1.  Peer Reviewed Title: Faith and child survival: the role of religion in childhood immunization in Nigeria. Author: Antai D Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2009 Jan;41(1):57-76. Abstract: This study assessed the role of mother's religious affiliation in child immunization status of surviving children 12 months of age and older in Nigeria, using data from the 2003 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). Guided by two competing hypotheses--the 'characteristics hypothesis' and the 'particularized theology hypothesis'--variations in the risks of child immunization in Nigeria were examined using logistic regression analysis. The results indicate that religion plays a role in the risk of non-immunization; religion was not associated with the risk of partial immunization; however, religion was significantly associated with the reduced risk of full immunization. Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | MOTHERS | CHILDREN | IMMUNIZATION | RELIGION | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | BELIEFS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Culture Document Number: 330568 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: Teenagers and emergency contraception in the UK: a focus group study of salient beliefs using concepts from the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Author: Bayley J; Brown K; Wallace L Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Jun;14(3):196-206. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To explore teenagers' beliefs about emergency contraception (EC) within a Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) framework. METHODS: Six single sex focus groups comprising a total of 25 female and 23 male pupils aged 13-16 years conducted in schools in Central England. RESULTS: Attitudes to emergency contraception (EC) were mainly positive about the rewards of avoiding teenage pregnancy. Participants had positive beliefs about the effectiveness of EC, although knowledge of crucial time limits varied. EC use was more socially acceptable than teenage pregnancy, yet both outcomes were perceived negatively. Motivation to comply with social pressure was influenced by the appraisal of individuals' intentions. Participants reported high self efficacy in accessing EC, but had concerns over confidentiality and access. CONCLUSIONS: Desire to avoid pregnancy was high in this group, but practical factors and attitudes may be more important for those ambivalent about pregnancy. Adolescents perceive accessing EC as difficult, are concerned about confidentiality, and anticipate negative reactions from staff. Data support the TPB as a suitable framework for understanding attitudes to EC use. Further research should apply quantitative TPB measures to EC use in a wider teenage sample in order to identify potential psychological factors to target in an intervention. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | ADOLESCENTS | STUDENTS | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | ATTITUDES | BELIEFS | KNOWLEDGE | PEER PRESSURE | MOTIVATION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Contraception | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Psychosocial Factors Document Number: 341801 |
| 3. Title: Predictors of Condom Use Among Israeli Soldiers. Author: Ben Natan M; Danilov S; Evdokimovitz Y Source: American Journal of Men's Health. 2009 Jul 14; Abstract: Only a small percentage of young people aged 18 to 20 years use condoms regularly. Thus, the younger population has an increased risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases. This study examines the underlying determinants of condom use among soldiers based on the theory of planned behavior as well as the influence of soldiers' social circumstances and prior sexual experience. A correlational design using an exploratory survey method was used. Participants were sampled in a convenience sample of 113 male soldiers from the Israel defense forces. A total of 70.1% of soldiers use condoms in their first sexual experience, however, this percentage subsequently decreases. The study indicates that soldiers are not familiar with the risks of frequent oral and anal sex. Behavioral intentions and self-control are significant predictors of condom use. Condom use among soldiers from one-parent families was lower than among soldiers from two-parent families. The theory of planned behavior seems to be a helpful method of predicting condom use among soldiers. Accordingly, efforts should be channeled at attempts to generate changes in soldiers' views of condom use, intensifying normative pressures operated by their social milieu, and increasing their self-control in the use of condoms. Language: English Keywords: ISRAEL | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | MILITARY PERSONNEL | MEN | CONDOM USE | ATTITUDES | BELIEFS | SEX BEHAVIOR | SAFER SEX | PERCEPTION | Developed Countries | Middle East | Studies | Research Methodology | Government | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Culture Document Number: 342123 |
| 4. Title: Knowledge, beliefs, and health care practices relating to treatment of HIV in Vellore, India. Author: Chomat AM; Wilson IB; Wanke CA; Selvakumar A; John KR; Isaac R Source: AIDS Patient Care and STDs. 2009 Jun;23(6):477-84. Abstract: In India, little is known about health care-seeking behavior among HIV-infected individuals. Similarly, little is known about how HIV is being treated in the community, in particular by Indian Systems of Medicine (ISM) providers. Therefore, while ART implementation programs continue to expand, it is important to determine whether the knowledge, attitudes, and treatment practices of HIV-infected individuals and their health care providers are aligned with current treatment recommendations. We conducted in-depth qualitative interviews with persons with HIV (n = 9 men and 17 women), family members of persons with HIV (n = 14 men and 3 women), and ISM providers (n = 7). Many of the patients we studied turned at some point to ISM providers because they believed that such practitioners offer a cure for HIV. ISM treatments sometimes had negative impacts including side effects, unchecked progression of an underlying illness, and financial depletion. Indian women tended to be less knowledgeable about HIV and HIV treatments, and had less access to financial and other resources, than men. Finally, most of the ISM providers reported dangerous misconceptions about HIV transmission, diagnosis, and treatment. While the existence of ART in India is potentially of great benefit to those with HIV infection, this study shows that a variety of social, cultural and governmental barriers may interfere with the effective use of these therapies. Partnerships between the allopathic and traditional/complementary health sectors in research, policy, and practice are essential in building comprehensive HIV/AIDS treatment strategies. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | BEHAVIOR | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | HEALTH SERVICES | BELIEFS | KNOWLEDGE | TRADITIONAL HEALTH PRACTICES | TREATMENT | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Medical Procedures | Medicine | HIV Document Number: 342430 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Association of attitudes and beliefs towards antiretroviral therapy with HIV-seroprevalence in the general population of Kisumu, Kenya. Author: Cohen CR; Montandon M; Carrico AW; Shiboski S; Bostrom A; Obure A; Kwena Z; Bailey RC; Nguti R; Bukusi EA Source: PLoS One. 2009;4(3):e4573. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Since antiretroviral therapy (ART) became available in the developed world, the prevalence of unprotected sex and the incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV have increased. We hypothesized that a similar phenomenon may be occurring in sub-Saharan Africa concomitant with the scale-up of HIV treatment. METHODS: We conducted a general population-based survey in Kisumu, Kenya. Participants completed an interview that included demographics as well as ART-related attitudes and beliefs (AB) and then underwent HIV serological testing. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of AB about ART indicated two factors: 1) ART-related risk compensation (increased sexual risk taking now that ART is available); and 2) a perception that HIV is more controllable now that ART is available. Logistic regression was used to determine associations of these factors with HIV-seroprevalence after controlling for age. FINDINGS: 1,655 (90%) of 1,844 people aged 15-49 contacted, including 749 men and 906 women, consented to participate in the study. Most participants (n = 1164; 71%) had heard of ART. Of those who had heard of ART, 23% believed ART was a cure for HIV. ART-related risk compensation (Adjusted (A)OR = 1.45, 95% CI 1.16-1.81), and a belief that ART cures HIV (AOR = 2.14, 95% CI 1.22-3.76) were associated with an increased HIV seroprevalence in men but not women after controlling for age. In particular, ART-related risk compensation was associated with an increased HIV-seroprevalence in young (aged 15-24 years) men (OR = 1.56; 95% CI 1.12-2.19). CONCLUSIONS: ART-related risk compensation and a belief that ART cures HIV were associated with an increased HIV seroprevalence among men but not women. HIV prevention programs in sub-Saharan Africa that target the general population should include educational messages about ART and address the changing beliefs about HIV in the era of greater ART availability. Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ATTITUDES | BELIEFS | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEX FACTORS | KNOWLEDGE | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Measurement | Population | HIV | Population Characteristics Document Number: 331237 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: The influence of changes in women's religious affiliation on contraceptive use and fertility among the Kassena-Nankana of Northern Ghana. Author: Doctor HV; Phillips JF; Sakeah E Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2009 Jun;40(2):113-122. Abstract: Religious affiliation is undergoing major changes in rural Sahelian Africa, with profound consequences for customs that are grounded in traditional belief systems. This study examines the influence of women's religious affiliation on contraceptive use and fertility among the Kassena-Nankana of northern Ghana. Analysis of longitudinal data for women in 1995 and 2003 shows that 61 percent of women changed their religion, with shifts from traditional beliefs to Christianity being dominant. Moreover, women were more likely than men to make such a change. Regression results show that, compared with those who did not change, switching from traditional religion to Christianity or Islam is associated with increased contraceptive use and decreased fertility. The more rapid change in religious affiliation among women than men may have social consequences for the status of women, signaling a trend toward greater autonomy in the family and new aspirations, values, and behavior as evidenced by the proportion of people adopting contraceptives. Language: English Keywords: GHANA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | SAMPLING STUDIES | ETHNIC GROUPS | WOMEN | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | BELIEFS | CHRISTIANITY | ISLAM | SOCIAL CHANGE | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Religion | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Culture Document Number: 341895 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Attitudes towards the male contraceptive pill in men and women in casual and stable sexual relationships. Author: Eberhardt J; van Wersch A; Meikle N Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Jul;35(3):161-5. Abstract: BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY: Men's and women's attitudes towards the male contraceptive pill and their trust in the effective use of the male pill were investigated, as well as the associated variables of reported health behaviours, perceived self-efficacy and type of sexual relationship, using a questionnaire survey. RESULTS: Although both sexes had a favourable attitude towards the male pill, females had a more positive attitude than men. Conversely, women had less trust that men would use the male pill effectively. Males in stable sexual relationships were more positive about the male pill than those in casual sexual relationships. Gender, relationship type and trust in the effective use of the male pill reliably predicted attitude towards the male pill. High perceived self-efficacy was related to engaging in more health behaviours, and in men a positive association between health behaviours and attitude towards the male pill has been found. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: A positive attitude towards the male pill does not automatically imply that the individual is confident about its effective use. Once the male pill is widely available, promotional campaigns could target not only men but also their female partners, as the latter tend to come into contact with health services more frequently. In order to increase confidence in effective implementation, a variety of presentations of the male pill should be made available in line with individual needs and lifestyles. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | MALE CONTRACEPTION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | ATTITUDES | BELIEFS | QUESTIONNAIRES | MALE ROLE | SEX FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Social Behavior | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 342138 |
| 8. Title: Condom provision and education in Minnesota public schools: a telephone survey of parents. Author: Eisenberg ME; Bernat DH; Bearinger LH; Resnick MD Source: Journal of School Health. 2009 Sep;79(9):416-24; quiz 438-9. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Increasing correct and consistent condom use among sexually active adolescents continues to be a critical public health goal, with schools serving as key agents for achieving this goal through sexuality education and condom use provision. This research aims to describe the views of parents regarding school-based condom distribution and education programs, and examines how these views differ across demographic groups. METHODS: Parents of school-age children in Minnesota were surveyed in telephone interviews (N = 1605; 63% participation) regarding their beliefs about condom availability and education. Chi-square tests of significance were used to detect differences in agreement with each statement for 10 demographic and personal characteristics. RESULTS: A majority of respondents held supportive views about condom availability and education programs. Strongest support centered on statements in the survey about teenagers needing information about condoms (86%) and showing actual condoms during classroom lessons (77%). Approximately two thirds of the parents agreed that school-based instruction about condoms should be "allowed" at the high school level (65%), and one fifth (21%) believed that this type of education should be "required." Support for condom availability and education programs differed significantly according to certain personal characteristics, with less supportive views from self-identified Born Again Christians and politically conservative parents. CONCLUSIONS: Public discourse regarding school-based sexuality education should include the viewpoints of parents of school-aged children as key stakeholders. Parents' perspectives provide unique and critical insights that school administrators and educators should consider as they develop educational and programmatic offerings regarding condoms. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MINNESOTA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | PARENTS | BELIEFS | SEX EDUCATION | CONDOMS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Culture | Education | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 342559 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Stuips, spuits and prophet ropes: the treatment of abantu childhood illnesses in urban South Africa. Author: Friend-du Preez N; Cameron N; Griffiths P Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009 Jan;68(2):343-51. Abstract: With a paucity of data on health-seeking behaviour for childhood illnesses in urban South Africa, a mixed method approach was used to investigate the treatment of abantu childhood illnesses in Johannesburg and Soweto between March and June 2004. In-depth interviews were held with caregivers (n=5), providers of traditional (n=6) and Western (n=6) health care, as well as five focus groups with caregivers. A utilisation-based survey was conducted with 206 black African caregivers of children under 6 years of age from one public clinic in Soweto (n=50), two private clinics in Johannesburg (50 caregivers in total), two public hospitals from Johannesburg and Soweto (53 caregivers in total) and two traditional healers from Johannesburg and Orange Farm (53 caregivers in total), an informal settlement on the outskirts of Johannesburg. The symptoms of several childhood abantu health problems, their treatment with traditional, church and home remedies, and influences on such patterns of resort are described. Despite free primary health care for children under 6 years, the pluralistic nature of health-seeking in this urban environment highlights the need for community and household integrated management of childhood illnesses and a deeper understanding of how symptoms may be interpreted and treated in the context of the local belief system. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | URBAN POPULATION | TRADITIONAL MEDICINE | CHILD HEALTH | INFECTIONS | TREATMENT | BELIEFS | BEHAVIOR | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Culture | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 331180 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Sub-Saharan African university students' beliefs about condoms, condom-use intention, and subsequent condom use: a prospective study. Author: Heeren GA; Jemmott 3d JB; Mandeya A; Tyler JC Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Apr;13(2):268-276. Abstract: This study examined whether certain behavioral beliefs, normative beliefs, and control beliefs predict the intention to use condoms and subsequent condom use among 320 undergraduates at a university in South Africa. The students completed confidential questionnaires on two occasions separated by three months. Participants' mean age was 23.4 years, 47.8% were women, 48.9% were South Africans, and 51.1% were from other sub-Saharan African countries. Multiple regression revealed that condom-use intention was predicted by hedonistic behavioral beliefs, normative beliefs regarding sexual partners and peers, and control beliefs regarding condom-use technical skill and impulse control. Logistic regression revealed that baseline condom-use intention predicted consistent condom use and condom use during most recent intercourse at three-month follow-up. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | STUDENTS | SEXUAL PARTNERS | BELIEFS | UNIVERSITIES | CONDOMS | CONDOM USE | VALUE ORIENTATION | SAFER SEX | PEER PRESSURE | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Education | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Schools | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Risk Reduction Behavior | Psychological Factors | Psychosocial Factors Document Number: 340124 |
| 11. Title: Patients' adherence to anti-retroviral therapy in Botswana. Author: Kip E; Ehlers VJ; van der Wal DM Source: Journal of Nursing Scholarship. 2009;41(2):149-57. Abstract: PURPOSE: To identify factors influencing patients' anti-retroviral therapy (ART) adherence at four clinics in Botswana. DESIGN: Quantitative descriptive. Structured interviews were conducted with a random sample of 400 patients out of the population of all patients attending the four randomly selected ART clinics in Botswana during April and May 2007. METHODS: Data were analysed using SPSS version 13. Chi-square and p-value calculations were done to test significance of the relationships between categories or variables. FINDINGS: Patient-centred barriers to ART adherence included inadequate knowledge about ART, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), CD4 cell and viral-load results, stigma, travelling costs, waiting times at clinics, side effects of ART, use of traditional (indigenous or folk) medicines, and abuse of alcohol. Service-centred barriers included nurses' attitudes and knowledge, health workers' inability to conduct home visits and to contact defaulters, limited clinic hours, delays in getting CD4 and viral-load results. CONCLUSIONS: ART adherence requires more than free ART. Adherence levels will improve if both patient-centred and service-centred barriers are addressed. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Nurses play key roles in educating patients about ART adherence and side effects, but they should also educate patients about CD4 and viral-load test results and about the dangers of using traditional medicines and alcohol with ART. Shorter waiting times at clinics could make ART patients' lives more manageable. Language: English Keywords: BOTSWANA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | CLIENTS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | TREATMENT | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | USER COMPLIANCE | BELIEFS | KNOWLEDGE | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | HIV | Behavior | Culture | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 342892 |
| 12. Title: Being a woman: perspectives of low-german-speaking mennonite women. Author: Kulig JC; Babcock R; Wall M; Hill S Source: Health Care For Women International. 2009 Apr;30(4):324-38. Abstract: Understanding the beliefs and knowledge related to women's sexuality is important when working with unique religious groups in order to provide culturally appropriate care. An exploratory, descriptive qualitative study generated knowledge, beliefs, and practices related to menstruation, ovulation, and family planning among Low German-speaking (LGS) Mennonite women (n = 38). There is a pervasive silence that surrounds sexuality among this group, who have a limited understanding of the physiological changes they experience. Honoring religious principles and family and community expectations through acceptable female behavior is essential. Adherence to religious principles varies by family but is not shared with the group to avoid disfavor. Language: English Keywords: CANADA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | WOMEN | SEXUALITY | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | BELIEFS | KNOWLEDGE | INTERVIEWS | Developed Countries | North America, Northern | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Religion | Sociocultural Factors | Culture | Data Collection Document Number: 341659 |
| 13. Title: Acceptability of human papillomavirus vaccination among Chinese women: concerns and implications. Author: Kwan TT; Chan KK; Yip AM; Tam KF; Cheung AN; Lo SS; Lee PW; Ngan HY Source: BJOG. 2009 Mar;116(4):501-10. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To explore Chinese women's perceptions of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination and their intention to be vaccinated. DESIGN: A cross-sectional community-based survey study. SETTING: Thirteen community women's health centres of The Family Planning Association of Hong Kong. SAMPLE: A total of 1450 ethnic Chinese women aged 18 or above who attended the health centres. METHODS: Participants completed a written consent and an anonymous questionnaire onsite. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Knowledge and beliefs about HPV and HPV vaccination against cervical cancer and participants' own intention to be vaccinated. RESULTS: About 38% of the participants (n = 527) had heard of HPV and 50% (n = 697) had heard of vaccination against cervical cancer. HPV infection was perceived to be stigmatising and detrimental to intimate, family and social relationships. Despite misconceptions and a grossly inadequate knowledge about HPV and HPV vaccination, 88% of the participants (n = 1219) indicated that they would likely be vaccinated. Majority of the participants believed that sexually experienced women should be vaccinated, while 27% opposed vaccinating sexually naive women. Younger age women who perceived a disruptive impact of HPV infection on intimate relationship and their partners' approval were significantly associated with a positive intention to be HPV vaccinated. CONCLUSIONS: The easy acceptability of HPV vaccination among the mostly sexually experienced Chinese participants and their knowledge deficit on the subject may implicate potential misuse of the vaccines and a false sense of security against cervical cancer. There is a dire need for culturally sensitive and tailored education for the public, women of different ages and their partners about HPV and HPV vaccination. Emphasis must be placed on the prophylactic nature of the current vaccines, the uncertain effects when given to sexually experienced women, the importance of adolescent vaccination and the need for continued cervical screening whether vaccinated or not. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN | HPV | VACCINES | BELIEFS | CERVICAL CANCER | HIV INFECTIONS | KNOWLEDGE | PROGRAM ACCEPTABILITY | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Cancer | Neoplasms | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341002 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Dreams of tigers and flowers: child gender predictions and preference in an urban mainland Chinese sample during pregnancy. Author: Loo KK; Luo X; Su H; Presson A; Li Y Source: Women and Health. 2009 Jan-Feb;49(1):50-65. Abstract: In an urban, mainland Chinese sample, we investigated expectant mothers' stated gender preference for a boy or girl child, their conjectures on the fetal gender, the culture-specific beliefs for making their predictions, and their relations to sociodemographic variables. A total of 174 women were interviewed at 12-19 weeks gestation. Among 84 women who made a prediction on gender, 56 (67%) thought they were carrying a boy, and 28 (33%) expected a girl. The most frequent reasons cited for their speculation were personal feelings (36%), food/taste preference (13%), feedback from others (13%), somatic responses (13%), and dreams (7%). Out of 63 women who stated a wish for a boy or girl child, 45 (71%) wished for a girl and 18 (29%) wished for a boy. Women with undergraduate or graduate degrees were more likely to indicate a preference for boys. Older expectant mothers were more likely to report that they thought they were carrying boys. In conclusion, the majority of the women did not state a distinct choice for gender of the child. When they expressed a gender preference, more mothers expressed a desire to have a girl. However, boy child conjectures were more frequent than girl child conjectures. Greater boy child preference and prediction among the most highly educated and older expectant mothers might be reflective of implicit social status in having sons in urban China. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | URBAN POPULATION | PARENTS | CULTURE | PREGNANCY | BELIEFS | FOLKLORE | ONE CHILD POLICY | FAMILY LIFE | SEX PREFERENCE | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproduction | Antinatalist Policy | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 341756 |
| 15. Title: The prevalence of the use of 'dry sex' traditional medicines, among Zambian women, and the profile of the users. Author: Mbikusita-Lewanika M; Stephen H; Thomas J Source: Psychology, Health and Medicine. 2009 Mar;14(2):227-38. Abstract: Concern has been voiced about the 'dry sex' practice in Southern and Central Africa, and its possible role in the transmission of the Human Immuno-deficiency Virus (HIV). Despite this concern, there has been little information about the practice. Most of the available information has been anecdotal, speculative or inadequate mainly because of cultural reluctance to discuss or investigate personal sexual issues. This article provides information about the prevalence of the practice in Zambia and the profile of its practitioners. A cross-sectional study involving 812 Zambian women was undertaken in Lusaka, the capital city of Zambia. Quantitative and qualitative data was obtained through self-administered questionnaires, interviews, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. The quantitative data was analysed using SPSS, and the qualitative data was used to complement and clarify the quantitative data. Awareness of the 'dry sex' practice was almost universal among Zambian women. About two-thirds had used 'dry sex' traditional medicines (DSTM) at some point in their lives, and about half were using them. Those who were most likely to have been using, or to have used DSTM, were those who were older, married, with little or no formal education, mainstream Christians, from the lower socio-economic levels, homemakers, manual workers (p < 0.001), originally from the Eastern province of Zambia (p < 0.002) and those who had spent most of their formative years in rural areas (p < 0.006).The study showed that the knowledge and use of DSTM is widespread among Zambian women, especially among those who were most likely to adhere to traditional views and beliefs about womanhood and marriage, and perhaps those likely to have a poor sense of self-worth or less confidence. In view of the concern about the possible role of 'dry sex' in HIV transmission, these findings would be useful in Health education strategies. Language: English Keywords: ZAMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | WOMEN | TRADITIONAL MEDICINE | SEX BEHAVIOR | WOMEN'S HEALTH | BELIEFS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Behavior | Culture | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 341836 |
| 16. Title: Breastfeeding self-efficacy in women of African descent. Author: McCarter-Spaulding D; Gore R Source: Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing. 2009 Mar-Apr;38(2):230-43. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether breastfeeding self-efficacy predicts the duration and pattern of breastfeeding in a sample of Black women of African descent. DESIGN: Descriptive, longitudinal, cohort study. Participants were recruited during the postpartum hospitalization and followed monthly for 6 months or until complete weaning. Breastfeeding self-efficacy was measured using the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale--Short Form (BSES-SF) (Dennis, 2003). SETTING: A large urban teaching hospital in New England. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: Women who self-identified as being of African descent with full-term infants who were planning to breastfeed (N=125). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Breastfeeding pattern was determined by the total number of feedings the infant received in the past 24 hours and how many of these were breast milk. Duration of breastfeeding was defined as the number of weeks until complete weaning. RESULTS: Higher levels of breastfeeding self-efficacy predicted longer duration and a more exclusive pattern of breastfeeding at 1 and 6 months postpartum, consistent with prior research (p<.01). Planned pattern of feeding predicted actual pattern of feeding at 1 month postpartum (p<.01). Returning to work after 12 weeks was protective of breastfeeding to 6 months postpartum (p<.01). CONCLUSION: Theory-based interventions to enhance self-efficacy will help improve breastfeeding outcomes. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | BLACKS | WOMEN | BREASTFEEDING | BREASTFEEDING, EXCLUSIVE | TIME FACTORS | WEANING | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | BELIEFS | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | INTERVENTIONS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Population Dynamics | Behavior | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341947 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Providing family planning and reproductive healthcare to Canadian immigrants: perceptions of healthcare providers. Author: Newbold KB; Willinsky J Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2009 May;11(4):369-382. Abstract: Cultural impacts on health experiences and behaviours are profound in the area of reproductive health and family planning. Explored through interviews with family planning healthcare professionals, this paper evaluates their experiences in providing family planning and reproductive healthcare to immigrants in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton area of Ontario, Canada. Results reveal the complexity of delivering care to members of this group, particularly when dealing with language barriers, situations when professional and non-professional interpreters are used, and instances where healthcare professionals realize that they themselves have misconceptions and misunderstandings about other cultures. The paper concludes by discussing future research options and implications for the delivery of reproductive health family planning services to this population. Language: English Keywords: CANADA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | IMMIGRANTS | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL | PERCEPTION | FAMILY PLANNING | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL CHARACTERISTICS | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL EVALUATION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | LANGUAGE | BELIEFS | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | North America, Northern | Americas | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning Programs | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Health | Communication | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics Document Number: 330417 |
18.  Peer Reviewed Title: Family life and HIV/AIDS Education (FLHE) in schools in Enugu State: baseline study of reproductive health issues among In-School adolescents in Enugu State. Author: Nwaorgu OC; Onyeneho NG; Onyegegbu N; Okolo M; Ebele O Source: African Journal of Reproductive Health. 2009 Jun;13(2):17-32. Abstract: The authors studied the sexual and reproductive health (SRH) knowledge and practices among students in junior secondary school grades 1 and 3 in Enugu State, Nigeria. Results show that over 90% of the respondents were regularly involved in sexual activities. More than 17% indicated that they would definitely have sex in the next two years, while 19.2% said they might have sex in the next two years. The students lacked proper knowledge of protection, and knowledge scores on SRH issues were low especially among the urban dwellers. Approximately 64% of respondents did not know if condoms prevent pregnancy. Some indicated that charms and herbs are effective ways of preventing pregnancy. Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | STUDENTS | HIV INFECTIONS | KNOWLEDGE | FAMILY LIFE EDUCATION | HEALTH EDUCATION | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | CURRICULUM | BELIEFS | SEX BEHAVIOR | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Education | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Schools | Culture | Behavior Document Number: 339908 |
| 19. Title: Breastfeeding practices among Jordanian women. Author: Oweis A; Tayem A; Froelicher ES Source: International Journal of Nursing Practice. 2009 Feb;15(1):32-40. Abstract: The purpose of the study was to explore Jordanian women's breastfeeding beliefs and practices including exclusive breastfeeding. A descriptive cross-sectional design with a convenience sample of 200 Jordanian mothers was used. The majority of mothers were muliparous and were recruited from primary health-care centres within 6 weeks of a normal vaginal birth or an instrumental delivery. Eligible women, who met the inclusion criteria, were invited to participate in the study. A sociodemographic data form and a 14-item questionnaire concerning different aspects of breastfeeding beliefs and practices were developed for self administration. This study indicated high early initiation of breastfeeding. Most mothers gave supplements other than breastfeeding, including water without knowing that this supplementation could affect exclusive breastfeeding or the continuation of breastfeeding. Finding of this study shed some light on the current breastfeeding practices including exclusive breastfeeding among Jordanian women. Women need to be better educated about breastfeeding. Therefore, more efforts and resources should be put into providing opportunities for education to discuss breastfeeding during antenatal care. This Jordanian study could be relevant to Arabic women in the West, because cultural beliefs and practices are likely to be part of immigrant woman's perceptions about breastfeeding practices. Language: English Keywords: JORDAN | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | BREASTFEEDING | BEHAVIOR | CULTURE | BELIEFS | Developing Countries | Middle East | Demographic Factors | Population | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 341032 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: 'Tradition', person, gender, and STD/HIV/AIDS in southern Mozambique. Author: Passador LH Source: Cadernos De Saude Publica. 2009 Mar;25(3):687-93. Abstract: In southern Mozambique, the "traditional" notion of personhood is constructed through a process, as an outcome of diachronic and synchronic social relations that encompass kin and other peers, including spirits. Both person and body are thought of as elements traversed and determined by these relations, which include the gender relations whose complementarity finds expression in alliances and the production of descendants. In this system of agnatic kinship, descent is possible through women, who produce the male and female persons. Because of women's structural position, they may be suspected of fostering deconstruction of the person as well, with diseases providing the objective data that ground such a charge. To a certain degree, HIV/AIDS has been experienced in terms of this sociocultural arrangement, which defines disease as the result of action by social subjects that jeopardizes the person, placing women in the vulnerable position of being seen as the producers of disease. This has defined the ways in which people experience both the epidemic as well as STD/HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment messages and public policies. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | MOZAMBIQUE | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | PREGNANCY | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | AIDS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | BELIEFS | CULTURE | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 342580 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: Medical circumcision and manhood initiation rituals in the Eastern Cape, South Africa: a post intervention evaluation. Author: Peltzer K; Kanta X Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2009 Jan;11(1):83-97. Abstract: The objectives of this study were first, to report the adverse events reported following male circumcision performed by medical professionals after a one-day training workshop; second, to report on the attitudes towards, beliefs surrounding and experiences regarding circumcision and initiation; and third, to assess the HIV-risk behaviour of young men attending initiation schools post medical circumcision. Initiates who had been medically circumcised by trained healthcare providers were examined and interviewed on the seventh day after circumcision and, in addition, focus-group discussions were conducted with initiates. Results indicate that of the 78 initiates physically examined on the seventh day after circumcision by a trained clinical nurse, seven (9%) adverse events (complications) were found. Initiates reported mixed attitudes towards combining medical circumcision with traditional initiation. The majority of the initiates (70%) felt that they could be stigmatized as a result of choosing medical rather than traditional circumcision and 20% thought that the relationship between medical and traditionally circumcised men was hostile. Prior to circumcision, most initiates (92%) had been sexually active and had engaged in HIV-risk behaviour. Focus-group discussions revealed that sexually active initiates, when asked about sex after circumcision, indicated they wished to abstain for a short period before resuming sexual activities with intended condom use being high. Findings are promising for efforts to up-scale integrated medical circumcision alongside traditional initiation into manhood. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | YOUTH | MALE CIRCUMCISION | TRADITIONAL CEREMONIES | ATTITUDES | BELIEFS | COMPLICATIONS | SEX BEHAVIOR | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Diseases Document Number: 341436 |
| 22. Title: Barriers and facilitators of HIV prevention with heterosexual Latino couples: beliefs of four stakeholder groups. Author: Perez-Jimenez D; Seal DW; Serrano-Garcia I Source: Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology. 2009 Jan;15(1):11-7. Abstract: Although HIV prevention interventions for women are efficacious, long-term behavior change maintenance within power-imbalanced heterosexual relationships has been difficult. To explore the feasibility, content, and format of an HIV intervention for Latino couples, the authors conducted 13 focus groups with HIV/AIDS researchers, service providers, and heterosexual men and women in Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, and Mexico. Reasons that participants thought that men should be involved in prevention efforts included promotion of shared responsibility, creation of a safe environment for open conversation about sex, and increased sexual negotiation skills. Perceived barriers to men's involvement included cultural taboos, sexual conservatism associated with Catholicism and machismo, and power-imbalanced relationships. Participants stressed the need for recruitment of men within naturally occurring settings or by influential community leaders. Participants indicated that couples-level interventions would be successful if they used strong coed facilitators, included both unigender and mixed-gender discussion opportunities, and addressed personally meaningful topics. Implications of these findings are discussed. Language: English Keywords: DOMINICAN REPUBLIC | PUERTO RICO | MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | COUPLES | HETEROSEXUALS | MEN | HIV PREVENTION | BELIEFS | Developing Countries | Caribbean | Americas | Developed Countries | North America | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Culture Document Number: 330815 |
| 23. Title: Foot soldiers of global health: teaching and preaching AIDS science and modern medicine on the frontline. Author: Robins S Source: Medical Anthropology. 2009 Jan-Mar;28(1):81-107. Abstract: This article investigates the ways in which global health messages and forms of health citizenship are mediated by AIDS activists in rural South Africa. It focuses on how these activists and treatment literacy practitioners are not only concerned with changing the lives of people living with AIDS to better manage biological conditions associated with their seropositive status, but also with how they are also committed to recruiting new members into their biopolitical projects and epistemic communities. These mobilization processes involve translating and mediating biomedical ideas and practices into vernacular forms that can be easily understood and acted on by the "targets" of these recruitment strategies. However, these processes of "vernacularization" of biomedical knowledge often occur in settings where even the most basic scientific understandings and framings of medicine cannot be taken for granted. This ethnographic case study shows that global health programs and their local mediators often encounter "friction" from the most powerful national actors as well as the most marginalized local ones. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RURAL AREAS | CRITIQUE | CASE STUDIES | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | IMPLEMENTATION | ADVOCACY | MESSAGE DEVELOPMENT | OBSTACLES | POLITICAL FACTORS | BELIEFS | TRADITIONAL MEDICINE | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Geographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Organizations | Sociocultural Factors | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Viral Diseases | Diseases | HIV | Programs | Communication | Culture | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 342376 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: Cultural theories of postpartum bleeding in Matlab, Bangladesh: implications for community health intervention. Author: Sibley LM; Hruschka D; Kalim N; Khan J; Paul M; Edmonds JK; Koblinsky MA Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition. 2009 Jun;27(3):379-90. Abstract: Early recognition can reduce maternal disability and deaths due to postpartum haemorrhage. This study identified cultural theories of postpartum bleeding that may lead to inappropriate recognition and delayed care-seeking. Qualitative and quantitative data obtained through structured interviews with 149 participants living in Matlab, Bangladesh, including women aged 18-49 years, women aged 50+ years, traditional birth attendants (TBAs), and skilled birth attendants (SBAs), were subjected to cultural domain. General consensus existed among the TBAs and lay women regarding signs, causes, and treatments of postpartum bleeding (eigenvalue ratio 5.9, mean competence 0.59, and standard deviation 0.15). Excessive bleeding appeared to be distinguished by flow characteristics, not colour or quantity. Yet, the TBAs and lay women differed significantly from the SBAs in beliefs about normalcy of blood loss, causal role of the retained placenta and malevolent spirits, and care practices critical to survival. Cultural domain analysis captures variation in theories with specificity and representativeness necessary to inform community health intervention. Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | WOMEN | TRADITIONAL BIRTH ATTENDANTS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | POSTPARTUM | BLEEDING | BELIEFS | TREATMENT | TRADITIONAL HEALTH PRACTICES | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Puerperium | Reproduction | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services Document Number: 341992 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: HIV/AIDS, STIs and condom use beliefs among male prison inmates in two South African provinces: Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal. Author: Stephens T; Conerly R; Braithwaite RL; Sifunda S; Ogbuawa N; Bhengu S; Reddy P Source: Global Public Health. 2009 Jun 22;:1-9. Abstract: The purpose of this study was to describe the characteristics of a random sample of prison inmates from two provinces in South Africa with respect to correct knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS and sexual transmitted infection (STI) risk and beliefs about condom use. This cross-sectional descriptive study of 357 prison inmates formed part of a larger longitudinal investigation designed to implement a health education intervention for prison inmates in the KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) and Mpumalanga (MP) provinces of South Africa. Mean differences for groups were compared across sites using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Inmates from KZN were less likely to agree that 'It is important to use condoms every time you have sex' F (1355) = 25.8, p<0.0001 when compared with inmates in MP. However, they were more likely to agree that 'Condoms work well to prevent the spread of HIV' F (1355) = 11.7, p<0.001; 'Condoms also prevent pregnancy' F (1355) = 5.1, p<0.05. Overall, the demonstrated differences in condom use behaviour suggested that future prevention efforts focus on the importance of using condoms to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS and other STIs. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | PRISONERS | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | CONDOM USE | BELIEFS | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Culture | Psychological Factors Document Number: 341747 |
| 26. Title: Breastfeeding and contraception use among women with unplanned pregnancies less than 2 years after delivery. Author: Tilley IB; Shaaban OM; Wilson M; Glasier A; Mishell DR Jr Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009;105:127-130. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine breastfeeding and contraceptive use after the lactational amenorrhea method (LAM) criteria were no longer met. METHODS: Two hundred and thirty-three parous Egyptian women with unplanned pregnancies less than 2 years after delivery completed a questionnaire examining breastfeeding practice and contraceptive use. RESULTS: The majority of women (81.5%) with unplanned pregnancies within 2 years of delivery were breastfeeding at conception. Of these women, 36.3% had used a method of contraception other than LAM compared with 60.5% of women who had weaned (P<0.05). Among the breastfeeding women, 61.2% failed to use contraception because they believed breastfeeding would prevent pregnancy. CONCLUSION: Breastfeeding women with unplanned pregnancies were less likely to have used contraception than women who had weaned, suggesting that prolonged breastfeeding contributes to unmet contraceptive need. Language: English Keywords: EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MOTHERS | BREASTFEEDING | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | LACTATIONAL AMENORRHEA METHOD | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | WEANING | BELIEFS | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Planning Surveys | Family Planning | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Contraception | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Culture Document Number: 330421 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: Religious teachings and influences on the ABCs of HIV prevention in Malawi. Author: Trinitapoli J Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009 Jul;69(2):199-209. Abstract: This study examines the relationship between religion and HIV risk behaviors in rural Malawi, giving special attention to the role of religious congregations, the organizations with which rural Africans have most immediate contact. It draws on 2004 data from a household survey in 3 districts (N=3386), and quantitative and qualitative data collected in 2005 from 187 leaders of religious congregations previously identified in the survey. The first aim is descriptive--to identify overall patterns and variations in what religious leaders in rural Malawi teach about HIV and about sexual behavior in light of the epidemic. The second aim is to assess how religious organizations impact the behavior of individual members. I examine three outcomes that correspond with the ABCs of HIV prevention: abstinence (for never married persons), fidelity (for married persons), and condom use (among sexually active persons). Multi-level models reveal that religious affiliation and involvement are not correlated with the sexual behavior of congregation members, but that beliefs about appropriate sexual behavior and particular congregational characteristics are associated with adherence to A, B, and C. Individuals belonging to congregations led by clergy who 1) frequently deliver formal messages about HIV, 2) monitor the sexual behavior of members, and 3) privately encourage condom use report greater adherence to the ABCs of HIV prevention, suggesting that religious congregations are relevant for the sexual behavior of members and for better understanding the forces shaping individual behavior in the context of the African AIDS epidemic. Language: English Keywords: MALAWI | RURAL AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | HOUSEHOLDS | INFLUENTIALS | HIV PREVENTION | ABSTINENCE, BE FAITHFUL, CONDOM USE | SEX BEHAVIOR | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | BELIEFS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Knowledge Sources | Communication | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Religion | Culture Document Number: 342855 |
| 28. Title: Social and cognitive variables predicting voluntary HIV counseling and testing among Tanzanian medical students. Author: Vermeer W; Bos AE; Mbwambo J; Kaaya S; Schaalma HP Source: Patient Education and Counseling. 2009 Apr;75(1):135-40. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to predict Tanzanian medical students' Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) participation intention using the Health Belief Model (HBM) as a theoretical framework. Further, differences between respondents who had previously participated in VCT and respondents who had not were assessed. METHODS: Cross-sectional data were gathered from 186 Tanzanian medical students using a self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: Almost half of the respondents (43.3%) reported having been tested for HIV. A prediction model containing HBM and demographic variables explained 31% of the variance in VCT-participation intention. Self-efficacy, fear of being HIV-positive, and perceived susceptibility contributed significantly to the final regression model. In addition, respondents who had previously participated in VCT expressed less fear of being stigmatized and being HIV-positive than respondents who had not. CONCLUSION: Fear of being HIV-positive, self-efficacy, perceived susceptibility and fear of being stigmatized were associated with either VCT-participation intention or previous participation. Further, the HBM accounted for a limited proportion of the explained variance in Tanzanian students' intention to participate in VCT. This suggests that the validity of the HBM in explaining HIV-preventive behavior in Sub-Saharan Africa should be questioned. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Interventions promoting VCT should incorporate program elements targeting self-efficacy, fear of being HIV-positive, perceived susceptibility and fear of being stigmatized. Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | MEDICAL STUDENTS | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | BELIEFS | PERCEPTION | FEAR | STIGMA | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Students | Education | HIV Testing | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Behavior | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Emotions | Social Problems Document Number: 341697 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: HIV/AIDS stigma in a South African community. Author: Visser MJ; Makin JD; Vandormael A; Sikkema KJ; Forsyth BW Source: AIDS Care. 2009 Feb;21(2):197-206. Abstract: HIV/AIDS-related stigma threatens to undermine interventions to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS. To address stigma in a South African community, a thorough understanding of the nature of stigma in the specific cultural context is needed. The goals of this research were to assess the level of stigmatising attitudes among members of a community, compare this to the level of stigma that is perceived to exist within the community and determine to what extent stigmatising attitudes are affected by socio-demographic characteristics, HIV-related experience and cultural beliefs. A questionnaire was completed by 1077 respondents in key areas in two communities in Tshwane, South Africa. The questionnaire included an assessment of HIV-related experience, HIV-knowledge, personal stigma and perceptions of stigma within the community. The findings indicate that the level of personal stigma was significantly lower than that perceived to be present in the community. Respondents who were more stigmatising were older, male, less educated and less knowledgeable about HIV. They were less likely to know someone with HIV and had more traditional cultural viewpoints. While socio-demographic and cultural factors are difficult to change, efforts aimed at increasing people's knowledge and experience of the epidemic occurring in their community could change the level of stigmatising attitudes within their community. Such efforts could have potential benefits in addressing the epidemic and providing greater support for those with HIV. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | INTERVENTIONS | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | STIGMA | KNOWLEDGE | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | BELIEFS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Programs | Organization and Administration | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Problems | Culture Document Number: 330806 |
| 30. Title: Sources of information and health beliefs related to SARS and avian influenza among Chinese communities in the United Kingdom and The Netherlands, compared to the general population in these countries. Author: Voeten HA; de Zwart O; Veldhuijzen IK; Yuen C; Jiang X; Elam G; Abraham T; Brug J Source: International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 2009;16(1):49-57. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Ethnic minorities in Europe such as the Chinese may need a special strategy with regard to risk communication about emerging infectious diseases. To engage them in precautionary actions, it is important to know their information sources, knowledge, and health beliefs. PURPOSE: This study's purpose is to study the use of information sources, knowledge, and health beliefs related to SARS and avian flu of Chinese people in the UK and The Netherlands, and to make comparisons with the general population in these countries. METHOD: Results of a self-administered questionnaire among 300 British/Dutch Chinese were compared to data obtained from a computer-assisted phone survey among the general population (n = 800). RESULTS: British/Dutch Chinese got most information about emerging diseases from family and friends, followed by Chinese media and British/Dutch TV. They had less confidence than general groups in their doctor, government agencies, and consumer/patient interest groups. Their knowledge of SARS was high. They had a lower perceived threat than general populations with regard to SARS and avian flu due to a lower perceived severity. They had higher self-efficacy beliefs regarding SARS and avian flu. CONCLUSION: In case of new outbreaks of SARS/avian flu in China, local authorities in the UK and The Netherlands can best reach Chinese people through informal networks and British/Dutch TV, while trying to improve confidence in information from the government. In communications, the severity of the disease rather than the susceptibility appears to need most attention. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | NETHERLANDS | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | FOCUS GROUPS | ETHNIC GROUPS | INFLUENZA | VIRAL DISEASES | INFORMATION SOURCES | KNOWLEDGE | BELIEFS | PERCEPTION | MASS MEDIA | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Information | Sociocultural Factors | Culture | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Communication Document Number: 342004 |
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