka state. The mean menarcheal and menopausal age of Iruliga women was found to be 13.93 +or- 1.6 years and 46.63 +or- 0.53 years respectively. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | TRIBES | WOMEN | YOUTH | MENARCHE | MENOPAUSE | BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS | AGE FACTORS | HETEROGENEITY | MALNUTRITION | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Menstruation | Reproduction | Biology | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Economic Factors Document Number: 320542 |
| 4. Title: Proteomics of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Author: Sims PF; Hyde JE Source: Expert Review of Proteomics. 2006 Feb;3(1):87-95. Abstract: The lethal species of malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, continues to exact a huge toll of mortality and morbidity, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Completion of the genome sequence of this organism and advances in proteomics and mass spectrometry have opened up unprecedented opportunities for understanding the complex biology of this parasite and how it responds to drug challenge and other interventions. This review describes recent progress that has been made in applying protonic technology to this important pathogen and provides a look forward to likely future developments (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | LITERATURE REVIEW | PARASITES | MALARIA PREVENTION | BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS | PROTEINS | GENETICS | DRUG RESISTANCE | Africa | Developing Countries | Biology | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Physiology | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 307004 |
| 5. Title: Data quality improved with biomarkers. [Amélioration de la qualité des données grâce aux biomarqueurs] Author: ORC Macro. MEASURE DHS Source: DHS Dimensions. 2005 Spring;7(1):1-2. Abstract: Current Demographic and Health Surveys often include biological testing for a large variety of health conditions, from HIV infection to nutritional deficiencies and chronic conditions. In the face of emerging pandemic infectious diseases, the demand for biomarker data is growing, and MEASURE DHS continues to develop new ways of measuring disease in populationbased demographic surveys. Biomarkers are biological and physiological measures of health conditions. Since 1986, DHS has been measuring the height, weight and BMI of women and children to evaluate their nutritional status. Anemia testing became a standard component of the DHS survey protocol after the 1995 Kazakhstan survey showed that respondents were comfortable with providing blood specimens for the test. Over the years, more biomarkers have been added to DHS surveys in more than 50 countries. DHS surveys have tested for syphilis, chlamydia, hepatitis B, gonorrhea, bacterial vaginosis and trichomonas, the herpes simplex virus, vitamin A, lead exposure, high blood pressure, diabetes, and immunity from vaccine-preventable diseases like measles and tetanus. As of March 2005, 22 surveys have included anonymous testing for HIV infection. (excerpt) French Abstract: De nos jours, les enquêtes démographiques et de santé (EDS) font souvent référence à des résultats d'examens biologiques concernant un large éventail de maladies, qu'il s'agisse d'infection par le VIH, de carences alimentaires ou de maladies chroniques. Du fait de l'émergence de maladies infectieuses à caractère pandémique, on a de plus en plus besoin de données sur les biomarqueurs et c'est dans ce contexte que MEASURE DHS continue à mettre au point de nouvelles méthodes de mesure des maladies dans les enquêtes démographiques menées au sein des populations. Les biomarqueurs sont des paramètres biologiques et physiologiques utilisés comme indicateurs de maladies. Depuis 1986, DHS s'est donné pour tâche de mesurer la taille, le poids et l'IMC de femmes et d'enfants afin d'évaluer leur statut nutritionnel. Lorsqu'il a été réalisé en 1995, lors d'une enquête menée au Kazakhstan, que les participants étaient disposés à fournir un échantillon de sang pour le contrôle d'anémie, ce test est devenu un élément standard du protocole d'enquête EDS. Au fil des ans, de plus en plus de biomarqueurs ont été ajoutés aux enquêtes EDS dans plus de 50 pays. Ces enquêtes incluent désormais des tests de dépistage de syphilis, de chlamydia, d'hépatite B, de gonococcie, de vaginose bactérienne, de Trichomonas, du virus de l'herpès simplex, de carence en vitamine A, d'exposition au plomb, d'hypertension artérielle, de diabète et d'immunité à des maladies évitables par la vaccination telles que la rougeole et le tétanos. Depuis mars 2005, 22 enquêtes ont également incorporé le dépistage anonyme de l'infection par le VIH. (extrait) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | MADAGASCAR | CRITIQUE | POPULATION | DEMOGRAPHERS | BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | SURVEY METHODOLOGY | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demography | Social Sciences | Biology | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology Document Number: 290452 |
| 6. Title: Pregnancy increases BMI in adolescents of a population-based birth cohort. [El embarazo aumenta el índice de masa corporal en adolescentes de una cohorte de nacimientos basada en la población] Author: Gigante DP; Rasmussen KM; Victora CG Source: Journal of Nutrition. 2005;135:74-80. Abstract: Evidence from developed countries suggests that adolescents grow while pregnant and that their growth is associated with increased weight gain and fat storage, but this has never been examined in girls from developing countries. Adolescents born in 1982 in Pelotas, Brazil, are being followed in a birth cohort study. Information on social and biological determinants of nutritional status was collected in early life. Both in 1997 and in 2001, 464 girls were located through household visits, 16% of whom had had a pregnancy in this period. Changes in height, weight, and BMI between 1997 and 2001 were analyzed in relation to the occurrence of pregnancy, after adjustment for previous anthropometric status, as well as social and biological characteristics. The average gains were 2.0 ± 2.0 cm in height, 3.1 ± 5.9 kg in weight, and 0.7 ± 2.2 kg/m² in BMI. Each pregnancy was associated with a reduction of 0.46 cm on height gain from 1997 to 2001 (P = 0.02). Girls who became pregnant gained 2.25 kg more than all others (P = 0.004). There was a clear association between pregnancy and BMI change. A single pregnancy was associated with an increase of 0.81 kg/m² (P = 0.01) and 2 or more pregnancies were associated with an increase of 1.58 kg/m² (P = 0.02). Teenage pregnancy was associated with an important increase in BMI. Given the growing epidemic of obesity in low- and middle-income countries, particularly among women, efforts to reduce teenage pregnancy may also contribute to preventing overweight. (author's) Spanish Abstract: La evidencia de los países desarrollados sugiere que las adolescentes crecen cuando están embarazadas y que su crecimiento se asocia con un mayor aumento de peso y de reservas de grasa, sin embargo, estos cambios nunca se estudiaron en las adolescentes de los países en vías de desarrollo. Se realizó un seguimiento de adolescentes que nacieron en 1982 en Pelotas, Brasil, en un estudio de cohortes de nacimiento. Se reunieron datos sobre los factores sociales y biológicos determinantes del estado nutricional desde los primeros años. El 16% de las 464 niñas estudiadas a través de visitas domiciliarias en 1997 y en 2001, se embarazó en este período. Se analizaron los cambios en estatura, peso e índice de masa corporal (IMC) en ambos años en relación con el embarazo, después de efectuado un ajuste del estado antropométrico previo, al igual que las características sociales y biológicas. Los aumentos promedio fueron 2,0 ± 2,0 cm en altura, 3,1 ± 5,9 kg en peso y 0,7 ± 2,2 kg/m2 en índice de masa corporal. Cada embarazo se asoció con una reducción de 0,46 cm en el aumento de estatura de 1997 a 2001 (P = 0,02). Las adolescentes que quedaron embarazadas aumentaron 2,25 kg más que las demás (P = 0,004). Se registró una clara asociación entre embarazo y cambios en el índice de masa corporal. Un embarazo único se asoció con un aumento de 0,81 kg/m² (P = 0,01) y 2 o más embarazos se asociaron con un aumento de 1,58 kg/m² (P = 0,02). El embarazo adolescente se asoció con un aumento importante en índice de masa corporal. Dado el aumento de la epidemia de obesidad en los países de ingresos medios y bajos en especial entre las mujeres, los esfuerzos por reducir el embarazo en la adolescencia también podrían contribuir a evitar el sobrepeso. (del autor) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | PREGNANT WOMEN | BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS | ECONOMIC CONDITIONS | BODY WEIGHT | NUTRITION | MENARCHE | AGE FACTORS | PREGNANCY | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Biology | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Physiology | Health | Menstruation | Reproduction Document Number: 280158 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Management of HIV-1 infection with a combination of nevirapine, stavudine, and lamivudine. A preliminary report on the Nigerian antiretroviral program. Author: Idigbe EO; Adewole TA; Eisen G; Kanki P; Odunukwe NN Source: JAIDS. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2005 Sep 1;40(1):65-69. Abstract: The objective was to evaluate treatment outcome in the first 12 months among HIV-positive patients managed with a combination of nevirapine + stavudine + lamivudine under the current national antiretroviral (ARV) program in Nigeria. This was a prospective observational, cohort study on 50 ARV-naive patients who met the inclusion criteria for the program and had given informed consent. All patients were in stage 2 or stage 3 periods of infection based on World Health Organization clinical classification. The patients were treated with the generic brands of ARVs and treatment consisted of oral nevirapine (Nevimal, Cipla, Mumbai, India), 200 mg daily, lamivudine (Lamivir, Cipla), 150 mg twice daily, and stavudine (Stavir, Cipla), 40 mg twice daily. Prior to initiation of treatment, the clinical history and baseline data for each patient were documented. The levels of plasma HIV-1 RNA, CD4+ cell counts, frequency of opportunistic infections, and estimated body mass index were recorded at baseline and subsequently at intervals during treatment. Data obtained at the various sampling times for each parameter were compared against their baseline values. Data on the plasma HIV-1 RNA levels indicated that between baseline and week 24, the median viral load of the patients decreased by 1.79 log10 copies/mL. Equally between baseline and week 48 the median CD4+ cell counts increased by 186 3 106 cells/L, the frequency of opportunistic infections decreased by 82%, the median body mass index increased by 4.8 kg/m2, and 36% experienced side effects, which were minor and transient. The most prevalent side effect recorded was skin rash associated with nevirapine. Good adherence to this triple regimen was recorded in .85% of the patients. The overall results within the 12-month treatment period indicated an effective suppression of viral replication, the reconstitution of the immune system, and improvement of the physical well-being of the study population. Though there may be differences in global distribution of the infecting HIV-1 subtypes, the clinical and biologic results of this study compared favorably to those documented in cohorts treated with branded and generic ARV drugs in some developed and developing countries. The cumulative data in this study further confirmed that the correct use of generic brands of ARVs is a feasible option in HIV care and support programs in resource-poor countries. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | COHORT ANALYSIS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS | IMMUNITY, CELLULAR | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | TREATMENT | MANAGEMENT | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Biology | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Drugs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 290260 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Biological and psychological determinants of male and female human sexual orientation. Author: James WH Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2005;37:555-567. Abstract: Some propositions on male and female sexual orientation will be considered. Some of these are established; others are more speculative. The aim is to offer some notes towards a coherent, comprehensive theory of sexual orientation. 1. The distinction between butch and femme lesbians seems real rather than a social construct. 2. High levels of prenatal steroid hormones seem to be causally associated with the sexual orientation of butch lesbians. However it is not established whether the causal process operates prenatally or postnatally (or both). This is so because prenatal hormone levels are thought to correlate positively with postnatal hormone levels. And high postnatal hormone levels may facilitate homosexual behaviour as a consequence of sensation-seeking. 3. Male bisexuals also are interpreted to have been exposed to high prenatal testosterone levels. But (for reasons similar to those outlined above in regard to butch lesbians) it is unclear whether these have a direct prenatal effect on the brain or whether they are precursors of high postnatal testosterone levels, which are associated with male bisexual orientation by promoting sensation-seeking behaviour. 4. Postnatal learning processes seem to be causally involved in the sexual orientation of some femme lesbians and some exclusive male homosexuals. 5. Some homosexual men have genes that predispose to their sexual orientation. 6. The same may apply to some lesbians, but such genes have not, as far as I know, been identified. 7. People (of both sexes) who engage in same-sex sexual behaviour may be classified simultaneously in two ways, viz (1) ‘active’ vs ‘passive’ and (2) those who do and those who do not engage (or consider engaging) in sex with members of the opposite sex. Ex hypothesi, some of the ‘active’ ones initiate some of the ‘passive’ ones. The active ones are driven more by hormones and the passive ones by psychosocial factors. The active males contain a substantial proportion of self-identified bisexuals; and the active females a substantial proportion of self-identified butches. 8. These two active categories (butch lesbians and male bisexuals) share a number of endocrinological, psychological, morphological and behavioural features vis-à-vis their exclusively homosexual and heterosexual peers. Methods of testing some of these ideas are presented. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | CRITIQUE | MEN | WOMEN | HOMOSEXUALS | BISEXUALS | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | SEXUALITY | BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS | HEREDITY | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | HORMONES | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Personality | Psychological Factors | Biology | Endocrine System | Physiology Document Number: 291152 |
| 9. Title: Passing into eternity: species loss and human recklessness [editorial] Author: Roberts J Source: Population Review. 2005;44(1):[3] p.. Abstract: It is extraordinarily odd that we humans spend millions of dollars in an attempt to detect any form of life on other celestial bodies, and yet we so easily and thoughtlessly condemn to the darkness of eternity life forms on planet earth that we have yet to even categorize. Living species, each a remarkable product of millions of years of evolution, are vanishing at an extraordinary rate. According to E.O. Wilson of Harvard University, perhaps the world’s leading expert on biodiversity loss, species are vanishing at a faster rate than at any other time in the past 65 million years. And the rate of extinction is accelerating with each passing year. Why should we humans care? Outside of the fact that we may be next in line, the loss of plant and animal species threatens the world’s food supply and the search for drugs useful to modern medicine. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | BIOLOGY | ENVIRONMENT | BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS | PLANTS | WILDLIFE | GENETICS | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Natural Resources Document Number: 292530 |
| 10. Title: Biological significance of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in human health -- a review. Author: Iqbal K; Khan A; Khattak MM Source: Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 2004;3(1):5-13. Abstract: The recognition of vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) is associated with history of an unrelenting search for the cause of the ancient hemorrhagic disease scurvy. Isolated in 1928, vitamin C is essential for the development and maintenance of connective tissues. It plays an important role in bone formation, wound healing and the maintenance of healthy gums. Vitamin C plays an important role in a number of metabolic functions including the activation of the B vitamin, folic acid, the conversion of cholesterol to bile acids and the conversion of the amino acid, tryptophan, to the neurotransmitter, serotonin. It is an antioxidant that protects body from free radicals' damages. It is used as therapeutic agent in many diseases and disorders. Vitamin C protects the immune system, reduces the severity of allergic reactions and helps fight off infections. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | VITAMINS AND MINERALS | BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS | HEALTH | METABOLIC EFFECTS | DEFICIENCY DISEASES | INFECTION PREVENTION | IMMUNE SYSTEM | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Physiology | Biology | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Infections Document Number: 294607 |
| 11. Title: Following in the footsteps of smallpox: can we achieve the global eradication of measles? Author: Morgan OW Source: BMC International Health and Human Rights. 2004 Mar 17;4(1):[5] p.. Abstract: Although an effective measles vaccine has been available for almost 40 years, in 2000 there were about 30 million measles infections worldwide and 777,000 measles-related deaths. The history of smallpox suggests that achieving measles eradication depends on several factors; the biological characteristics of the organism; vaccine technology; surveillance and laboratory identification; effective delivery of vaccination programmes and international commitment to eradication. Like smallpox, measles virus has several biological characteristics that favour eradication. Humans are the only reservoir for the virus, which causes a visible illness and infection leading to life-long immunity. As the measles virus has only one genetic serotype which is relatively stable over time, the same basic vaccine can be used world-wide. Vaccination provides protection against measles infection for at least 15 years, although efficacy may be reduced due to host factors such as nutritional status. Measles vaccination may also confer other non-specific health benefits leading to reduced mortality. Accurate laboratory identification of measles cases enables enhanced surveillance to support elimination programmes. The "catch-up, keep-up, follow-up" vaccination programme implemented in the Americas has shown that measles elimination is possible using existing technologies. On 17th October 2003 the "Cape Town Measles Declaration" by the World Health Organisation and the United Nations Childrens Fund called on governments to intensify efforts to reduce measles mortality by supporting universal vaccination coverage and the development of more effective vaccination. Although more difficult than for smallpox, recent experience in the Americas suggests that measles eradication is technically feasible. Growing international support to deliver these programmes means that measles, like smallpox, may very well become a curiosity of history. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | CHILD | MEASLES | MORTALITY | VACCINES | TECHNOLOGY | CONTRACEPTIVE USE-EFFECTIVENESS | BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS | VACCINATION | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Population Dynamics | Economic Factors | Contraceptive Effectiveness | Contraception | Family Planning | Biology | Immunization | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 192840 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Allomonal effect of breath contributes to differential attractiveness of humans to the African malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Author: Mukabana WR; Takken W; Killeen GF; Knols BG Source: Malaria Journal. 2004 Jan 29;3(1):[8] p.. Abstract: Removal of exhaled air from total body emanations or artificially standardising carbon dioxide (CO2) outputs has previously been shown to eliminate differential attractiveness of humans to certain blackfly (Simuliidae) and mosquito (Culicidae) species. Whether or not breath contributes to between-person differences in relative attractiveness to the highly anthropophilic malaria vector Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto remains unknown and was the focus of the present study. The contribution to and possible interaction of breath (BR) and body odours (BO) in the attraction of An. gambiae s.s. to humans was investigated by conducting dual choice tests using a recently developed olfactometer. Either one or two human subjects were used as bait. The single person experiments compared the attractiveness of a person's BR versus that person's BO or a control (empty tent with no odour). His BO and total emanations (TE = BR+BO) were also compared with a control. The two-person experiments compared the relative attractiveness of their TE, BO or BR, and the TE of each person against the BO of the other. Experiments with one human subject (P1) as bait found that his BO and TE collected more mosquitoes than the control (P = 0.005 and P < 0.001, respectively), as did his BO and the control versus his BR (P < 0.001 and P = 0.034, respectively). The TE of P1 attracted more mosquitoes than that of another person designated P8 (P < 0.021), whereas the BR of P8 attracted more mosquitoes than the BR of P1 (P = 0.001). The attractiveness of the BO of P1 versus the BO of P8 did not differ (P = 0.346). The BO from either individual was consistently more attractive than the TE from the other (P < 0.001). We demonstrated for the first time that human breath, although known to contain semiochemicals that elicit behavioural and/or electrophysiological responses (CO2, ammonia, fatty acids) in An. gambiae also contains one or more constituents with allomonal (~repellent) properties, which inhibit attraction and may serve as an important contributor to between-person differences in the relative attractiveness of humans to this important malaria vector. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | AFRICA, NORTH | RESEARCH REPORT | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | MALARIA | ANIMALS | BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS | BEHAVIOR | SENSORY EFFECTS | Developing Countries | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Natural Resources | Environment | Biology | Physiology Document Number: 276134 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: "A mate or a meal" -- pre-gravid behaviour of female Anopheles gambiae from the islands of São Tomé and Príncipe, West Africa. Author: Charlwood JD; Pinto J; Sousa CA; Ferreira C; Petrarca V Source: Malaria Journal. 2003 May 7;2(9):[11] p.. Abstract: Malaria prevalence differs between the two islands that comprise the archipelago of São Tomé and Príncipe. This may be due to differences in the biology of local Anopheles gambiae, the only vector on the islands. Survival rate and feeding frequency are two factors influencing vectorial capacity. Anophelines generally feed just once per gonotrophic (oviposition) cycle. Newly emerged insects, however, may feed two or more times during their first oviposition cycle thus increasing the likelihood of becoming infected. The reasons for multiple feeding are not clearly understood and it is still uncertain whether the behaviour is facultative or obligatory. We, therefore, determined survival and sporozoite rates, and examined the behaviour of An. gambiae from the two islands during their first gonotrophic cycle. The wing size of 1,410, abdominal condition of 687, gonotrophic age and mated status of 7,264 female M form An. gambiae collected by light-trap, landing catch, resting outdoors or in copula, was determined from four sites in the archipelago. Sporozoite rates assessed by ELISA in 15,533 females from São Tomé and 2,111 from Príncipe were determined. Estimated survival rates ranged between 0.834–0.849 per day in São Tomé and 0.801– 0.818 per day in Príncipe. Sporozoite rates of 0.63% in São Tomé were significantly higher than the 0.24% from Príncipe. Overall 49% of females mated on the second night after emergence before feeding, and 51% on the third night and thus fed before mating. The likelihood of mating before feeding increased with wing size. None of the 3,776 parous insects collected showed evidence of recent mating. All but two of the 198 females collected in copula had undeveloped ovaries. Mean wing sizes and the number of insects collected in a sentinel light-trap varied but the proportion of newly emerged insects in the collection did not. The estimated survival rate of the smallest insects was lower than other size groups, but the overall size distribution of each age group was normal. Parous insects were gonotrophically concordant. Differences in mosquito survival contributed to the lower sporozoite rates and endemicity of malaria on Príncipe compared to São Tomé. On both islands all newly emerged insects blood fed on the second night following emergence but only became gonotrophically active on the third night after emergence. Smaller insects had a higher 'mortality/emigration' rate than larger ones. We suggest that insufficiency of Juvenile Hormone until the third day of adult life is responsible for gonotrophic inactivity and that by partitioning mating between the second or third day after emergence females maximise their chances of out-crossing. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | LABORATORY ANIMALS | MALARIA | TRANSMISSION | PREVALENCE | BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS | MATE SELECTION | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Studies | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Measurement | Biology | Marriage | Nuptiality Document Number: 276118 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Tissue distribution of migration inhibitory factor and inducible nitric oxide synthase in falciparum malaria and sepsis in African children. Author: Clark IA; Awburn MM; Whitten RO; Harper CG; Liomba G Source: Malaria Journal. 2003 Apr 8;2(6):[17] p.. Abstract: The inflammatory nature of falciparum malaria has been acknowledged since increased circulating levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) were first measured, but precisely where the mediators downstream from this prototype inflammatory mediator are generated has not been investigated. Here we report on the cellular distribution, by immunohistochemistry, of migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in this disease, and in sepsis. We stained for MIF and iNOS in tissues collected during 44 paediatric autopsies in Blantyre, Malawi. These comprised 42 acutely ill comatose patients, 32 of whom were diagnosed clinically as cerebral malaria and the other 10 as non-malarial diseases. Another 2 were nonmalarial, non-comatose deaths. Other control tissues were from Australian adults. Of the 32 clinically diagnosed cerebral malaria cases, 11 had negligible histological change in the brain, and no or scanty intravascular sequestration of parasitised erythrocytes, another 7 had no histological changes in the brain, but sequestered parasitised erythrocytes were present (usually dense), and the remaining 14 brains showed micro-haemorrhages and intravascular mononuclear cell accumulations, plus sequestered parasitised erythrocytes. The vascular walls of the latter group stained most strongly for iNOS. Vascular wall iNOS staining was usually of low intensity in the second group (7 brains) and was virtually absent from the cerebral vascular walls of 8 of the 10 comatose patients without malaria, and also from control brains. The chest wall was chosen as a typical non-cerebral site encompassing a range of tissues of interest. Here pronounced iNOS staining in vascular wall and skeletal muscle was present in some 50% of the children in all groups, including septic meningitis, irrespective of the degree of staining in cerebral vascular walls. Parasites or malarial pigment were rare to absent in all chest wall sections. While MIF was common in chest wall vessels, usually in association with iNOS, it was absent in brain vessels. These results agree with the view that clinically diagnosed cerebral malaria in African children is a collection of overlapping syndromes acting through different organ systems, with several mechanisms, not necessarily associated with cerebral vascular inflammation and damage, combining to cause death. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CHILD | MALARIA | BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | AUTOPSY | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Biology Document Number: 276115 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Genders, sexes, and health: what are the connections -- and why does it matter? Author: Krieger N Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2003;32:652-657. Abstract: Open up any biomedical or public health journal prior to the 1970s, and one term will be glaringly absent: gender. Open up any recent biomedical or public health journal, and two terms will be used either: (1) interchangeably, or (2) as distinct constructs: gender and sex. Why the change? Why the confusion?—and why does it matter? After briefly reviewing conceptual debates leading to distinctions between ‘sex’ and ‘gender’ as biological and social constructs, respectively, the paper draws on ecosocial theory to present 12 case examples in which gender relations and sex-linked biology are singly, neither, or both relevant as independent or synergistic determinants of the selected outcomes. Spanning from birth defects to mortality, these outcomes include: chromosomal disorders, infectious and noninfectious disease, occupational and environmental disease, trauma, pregnancy, menopause, and access to health services. As these examples highlight, not only can gender relations influence expression—and interpretation—of biological traits, but also sex-linked biological characteristics can, in some cases, contribute to or amplify gender differentials in health. Because our science will only be as clear and error-free as our thinking, greater precision about whether and when gender relations, sex-linked biology, both, or neither matter for health is warranted. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | TERMINOLOGY | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | GENDER ISSUES | GENDER RELATIONS | PUBLIC HEALTH | WOMEN | MEN | SEX FACTORS | BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Health | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Biology Document Number: 182649 |
| 16. Title: A district-based analysis of stillbirth and infant mortality rates in Italy: 1989-93. Author: Lauria L; De Stavola BL Source: Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology. 2003 Jan;17(1):22-32. Abstract: Despite a substantial decline in stillbirth and infant mortality rates in Italy during the last century, there are still large differences between the north and south of the country. This paper analyses the geographical distribution of these rates in the period 1989–93 in terms of biological and social indicators with the aim of identifying possible sources for these differentials. Numbers of stillbirths, infant deaths and deliveries were available in an aggregate form by categories of biological and social factors for each of the 95 Italian administrative districts (‘province’) operative at the time. Substantial differences in stillbirth (SB) and infant mortality (IM) rates were found across geographical areas, with the lower rates found in the richer and more industrialised north and the higher ones in the more deprived south. Negative binomial regression models were used to study the geographical variations in these rates in terms of biological and social factors. The latter showed strong and significant effects on both SB and IM rates, even after controlling for biological factors. The effects of the biological factors, birthweight and maternal parity in particular, however, were found to differ across geographical areas. Further studies to investigate whether these results may be explained by differentials in health care should be considered. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ITALY | RESEARCH REPORT | VITAL STATISTICS | STATISTICAL STUDIES | FETAL DEATH | INFANT MORTALITY | DEATH RATE | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICTS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS | Europe, Southern | Europe | Developed Countries | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Studies | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Biology Document Number: 178539 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Life course, environmental change, and life span. Author: Robine JM Source: Population and Development Review. 2003;29 Suppl:229-238. Abstract: Biodemographic models, incorporating biological, social and environmental heterogeneity, are essential to understanding the determinants of human longevity. Yet these conventional factors are not sufficient, even in an interactive way, to explain the life history and the longevity of species, including the human species. Finch and Kirkwood (2000) have proposed the addition to the conventional models of intrinsic chance, known to physicists as chaos. I suggest the addition of the life course. In recent publications, I have proposed a new biodemographic model to explain the trajectory of mortality currently observed for humans. It is generally believed that life span is genetically determined and that the environment is responsible for individual differences. I propose to consider the opposite hypothesis: that the environment plays an essential part in defining the limits of the life span while genetic heterogeneity explains a large part of the individual differences in the duration of life. The aim of this chapter is to elaborate this hypothesis is which human longevity is seen as a "plastic" outcome, especially in its ability to explain the evolution of the mortality trajectory observed through the twentieth century. In this approach, environment is understood to include the built environment, living and working conditions, and changes in medical knowledge such as the discoveries of vaccines and antibiotics. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | THEORETICAL STUDIES | THEORETICAL MODELS | MORTALITY CHANGES | LIFE EXPECTANCY | LIFE CYCLE | ENVIRONMENT | BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | POPULATION GENETICS | Research Methodology | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Length of Life | Family Research | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Biology | Genetics Document Number: 309761 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Zooprophylaxis or zoopotentiation: the outcome of introducing animals on vector transmission is highly dependent on the mosquito mortality while searching. Author: Saul A Source: Malaria Journal. 2003 Sep 19;2(32):[18] p.. Abstract: Zooprophylaxis, the diversion of disease carrying insects from humans to animals, may reduce transmission of diseases such as malaria. However, as the number of animals increases, improved availability of blood meals may increase mosquito survival, thereby countering the impact of diverting feeds. Computer simulation was used to examine the effects of animals on the transmission of human diseases by mosquitoes. Three scenarios were modelled: (1) endemic transmission, where the animals cannot be infected, eg. malaria; (2) epidemic transmission, where the animals cannot be infected but humans remain susceptible, e.g. malaria; (3) epidemic disease, where both humans and animals can be infected, but develop sterile immunity, eg. Japanese encephalitis B. For each, the passive impact of animals as well as the use of animals as bait to attract mosquitoes to insecticide was examined. The computer programmes are available from the author. A teaching model accompanies this article. For endemic and epidemic malaria with significant searching-associated vector mortality, changing animal numbers and accessibility had little impact. Changing the accessibility of the humans had a much greater effect. For diseases with an animal amplification cycle, the most critical factor was the proximity of the animals to the mosquito breeding sites. Estimates of searching-associated vector mortality are essential before the effects of changing animal husbandry practices can be predicted. With realistic values of searching-associated vector mortality rates, zooprophylaxis may be ineffective. However, use of animals as bait to attract mosquitoes to insecticide is predicted to be a promising strategy. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | MALARIA | TRANSMISSION | RISK FACTORS | ANIMALS | BLOOD | BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS | PARASITE CONTROL | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | BED NETS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Biology | Natural Resources | Environment | Hemic System | Physiology | Public Health | Health Document Number: 276125 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Infection of malaria (Anopheles gambiae s.s.) and filariasis (Culex quinquefasciatus) vectors with the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. Author: Scholte E; Njiru BN; Smallegange RC; Takken W; Knols BG Source: Malaria Journal. 2003 Sep 15;2(29):[8] p.. Abstract: Background: Current intra-domiciliary vector control depends on the application of residual insecticides and/or repellents. Although biological control agents have been developed against aquatic mosquito stages, none are available for adults. Following successful use of an entomopathogenic fungus against tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) we investigated the potency of this fungus as a biological control agent for adult malaria and filariasis vector mosquitoes. Methods: In the laboratory, both sexes of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto and Culex quinquefasciatus were passively contaminated with dry conidia of Metarhizium anisopliae. Pathogenicity of this fungus for An. Gambiae was further tested for varying exposure times and different doses of oil-formulated conidia. Results: Comparison of Gompertz survival curves and LT50 values for treated and untreated specimens showed that, for both species, infected mosquitoes died significantly earlier (p < 0.0001) than uninfected control groups. No differences in LT50 values were found for different exposure times (24, 48 hrs or continuous exposure) of An. Gambiae to dry conidia. Exposure to oil-formulated conidia (doses ranging from 1.6 × 10(7) to 1.6 × 10(10) conidia/m2) gave LT50 values of 9.69 +/- 1.24 (lowest dose) to 5.89 +/- 0.35 days (highest dose), with infection percentages ranging from 4.4-83.7%. Conclusion: Our study marks the first to use an entomopathogenic fungus against adult Afrotropical disease vectors. Given its high pathogenicity for both adult Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes we recommend development of novel targeted indoor application methods for the control of endophagic host-seeking females. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | AFRICA, NORTH | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | MALARIA | FILARIASIS | PARASITE CONTROL | ANIMALS | BLOOD | BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS | SEX FACTORS | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Public Health | Health | Natural Resources | Environment | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 276124 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Genealogical data and the biodemography of human longevity. Author: Gavrilov LA; Gavrilova NS; Olshansky SJ; Carnes BA Source: Social Biology. 2002 Fall-Winter;49(3-4):160-173. Abstract: Biodemography of human longevity is an emerging interdisciplinary field of sociobiological research with deep historical roots. Two research questions are examined in this article: (1) What evidence is there for the familial transmission of human longevity?, and (2) what are the effects of parental age at reproduction on offspring longevity, and in particular, are there long-term adverse health consequences associated with the trend toward delayed reproduction? The ability of scientists to conduct biodemographic studies depends not only on merging theoretical and methodological elements from the biological and demographic/actuarial sciences, but unique sources of data and statistical methods must also be developed. In this article we describe how genealogical data have been used for over a century to explore basic questions about human longevity, and how similar kinds of data now being developed are driving the formation of new testable research hypotheses in the field of biodemography. (author's) Language: English Keywords: LITERATURE REVIEW | DATA ANALYSIS | PARENTS | CHILD | LENGTH OF LIFE | GENETICS | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | PARENTAL AGE | GENEALOGIES | BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Research Methodology | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Population | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Biology | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Family Research Document Number: 183170 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: Infant and child mortality in three culturally contrasting states of India. Author: Griffiths P; Hinde A; Matthews Z Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2001 Oct;33(4):603-22. Abstract: Using cross-sectional, individual-level survey data from Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh collected under the Indian National Family Health Survey program of 1992-93, statistical modeling was used to analyze the impact of a range of variables on the survival status of children during their first 2 years of life. Attention was focused on the potential impact of the mother's autonomy. The strongest predictors of mortality were demographic and biological factors, breast-feeding behavior, and use and knowledge of health services. Variables that can be interpreted as being related to maternal autonomy, such as the presence of a mother-in-law in the household, did not have a significant direct effect on child survival at the individual level, and their indirect effects were very limited. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | CHILD MORTALITY | INFANT MORTALITY | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Population | Biology Document Number: 161206 |
| 22. Title: [Study on nuclear DNA content and image cytometry in cervical cancer and precursor lesions] Author: Jiao Y; Zhou X; Ma S Source: Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi / Chinese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 May;36(5):267-270. Abstract: Objective: The aim of this research was to study the biological and clinical features of cervical cancer and precursor lesions. Methods: Nuclear DNA was analyzed by image cytometry (ICM) in 125 embedded tissue 5 mcg sections stained with Feulgen stain. Samples included normal cervical squamous epithelium (n = 11), cervical epithelial neoplasia I (CIN I) (n = 22), CIN II (n = 17) and CIN II (n = 13), cervical neoplasm (n = 62). Results: The mean DNA content, nuclear area increased progressively from normal cervical epithelium, CIN I, CIN II, CIN III to invasive squamous carcinoma. Statistical analysis revealed significant difference (P <0.05, <0.01). Histograms of cellular DNA ploidy distribution showed different pattern, where 9 components (9C) cells were observed in cervical cancer and CIN III. No differences in DNA mean ploidy (DMP), DNA index (DI) and nuclear area were observed between cervical neoplasm. Conclusion: It is increased progressively from normal cervical epithelium to cancer, in which CIN III is turning point. (author's) Language: Chinese Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | STATISTICAL STUDIES | CERVICAL CANCER | BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Research Methodology | Studies | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Biology | Examinations and Diagnoses Document Number: 177325 |
| 23. Title: A mini-review of the evolutionary theories of aging. Is it the time to accept them? [Un petit examen des théories évolutionnistes du processus de vieillissement. Est-il temps de les accepter?] Author: Le Bourg E Source: DEMOGRAPHIC RESEARCH. 2001 Feb;4:1-28. Abstract: After more than 20 years of experiments testing the evolutionary theories of aging, they are now considered by many gerontologists as the basis of the explanation for aging. These theories explain the ultimate causes of aging, while other theories explain the proximate causes of aging. These two kinds of theories operate at different levels of explanation, and thus theories describing proximate causes of aging do not contradict evolutionary theories. This article reviews some studies testing evolutionary theories of aging. It briefly describes the theory of the accumulation of mutations at old age, the theory of antagonistic pleiotropy, the disposable soma theory, and discusses some results purporting to test them. It is hoped that by accepting these theories as the general explanation of the aging process, research efforts will continue to redirect toward other directions such as the search for new means to modulate the aging process. French Abstract: Après plus de 20 ans d'expérience testant les théories évolutionnistes du vieillissement, elles sont actuellement considérées par beaucoup de gérontologues comme la base de l'explication du vieillissement. Ces théories expliquent les causes ultimes du vieillissement, alors que les autres théories expliquent les causes approximatives du vieillissement. Ces deux genres de théories opèrent à des niveaux différents d'explication, et donc les théories qui décrivent les causes approximatives de vieillissement ne contredisent pas les théories évolutionnistes. Cet article examine quelques études qui testent les théories évolutionnistes du vieillissement. Il décrit la théorie de l'accumulation des mutations durant le vieillissement, la théorie de la pleïotropie antagoniste, la théorie du soma périssable et discute quelques résultats qui tendent à les tester. Il est espéré qu'en acceptant ces théories comme explication générale du processus du vieillissement, les efforts de la recherche continueront à se ré-acheminer vers d'autres directions telles que la recherche de nouveaux moyens pour maîtriser le processus du vieillissement. Language: English Keywords: THEORETICAL STUDIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | THEORETICAL MODELS | OLDER ADULTS | BIOLOGICAL AGING | BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS | PHYSIOLOGY | Research Methodology | Adults | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Biology Document Number: 155242 |
| 24. Title: Perceptions of the human body and physiological processes with respect to sexual health in squatter settlements in Karachi. Author: Mobeen N; Luby S; Avan BI Source: In: Body, mind, and spirit in sexual health: national conference report, Islamabad, Pakistan, February 13th to 15th, 2001. Organized by Aahung, edited by Shireen S. Issa. Karachi, Pakistan, Aahung, 2001. :91-5. Abstract: This paper presents the findings of a cross-sectional study developed to assess the perception of the human body and physiological process among adults in 8 squatter settlements in Karachi. 1980 men and 1998 women, aged 16-55 years old, both married and unmarried were interviewed. Overall, most of the subjects were Muslim with a greater majority of females that are illiterate as compared to men. A very low response rate among females (22.3%) compared to men (85%) was noted with regards to their willingness to share sexual information. Possible reasons for this reluctance in females may be due to traditional shyness; sex is considered a taboo subject; and to camouflage their lack of knowledge. The study also found that educational status of respondents was a variable considered in assessing knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to human reproduction and its physiological process. As such, literate males were more aware about female reproductive organs than were illiterate males. Females' knowledge about sexual organs was also higher among literate women. Based on the findings, there is a need for a health education program in local languages in order to convey messages in an appropriate and accessible manner. Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | SQUATTERS | PERCEPTION | BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS | PHYSIOLOGY | SEX BEHAVIOR | REPRODUCTION | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Biology Document Number: 163287 |
| 25. Title: Malaria vector studies in Eritrea. Author: Shililu JI Source: Arlington, Virginia, Camp Dresser and McKee International, Environmental Health Project, 2001 Dec. [59] p. (Activity Report 111USAID Contract No. HRN-I-00-99-00011-00) Abstract: Malaria accounts for over 30% of the total outpatient morbidity in Eritrea, and about 28% of all hospital admissions are malaria related. Almost 67% of the resident population of Eritrea lives in malaria endemic areas. The malaria situation is complicated since the country is especially prone to epidemics, which in the past have been a cause of considerable morbidity and mortality. Although malaria remains a major cause of mortality in the country, little is known about the Anopheles mosquito species responsible for transmission of malaria in Eritrea. It also is clear that malaria parasite transmission is driven by the temporal and spatial patterns of vector species of anopheline mosquitoes. Since each mosquito species has a geographical range that is limited according to physiologic levels of tolerance to environmental conditions, understanding how the degree of ecological diversity and biotic interactions would be critical in determining how vector populations are structured. In Eritrea, larval control is implemented as part of an integrated approach to malaria control. However, for larval control to be an integral part of a vector management program, a sound understanding of the factors responsible for larval production of the principal vectors of malaria is crucial. On this basis, the NMCP initiated studies on the spatial patterns of anopheline species and larval ecology in Eritrea with the overall goal of providing insights into the bionomics of malaria parasite vectors. In this report, the results of the first detailed information on the spatial distribution, vector bionomics and larval ecology of the anopheline species in Eritrea is reported. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ERITREA | FIELD REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | MALARIA PREVENTION | PARASITE CONTROL | BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS | USAID | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Public Health | Health | Biology | Government Agencies | Organizations Document Number: 276584 |
| 26. Title: Women in politics. The biology factor. Author: Singh M Source: Manushi. 2001 Nov-Dec;(127):32-3. Abstract: Men and women are biologically different, and the culture of politics affords a definite edge to "manly" characteristics. The main reason is that on average, men produce more than 10 times as much testosterone as women do. It is this sharp difference in the levels of testosterone that makes men engage in more risky ventures than women. In India, there is a low participation of women in politics, although the qualities associated with low testosterone (sympathy, cooperation, conciliation, risk aversion) boost good governance. Since India's politics has been steadily degenerating into the unprincipled, with the intensification of the scramble for power and scarce resources, more female participation is needed. In this context, the Women's Reservation Bill, which aims to reserve a third of all seats for women in Parliament and state assemblies, is a move in the right direction. However, a lower percentage, such as 10%, would have a greater chance of becoming law. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | POLITICAL FACTORS | WOMEN | GENDER ISSUES | BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS | LEGISLATION | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Biology Document Number: 168033 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: The prevalence of anemia in pregnant Nepali women - a study in Kathmandu. Author: Bondevik GT; Ulstein M; Lie RT; Rana G; Kvale G Source: Acta Obstetrica et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2000 May;79(5):341-349. Abstract: Anemia in pregnancy is associated with maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. The World Health Organization has suggested that where up-to-date information is not available, prevalence studies should be undertaken. The distribution of hematocrit in 2280 pregnant women attending Patan Hospital, Kathmandu, for their first antenatal visit in a twelve month period, 1994–95, was studied. Anemia was defined as a hematocrit value =34% in the first and third trimesters, or =33% in the second trimester. Severe anemia was defined as a hematocrit value =24%. The prevalence of anemia and severe anemia, and associations with socio-demographic (age, ethnic group, living area, maternal and paternal education and occupation) and biological (height, body mass index, parity, gestation) variables were investigated. The hematocrit values ranged from 11–49% with a mean value of 32.6% (s.d. 3.9). The prevalences of anemia and severe anemia were 62.2% and 3.6%, respectively. High prevalence of anemia was observed among teenagers, farmers, women of short height, the ethnic groups Lama/Sherpa/Tamang, and women married to industrial workers or illiterate men. Also, the risk of anemia increased with gestation. Work within the service professions, higher education and high body mass index, were associated with a lower risk of anemia. A high prevalence of anemia among pregnant women in Kathmandu was observed. The hematocrit values were related to socio-demographic and biological factors. In order to plan focused and effective intervention, studies on the etiology of anemia among pregnant women in rural and urban areas of Nepal need to be carried out. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NEPAL | RESEARCH REPORT | LINEAR REGRESSION | PREGNANT WOMEN | MATERNAL MORTALITY | CAUSES OF DEATH | ANEMIA | PREVALENCE | RISK FACTORS | PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Statistical Regression | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Population | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Diseases | Measurement | Biology Document Number: 194310 |
| 28. Title: The fragile male. Author: Kraemer S Source: BMJ. British Medical Journal. 2000 Dec 23-30;321(7276):1609-12. Abstract: This paper presents data on the vulnerability of male fetuses. It is noted that the disadvantages of the male are usually seen as socially mediated. Even from conception, before social effects come into play, males are more vulnerable than females. Part of the biological explanation is the fragility of the male fetus, which is little understood and not widely known. Social attitudes about the resilience of boys compound the biological deficit. Male mortality is greater than female mortality throughout life, and the reason for this is a mixture of biological and social pressures. It is emphasized that where caregivers assume that from birth a boy is always tougher than a girl, the male fetus' inborn disadvantage will be amplified. These data have serious implications for the clinical management of male patients, as well as for the upbringing of boys. Language: English Keywords: LITERATURE REVIEW | CHILD, MALE | FETUS | BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | MEN | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Biology | Behavior Document Number: 154457 |
| 29. Title: Life history traits in humans: theory and empiricial studies. Author: Hill K; Kaplan H Source: ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANTHROPOLOGY. 1999;28:397-430. Abstract: Life history theory in biology presents evolutionary explanations for the timing of life events, with a particular focus on age schedules of fertility and mortality and growth. Fundamental to life history theory is the recognition that natural selection on the timing of life events, such as growth, maturation, reproduction, and death, depends on the ecology of energy production and mortality hazards. In this article, an evolutionary economic approach to understanding the interaction of resource production and mortality in shaping human life histories is developed. Introduction of the concept of embodied capital to examine trade-offs between current and future reproduction and between quantity and quality of offspring resulted to a conclusion that humans are outliers with extraordinarily high investment in embodied capital compared with the rest of the primate order. In addition, the evolved life history shows how to maximize own lifetime net energy production that can be used for reproduction as well as the total offspring energy production. Language: English Keywords: LITERATURE REVIEW | MORTALITY | GROWTH | FERTILITY | BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS | FAMILY SIZE | LIFE CYCLE | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Development | Biology | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Family Research Document Number: 147529 |
| 30. Title: Genetic influences on childbearing motivation: a theoretical framework and some empirical evidence. Author: Miller WB; Pasta DJ; MacMurray J; Chiu C; Wu S; Comings DE Source: In: Advances in population: psychosocial perspectives, Volume 3, edited by Lawrence J. Severy and Warren Miller. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 1999. :53-102. Abstract: This chapter attempts to expand our understanding of the biological underpinnings that motivate us for parenthood. In the first section, the authors develop their theoretical framework in three steps, discussing social bonding in higher mammals, the neural systems regulating parental behavior, and the motivating forces that underlie human childbearing. "In the second section of the chapter, we report some empirical evidence regarding genetic influence on childbearing motivation. First, we offer the rationale behind our selection of particular genes for study. Next, we describe our methodology in an ongoing investigation into the antecedents of human reproductive behavior. This is followed by the presentation of our results. The section concludes with an integrative discussion and interpretation of these results." (EXCERPT) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS | REPRODUCTION | GENETICS | ATTITUDES | FERTILITY | Biology | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 257398 |
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