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Peer Reviewed

Title: 'And they kill me, only because I am a girl'...a review of sex-selective abortions in South Asia.
Author: Abrejo FG; Shaikh BT; Rizvi N
Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Feb;14(1):10-6.
Abstract: The low social status of women and the preference for sons determine a high rate of sex-selective abortion or, more specifically, female feticide, in South Asian countries. Although each of them, irrespective of its abortion policy, strictly condemns sex-selective abortion, data suggest high rates of such procedures in India, Nepal, China and Bangladesh. This paper reviews the current situation of sex-selective abortion, the laws related to it and the factors contributing to its occurrence within these countries. Based on this review, it is concluded that sex selective abortion is a public health issue as it contributes to high maternal mortality. Abortion policies of South Asian countries vary greatly and this influences the frequency of reporting of cases. Several socio-economic factors are responsible for sex-selective abortion including gender discriminating cultural practices, irrational national population policies and unethical use of technology. Wide social change promoting women's status in society should be instituted whereby women are offered more opportunities for better health, education and economic participation through gender sensitive policies and programmes. A self-regulation of the practices in the medical profession and among communities must be achieved through behavioural change campaigns.
Language: English
Keywords:
ASIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CHILD, FEMALE | SEX PRESELECTION | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | Developing Countries | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Technologies | Reproduction | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 341236

Title: Effectiveness of a community-based intervention to improve nutrition in young children in Senegal: a difference in difference analysis.
Author: Alderman H; Ndiaye B; Linnemayr S; Ka A; Rokx C; Dieng K; Mulder-Sibanda M
Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2009 May;12(5):667-73.
Abstract: There are few studies of community growth promotion as a means of addressing malnutrition that are based on longitudinal analysis of large-scale programmes with adequate controls to construct a counterfactual. The current study uses a difference in difference comparison of cohorts to assess the impact on the proportion of underweight children who lived in villages receiving services provided by the Senegal Nutrition Enhancement Project between 2004 and 2006. The project, designed to extend nutrition and growth promotion intervention into rural areas through non-governmental organisation service providers, significantly lowered the risk of a child having a weight more than 2 sd below international norms. The odds ratio of being underweight for children in programme villages after introduction of the intervention was 0.83 (95% CI 0.686, 1.000), after controlling for regional trends and village and household characteristics. Most measured aspects of health care and health seeking behaviour improved in the treatment relative to the control.
Language: English
Keywords:
SENEGAL | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | RURAL POPULATION | CHILD NUTRITION | INTERVENTIONS | NUTRITION PROGRAMS | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | BODY WEIGHT | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | PROMOTION | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | GROWTH | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Nutrition | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Program Evaluation | Physiology | Biology | Marketing | Economic Factors | Behavior | Child Development
Document Number: 342116

Peer Reviewed

Title: Questioning gender norms with men to improve health outcomes: Evidence of impact.
Author: Barker G; Ricardo C; Nascimento M; Olukoya A; Santos C
Source: Global Public Health. 2009;:1-15.
Abstract: This article describes a review of 58 evaluation studies of programmes with men and boys in sexual and reproductive health (including HIV prevention, treatment, care and support); father involvement; gender-based violence; maternal, newborn and child health; and gender socialisation more broadly. While few of the programmes go beyond the pilot stage, or a relatively short-term timeframe, they offer compelling evidence that well-designed programmes with men and boys can lead to positive changes in their behaviours and attitudes related to sexual and reproductive health; maternal, newborn and child health; their interaction with their children; their use of violence against women; their questioning of violence with other men; and their health-seeking behaviour. The evidence indicates that programmes that incorporate a gender-transformative approach and promote gender-equitable relationships between men and women are more effective in producing behaviour change than narrowly focused interventions, as are programmes which reach beyond the individual level to the social context. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | MEN'S INVOLVEMENT | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | ATTITUDES | SEX BEHAVIOR | HIV PREVENTION | MALE ROLE | VIOLENCE | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | Behavior | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | Program Evaluation | Psychological Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases
Document Number: 342230

Peer Reviewed

Title: Reflecting and shaping the discourse: the role of music in AIDS communication in Tanzania.
Author: Bastien S
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009 Apr;68(7):1357-60.
Abstract: Failure to recognize the importance of oral traditions in Africa and the potential of music and song for stimulating social and behavior change would represent a missed opportunity in HIV prevention strategies. Local narratives concerning AIDS are often utilized in popular songs and constitute rich sources of contextual information about the epidemic that have thus far been un- or underutilized in HIV prevention strategies. Endogenously conceived messages delivered via a channel such as music increase the likelihood of messages being contextually appropriate and culturally engaging. This form of media also presents the greatest opportunity for wide dissemination. Drawing on field work conducted in the Kilimanjaro region, this paper presents examples of how music and musicians in Tanzania reflect and potentially shape AIDS discourse. Three broad recurrent themes addressed in songs are discussed: AIDS metaphors, stigma and broader HIV prevention messages. By tapping into the wealth of information about AIDS discourse contained within popular songs, and by recognizing musicians as potential opinion leaders and agents of social change, the effectiveness of prevention strategies may be increased.
Language: English
Keywords:
TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | MUSIC | HIV PREVENTION | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Behavior | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Communication
Document Number: 341617

Peer Reviewed

Title: Behavioral mechanisms in HIV epidemiology and prevention: past, present, and future roles.
Author: Bingenheimer JB; Geronimus AT
Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2009 Sep;40(3):187-204.
Abstract: In the 1980�s behavioral variations across geographically and socially defined populations were the central focus of AIDS research, and behavior change was seen as the primary means of controlling HIV epidemics. Today, biological mechanisms-especially other sexually transmitted infections, antiretroviral therapy, and male circumcision-predominate in HIV epidemiology and prevention. We describe several reasons for this shift in emphasis. Although the shift is understandable, we argue for a sustained focus on behavioral mechanisms in HIV research in order to realize the theoretical promise of interventions targeting the biological aspects of HIV risk. We also provide evidence to suggest that large reductions in HIV prevalence may be accomplished by small changes in behavior. Moreover, we contend that behavioral mechanisms will find their proper place in HIV epidemiology and prevention only when investigators adopt a conceptual model that treats prevalence as a determinant as well as an outcome of behavior and that explicitly recognizes the dynamic interdependence between behavior and other epidemiological and demographic parameters.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | EPIDEMIOLOGY | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | HIV INFECTIONS | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | HIV PREVENTION | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | MALE CIRCUMCISION | Africa | Developing Countries | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Public Health | Health | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | HIV | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care
Document Number: 339701

Title: HIV in adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa.
Author: Cowan F; Pettifor A
Source: Current Opinion In HIV and AIDS. 2009 Jul;4(4):288-93.
Abstract: The authors summarize existing evidence on the effectiveness of different intervention approaches to HIV prevention in adolescents. They focus on studies that are either from or are relevant to sub-Saharan Africa. In addition, they include a brief review of other issues relevant to HIV prevention research in adolescents. Although numerous adolescent behavioral HIV prevention interventions have been evaluated, few have assessed their impact on HIV endpoints or been undertaken in Africa. In the three trials from Africa, which had HIV endpoints, none of the interventions had an impact on HIV, although all affected some knowledge and attitudes and reported behaviors. In one of these trials, there was a borderline effect on herpes simplex virus-2 incidence. Adolescents have typically been excluded from trials of biological interventions, although they are likely to benefit from these interventions if found to be effective. Despite the regulatory difficulties, they must be considered for inclusion in these trials as an important target population.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | LITERATURE REVIEW | ADOLESCENTS | HIV PREVENTION | INTERVENTIONS | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | SEX BEHAVIOR | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | Africa | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration | Program Evaluation | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 342339

Peer Reviewed

Title: Patterns of Self-reported Behaviour Change Associated with Receiving Voluntary Counselling and Testing in a Longitudinal Study from Manicaland, Zimbabwe.
Author: Cremin I; Nyamukapa C; Sherr L; Hallett TB; Chawira G; Cauchemez S; Lopman B; Garnett GP; Gregson S
Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Jul 22;
Abstract: Voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) is promoted as a potential HIV prevention measure. We describe trends in uptake of VCT for HIV, and patterns of subsequent behaviour change associated with receiving VCT in a population-based open cohort in Manicaland, Zimbabwe. The relationship between receipt of VCT and subsequent reported behaviour was analysed using generalized linear models with random effects. At the third survey, 8.6% of participants (1,079/12,533), had previously received VCT. Women who received VCT, both those positive and negative, reduced their reported number of new partners. Among those testing positive, this risk reduction was enhanced with time since testing. Among men, no behavioural risk reduction associated with VCT was observed. Significant increases in consistent condom use, with regular or non-regular partners, following VCT, were not observed. This study suggests that, among women, particularly those who are infected, behavioural risk reduction does occur following VCT.
Language: English
Keywords:
ZIMBABWE | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | RURAL POPULATION | HIV PREVENTION | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | SEX BEHAVIOR | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | HIV Testing | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Behavior
Document Number: 342278

10.
Peer Reviewed

Title: A framework of sexual partnerships: risks and implications for HIV prevention in Africa.
Author: Green EC; Mah TL; Ruark A; Hearst N
Source: Studies In Family Planning. 2009 Mar;40(1):63-70.
Abstract: The global diversity of HIV epidemics can be explained in part by types and patterns of sexual partnerships. We offer a typology of sexual partnerships that corresponds to varying levels of HIV-transmission risk to help guide thinking about appropriate behavioral interventions, particularly in the epidemics of sub-Saharan Africa. Declines in HIV prevalence have been associated with reductions in numbers of sex partners, whereas many other prevention strategies have not been demonstrated to reduce HIV transmission at a population level. We suggest a reorientation of current prevention efforts, based on the epidemiology of sexually transmitted HIV epidemics and trends in sexual behavior change. Concurrent sexual partnerships are likely to play a large role in transmission dynamics in the generalized epidemics of East and Southern Africa, and should be addressed through improved behavior-change interventions.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SEXUAL PARTNERS | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | HIV TRANSMISSION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Developing Countries | Sex Behavior | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 341337

11.
Peer Reviewed

Title: [Sexuality, bodily experiences, and gender: an ethnographic study of persons living with HIV in Greater Metropolitan Buenos Aires, Argentina] Sexualidad, experiencias corporales y genero: un estudio etnografico entre
Author: Grimberg M
Source: Cadernos De Saude Publica. 2009 Jan;25(1):133-41.
Abstract: Based on the results of an ethnographic study on daily experience with HIV in Greater Metropolitan Buenos Aires, Argentina, the article discusses behavioral approaches that reduce the sexuality of persons living with HIV to an issue of safety and protection. By articulating a social construction perspective and the notion of hegemony, the author proposes that sexuality can be understood as a process of individual and social construction shaped by power relations and social regulations. The analysis of the experiences of living with HIV in marginalized populations shows how chronic social inequality, violence, discrimination, and stigmatization generate particular characteristics of sexual issues. These social processes become driving forces that shape sexual experience as a field of danger, repression, and restriction rather than pleasure and exploration. Finally, daily confrontation with social metaphors places strain on gender relations, practices, and identities.
Language: Spanish
Keywords:
ARGENTINA | RESEARCH REPORT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | SEXUALITY | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | SAFETY | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | STIGMA | INEQUALITIES | VIOLENCE | PROGRAM APPROPRIATENESS | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Public Health | Health | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 342671

12.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Change and stability in parent-child contact in five western countries.
Author: Kalmijn M; de Vries J
Source: European Journal of Population. 2009 Aug;25(3):257-276.
Abstract: Although much is known about changes in the conjugal family, little is known about trends in contact between parents and adult (independently living) children. Using unique survey data, we study changes in contact with the mother and the father in five western countries over a 15-year period (Austria, West Germany, Great Britain, the United States, and Italy). We describe changes and we examine the role of compositional changes in the trend. We find no evidence for a decline in intergenerational contact, in contrast to notions of individualism. In two countries, there has been an increase in contact with the mother and in three countries no net trend is observed. Contact with the father has not changed. Other forms of contact (e.g., telephone contact) have increased. Some compositional changes have had a downward pressure on the trend, leading to a decline in contact (i.e., rising education, declining church attendance), but these pressures have been compensated by counteracing compositional changes (declining sibsize) and by behavioral changes.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | GERMANY | AUSTRIA | ITALY | RESEARCH REPORT | PARENTS | CHILDREN | FAMILY LIFE | BONDING | CHANGES | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | North America | Americas | Europe, Central | Europe, Southern | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Interpersonal Relations | Behavior | Social Change
Document Number: 339897

13.

Title: Impacts of a peer-group intervention on HIV-related knowledge, attitudes, and personal behaviors for urban hospital workers in Malawi.
Author: Kaponda CP; Jere DL; Chimango JL; Chimwaza AF; Crittenden KS; Kachingwe SI; McCreary LL; Norr JL; Norr KF
Source: Journal of the Association of Nurses In AIDS Care. 2009 May-Jun;20(3):230-42.
Abstract: This report describes the effects of a peer-group intervention on Malawian urban hospital workers' HIV-related personal knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. More than 850 clinical and nonclinical hospital workers received the intervention. Evaluation used independent surveys of a sample of workers at baseline (N = 366) and postintervention (N = 561). Compared with the baseline survey, after the intervention, workers had higher knowledge of HIV transmission and prevention; more positive attitudes including more hope, less stigmatization of persons with HIV, more positive attitudes toward HIV testing and condom use, and higher self-efficacy for practicing safer sex and for community prevention; more reported recent personal HIV tests, more discussion of safer sex with partners, and more reported community HIV prevention activities. However, health workers' risky sexual behaviors did not differ at baseline and postintervention. The intervention should be strengthened to support more sexual risk reduction and be made available to all health workers in Malawi.
Language: English
Keywords:
MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | URBAN AREAS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | HOSPITALS | HEALTH FACILITIES | ATTITUDES | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | HIV PREVENTION | KNOWLEDGE | RISK BEHAVIOR | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Psychological Factors | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 342069

14.

Peer Reviewed

Title: A 10-year systematic review of HIV/AIDS mass communication campaigns: have we made progress?
Author: Noar SM; Palmgreen P; Chabot M; Dobransky N; Zimmerman RS
Source: Journal of Health Communication. 2009 Jan;14(1):15-42.
Abstract: The purpose of the current study was to conduct a 10-year systematic review of HIV/AIDS mass communication campaigns focused on sexual behavior, HIV testing, or both (1998-2007) and to compare the results with the last comprehensive review of such campaigns, conducted by Myhre and Flora (2000). A comprehensive search strategy yielded 38 HIV/AIDS campaign evaluation articles published in peer-reviewed journals, representing 34 distinct campaign efforts conducted in 23 countries. The articles were coded on a variety of campaign design and evaluation dimensions by two independent coders. Results indicated that compared with the previous systematic review (1986-1998 period), campaigns increasingly have employed the following strategies: (1) targeted defined audiences developed through audience segmentation procedures; (2) designed campaign themes around behavior change (rather than knowledge change); (3) used behavioral theories; (4) achieved high message exposure; (5) used stronger research designs for outcome evaluation; and (6) included measures of behavior (or behavioral intentions) in outcome assessments. In addition, an examination of 10 campaign efforts that used more rigorous quasi-experimental designs revealed that the majority (8 of 10) demonstrated effects on behavior change or behavioral intentions. Despite these positive developments, most HIV/AIDS campaigns continue to use weak (i.e., preexperimental) outcome evaluation designs. Implications of these results for improved design, implementation, and evaluation of HIV/AIDS campaign efforts are discussed.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | KENTUCKY | RESEARCH REPORT | CAMPAIGNS | HIV TESTING | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | SEX BEHAVIOR | EVALUATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Communication Programs | Communication | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Behavior
Document Number: 330160

15.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Application of the Attitude-Social Influence-Efficacy Model to Condom Use Among African-American STD Clinic Patients: Implications for Tailored Health Communication.
Author: Noar SM; Crosby R; Benac C; Snow G; Troutman A
Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Aug 14;
Abstract: The purpose of the current investigation was to apply the attitude-social influence-efficacy (ASE) model to achieve a theory-based understanding of condom use among low income, heterosexually active African-American STD clinic patients. N = 293 participants were recruited from a large, publicly-funded metropolitan STD clinic in the Southeastern United States and surveyed using an ACASI computer program. Results indicated that several ASE variables exhibited meaningful relationships with condom stages of change in univariate analyses, replicating patterns found in previous research. Fewer variables remained significant in multivariate analyses, however. There was also some support for the proposition that early stage movement (e.g., Precontemplation to Contemplation) is based more upon perceptions of condom use (e.g., pros, perceived norms), whereas later stage movement (e.g., Preparation to Action/Maintenance) is based more upon perceived and actual skills acquisition (e.g., condom self-efficacy, negotiation strategies). Results varied with regard to main and casual condom stage of change. Implications for developing tailored HIV prevention interventions with heterosexual African-Americans are discussed.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | BLACKS | CONDOM USE | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | HIV PREVENTION | COMMUNICATION PROGRAMS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Communication
Document Number: 342545

16.

Title: Extending the purview of the risk perception attitude framework: findings from HIV/AIDS prevention research in Malawi.
Author: Rimal RN; Bose K; Brown J; Mkandawire G; Folda L
Source: Health Communication. 2009 Apr;24(3):210-8.
Abstract: The risk perception attitude (RPA) framework posits that efficacy beliefs moderate the relationship between risk perception and health outcomes. To extend the purview of the theory, this central hypothesis was tested in the context of HIV/AIDS-prevention behaviors. Data (N = 890) were collected from 8 districts in Malawi in southern Africa as part of a baseline research effort to obtain benchmark measures on key behavior-change indicators. Results pertaining to 2 behaviors, use of condoms and remaining monogamous, are reported in this study. Relationships between risk perception and behavioral intentions were not significant, but those between efficacy beliefs and behavioral intentions were. Furthermore, efficacy beliefs were found to moderate the relationship between risk perception and intentions to remain monogamous, but not between risk perceptions and intentions to use condoms. The model was able to explain approximately 40% of the variance in intentions to use condoms, and 19% of the variance in intentions to remain monogamous. Implications for health campaigns, particularly the need to strengthen efficacy beliefs and the need to be careful in enhancing risk perceptions without simultaneously strengthening efficacy beliefs, are also discussed.
Language: English
Keywords:
MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS | ADULTS | AIDS PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | RISK FACTORS | PERCEPTION | ATTITUDES | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | MOTIVATION | CONDOM USE | MONOGAMY | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality
Document Number: 342172

17.

Title: Trials of Improved Practices (TIPs): Determining feasible water and feces management small doable actions for HIV programs in Ethiopia.
Author: Seumo EF; Tesfay M; Rosenbaum J; Bery R
Source: Washington, D.C., Academy for Educational Development [AED], USAID Hygiene Improvement Project, 2009 Feb. 61 p. (Trials of Improved Practices (TIPs)USAID Contract No. GHS-I-00-04-00024-00)
Abstract: Diarrheal disease is the most common opportunistic infection in people living with HIV / AIDS (PLWHA) in resource limited settings. Diarrhea is very debilitating and negatively affects the PLWHA's quality of life. Household members and especially children are at risk of contracting diarrhea from PLWHA suffering from bouts of diarrhea. Improving water, hygiene, and sanitation (WASH) helps prevent diarrhea in PLWHA and their households and enhances the quality of life. The major challenge is how to integrate WASH into HIV programs. To address this challenge, USAID / HIP worked with NGOs providing home-based care services in Ethiopia to design and carry out a trial of improved practices (TIPs) to help identify the water, hygiene, and sanitation small doable actions (SDA) to be integrated into HIV programs. A rapid assessment was carried out in Amhara Region in December 2007. The SDA were reviewed with NGOs partners in Addis to identify the WASH behaviors to be explored in the TIPs. Water and feces management were the two areas that required more information and were thus selected for the TIPs. Further, despite the high risk of HIV transmission associated with menstrual blood, very little is known about HIV-positive women's hygiene practices during menstruation. To fill this gap, USAID / HIP also included this topic in the TIPs. For seven weeks trained data collectors and home-based care workers visited 62 PLWHA in Adama, Addis, Alemtena, and Wonji -- urban, peri-urban, and rural sites in the Oromo Region. USAID / HIP reviewed the findings from the Oromo and Amhara regions and developed recommendations on the WASH SDA to be integrated in the home-based care programs in Ethiopia. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA COLLECTION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | WATER QUALITY | HYGIENE | SANITATION | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | HOME CARE | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | DIARRHEA | MENSTRUATION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Water | Natural Resources | Environment | Public Health | Health | Behavior | Care and Support | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Programs | Organization and Administration | Reproduction
Document Number: 331415

18.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Addressing social factors of adolescent reproductive health in the Republic of Georgia.
Author: Tavadze M; Bartel D; Rubardt M
Source: Global Public Health. 2009;4(3):242-52.
Abstract: The influence of social factors on reproductive health has been highlighted by researchers in the last decade, yet programmes to improve adolescent reproductive health (ARH) rarely address social factors such as gender discrimination. Beginning in 2004, CARE International implemented and evaluated a three-year ARH project to address individual behaviour change, institutional capacity and local social norms related to ARH in a rural district of the Republic of Georgia. Community engagement strategies included: promoting community support for ARH by adolescent/adult volunteer change agents; building health providers' capacity to better meet the needs of adolescents; and using 'Theatre for Development' to promote community dialogue about social norms. Project evaluation data demonstrated improved knowledge, attitudes, behaviour about family planning, improved institutional capacity to provide adolescent services and some evidence of shifts in gender norms. Community engagement is critical for successful strategies to influence social norms that promote healthy reproductive health.
Language: English
Keywords:
GEORGIA | EVALUATION REPORT | RURAL POPULATION | ADOLESCENT HEALTH SERVICES | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | CONTRACEPTION | INTERVENTIONS | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southwestern | Asia | Evaluation | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Organization and Administration | Family Planning | Programs | Behavior
Document Number: 341395

19.

Title: HIV-prevention science at a crossroads: advances in reducing sexual risk.
Author: Vermund SH; Allen KL; Karim QA
Source: Current Opinion In HIV and AIDS. 2009 Jul;4(4):266-73.
Abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: We review the current state of evidence-based prevention strategies for reducing sexual transmission of HIV. The combined programmatic and scientific efforts through 2008 to reduce sexual transmission of HIV have failed to reduce substantially the global pandemic. RECENT FINDINGS: Prevention interventions to reduce HIV infection target behavioral, biomedical, and structural risk factors. Some of these prevention strategies have been evaluated in randomized clinical trials (RCTs) with HIV seroincidence endpoints. When RCTs are not feasible, a variety of observational and quasiexperimental research approaches can provide insight as to program effectiveness of specific strategies. Only five RCTs have demonstrated a notable decrease in sexually acquired HIV incidence. These include the Mwanza study of syndromic management of sexually transmitted diseases and three male circumcision trials in East Africa; a microbicide trial reported in 2009 shows substantial promise for the efficacy of PRO 2000 (0.5% gel). SUMMARY: The combined programmatic and scientific efforts to reduce sexual transmission of HIV have made incremental progress. New prevention tools are needed to stem the continued spread of HIV, though microbicides and vaccines will take many more years to develop, test, and deploy. Combination strategies of existing modalities should be tested to evaluate the potential for more proximate prevention benefits.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLINICAL TRIALS | EPIDEMICS | HIV PREVENTION | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | MICROBICIDES | MALE CIRCUMCISION | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | VACCINES | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Diseases | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Behavior | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV
Document Number: 342340

20.

Title: Sexual activity and condom use among people living with HIV in Swaziland.
Author: Zamberia AM
Source: African Journal of AIDS Research. 2009 Apr;8(1):69-81.
Abstract: A number of studies have shown strong evidence of the association between HIV testing and an increase in consistent condom use. These studies have shown that HIV testing has contributed to a reduction in risk behaviours, since knowledge of HIV status can motivate both HIV-positive and HIV-negative people to practise safer sex. However, the extent to which knowledge of one's HIV status contributes to behavioural change among people living with HIV (PLHIV) has not been comprehensively documented. Drawing on an analysis of 37 in-depth interviews and five focus group discussions with PLHIV, this paper examines the nature of sexual activity and condom use among PLHIV in Swaziland. The paper explores issues pertaining to behavioural change and safer sex, and how these are influenced by the individual's HIV-positive status and the prevailing social-structural forces. Several factors inhibit the adoption of protective sexual behaviour among HIV-positive sexual partners, some of whom have access to life-saving drug therapy. These factors include a lack of adequate social support structures and prevailing gender power imbalances that deny women control over their sexual lives. To promote behavioural change among PLHIV, the paper proposes the expansion of the scope of information, education and communication strategies to include activities aimed at continually sensitising PLHIV regarding safer sex, as well as activities geared towards improving communication between PLHIV and their health-caregivers with regard to HIV-protective behaviours.
Language: English
Keywords:
SWAZILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | CONDOM USE | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | CARE AND SUPPORT | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | DECISION MAKING | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Collection | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 341289

21.

Title: HIV and AIDS information for young people.
Source: Exchange on HIV / AIDS, Sexuality and Gender. 2008;2008(4):1-16.
Abstract: This issue of Exchange magazine focuses on innovative behavior change communication and approaches that ensure that young people have the knowledge, skills, self-esteem, and support to make appropriate and responsible sexuality decisions that can empower them to avoid HIV infection.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | PREVALENCE | YOUTH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | Measurement | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior
Document Number: 341109

22.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Formative study to develop the Eban treatment and comparison interventions for couples.
Author: NIMH Multisite HIV/STD Prevention Trial for African American Couples Group
Source: JAIDS. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2008 Sep 1;49 Suppl 1:S42-51.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe formative and pilot-testing research that generated themes and procedures, curricula, and critical measures for a randomized clinical trial testing a Risk Reduction Intervention for HIV-serodiscordant African American couples (Project Eban). DESIGN: This article describes the themes that emerged from discussions with African American serodiscordant couples about HIV-related risks from focus groups with 11 couples and pilot study results with 32 couples across 4 sites. METHODS: In step 1, focus groups examined the need for a Risk Reduction Intervention for HIV-serodiscordant African American couples and confirmed 4 themes that formed the basis for the intervention curriculum and study format. In step 2, a pilot study refined the clinical trial procedures for this population and tested critical measures and selected portions of the curriculum for both the treatment and the comparison interventions. RESULTS: Based on these findings, stigma and psychological distress, barriers to condom use, insufficient support from community and service organizations, and the lack of skills that emphasize individual and relationship protection were ultimately integrated into the Risk Reduction Intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Pilot study findings highlighted the importance of examining gender and ethnicity in HIV-impacted couples along with factors that heightened HIV-related risk behaviors that affect couples' skills and psychological adjustment. The goal was to ensure that a skill-based, culturally congruent, relationship-centered intervention could be understood and of interest to couples. Future analyses in the main trial will be discussed.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | PILOT PROJECTS | CLINICAL TRIALS | COUPLES | BLACKS | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | HIV INFECTIONS | TREATMENT | STIGMA | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | CONDOM USE | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | CULTURE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Studies | Clinical Research | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Social Problems
Document Number: 328590

23.

Title: Measurement of HIV prevention indicators: A comparison of the PLACE Method and a Demographic Health Survey in Rwanda.
Author: Rwanda. Commission Nationale de Lutte contre le SIDA; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Carolina Population Center. MEASURE Evaluation
Source: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center, MEASURE Evaluation, 2008 Jun. 28 p. (MEASURE Evaluation Working Paper Series WP-08-105USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-03-00003-00)
Abstract: The 2005 Rwandan Demographic Health Survey (DHS) found that nearly 90 percent of the general population knew about HIV and prevention methods; however, it also found that condom use was very low (only 20 percent of people used a condom with a non-cohabiting partner). To respond better to the large gap between knowledge and safe sexual behavior, and to coordinate local efforts better in the fight against AIDS, the Commission Nationale de Lutte contre le SIDA (CNLS), with technical assistance from MEASURE Evaluation, implemented the Priorities for Local AIDS Control Efforts (PLACE) protocol in 12 provinces. The 2005 PLACE and Rwandan DHS results are useful tools for program managers wishing to focus scarce resources in effective HIV prevention. The DHS results provide information concerning the general population and provide a global picture of people?s HIV knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. The PLACE results provide information about populations that exhibit riskier sexual behavior than the general population. Together, the survey results from PLACE and DHS can provide program managers and other stakeholders working in HIV/AIDS comprehensive information on knowledge, attitudes, and practices in both the general population and specific subgroups. The aim of this report is to compare results between the two surveys and illustrate how both surveys can be used together, giving HIV/AIDS program managers and policymakers a better picture of certain determinates of the generalized epidemic in Rwanda. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
RWANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION RESEARCH | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | SURVEYS | HIV PREVENTION | KNOWLEDGE | BEHAVIOR | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | EVALUATION | MEASUREMENT | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Evaluation Methodology | Studies | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 328118

24.

Title: Managing and preventing female genital cutting (FGM / C) among the Somali community in Kenya.
Author: Abdi MS; Jaldesa G; Askew I
Source: [Washington, D.C.], Population Council, Frontiers in Reproductive Health, 2008 Apr. 8 p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-98-00012-00)
Abstract: This report is a summary of a project that developed and tested two FGM / C-related interventions among the Somali community in Kenya and that was funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) mission in Kenya. The interventions were informed by data gathered through a diagnostic study undertaken in North Eastern Province (Wajir and Mandera districts) and the Eastleigh area of Nairobi in 2004 and a baseline study in Wajir district in 2005. Both studies collected data through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with community and religious leaders, and with recently married and unmarried men and women. The diagnostic study also interviewed health providers, undertook an assessment of their clinics� readiness to offer safe motherhood and FGM / C-related services, and interviewed antenatal clients who had been cut. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | MANAGEMENT | WOMEN | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | NEEDS | SOCIAL MOBILIZATION | EDUCATION | AWARENESS | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | INTERVENTIONS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Organization and Administration | Demographic Factors | Population | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Diseases | Economic Factors | Social Change | Knowledge | Behavior | Programs
Document Number: 331590

25.

Title: Effectiveness of a community-based responsive feeding programme in rural Bangladesh: a cluster randomized field trial.
Author: Aboud FE; Moore AC; Akhter S
Source: Maternal and Child Nutrition. 2008 Oct;4(4):275-86.
Abstract: Responsive complementary feeding, whereby the mother feeds her child in response to child cues of hunger state and psychomotor abilities, is a problem in some countries, and likely contributes to malnutrition. Interventions are needed to evaluate whether promoting responsive feeding would add any benefit. Using a cluster randomized field trial, we evaluated a six-session educational programme that emphasized practice of two key behaviours, namely child self-feeding and maternal responsiveness. One hundred mothers and their 12- to 24-month-olds attended the sessions as part of village clusters randomly assigned to the intervention group. A similar number of controls received sessions on foods to feed and nutritional disorders. Outcomes assessed at pre-test, 2-week post-intervention and again 5-months post-intervention included weight, mouthfuls of food taken, self-feeding and maternal responsiveness. Research assistants, blind to group assignment, observed and coded mother and child behaviours during the midday meal. Secondary measures included foods fed and feeding messages recalled. Analysis was based on intention to treat and accounted for clustering. Only 10% of each group was lost to follow-up. Weight (d = 0.28), weight gain (d = 0.48) and child self-feeding (d = 0.30) were significantly higher in the responsive feeding group. Mouthfuls of food eaten and maternal responsiveness were not significantly increased by the intervention. Mothers in the intervention gave their children more vegetables, and spontaneously recalled more feeding messages at the 5-month follow-up. These results provide evidence that self-feeding and weight gain can improve by targeting specific behaviours, while maternal responsiveness may require more intensive strategies.
Language: English
Keywords:
BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | RURAL POPULATION | MOTHERS | INFANT NUTRITION | SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | EDUCATION | BODY WEIGHT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Nutrition | Health | Behavior | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 330029

26.

Title: Predicting and explaining transtheoretical model stage transitions in relation to condom-carrying behaviour.
Author: Arden MA; Armitage CJ
Source: British Journal of Health Psychology. 2008 Nov;13(Pt 4):719-35.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: The stages of change component of the transtheoretical model have been applied to safe sex behaviours in cross-sectional analyses, but have not yet been subject to prospective analysis. It was predicted that: (a) cross-sectional analyses would demonstrate good discrimination between the stages of change; (b) prospective analyses would allow for the identification of predictors of stage transitions; and (c) implementation intentions would explain progression from the preparation stage. DESIGN: This study employed an experimental longitudinal design. Participants were randomly assigned to the experimental (implementation intention) or control conditions and completed questionnaires at baseline and at 2-month follow-up. METHODS: Five hundred and twenty-five adolescents who were broadly representative of the UK population completed questionnaires at baseline and follow-up (N=393) measuring: demographic variables; stage of change; theory of planned behaviour constructs; anticipated regret; and moral norm in relation to condom-carrying behaviour. The experimental condition completed a self-generated implementation intention to carry condoms at the end of the baseline questionnaire. RESULTS: Discriminant function analyses indicated that the stages of change could be accurately discriminated from one another cross-sectionally and that, longitudinally, the measured variables were able to predict transitions between most stages. Implementation intentions caused people to progress from the preparation stage. CONCLUSIONS: Transitions between most stages were reliably predicted, thereby providing potential targets for intervention. The brief implementation intention intervention was effective and could easily be utilized and expanded to encompass a broader range of sexual health behaviours.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | SAFER SEX | CONDOM USE | ATTITUDES | INTERVENTIONS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Sex Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Psychological Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 329600

27.

Title: [Understanding and reaching young clandestine sex workers in Burkina Faso to improve response to HIV] Comprendre et atteindre les jeunes travailleuses du sexe clandestines du Burkina
Author: Berthe A; Huygens P; Ouattara C; Sanon A; Ouedraogo A; Nagot N
Source: Sante. 2008 Jul-Sep;18(3):163-73.
Abstract: In 1998, researchers in Burkina Faso enrolled 300 women more or less involved in commercial sex work in an open cohort to determine whether adequate management of their sexually transmitted infections and exposure to well-designed, well-delivered, and plentiful communication for behaviour change (CBC) might reduce their vulnerability to HIV. In 2000, they observed that the non-professional sex workers (occasional or clandestine sex workers) were more difficult to reach, to mobilize and to keep involved in the project's different activities. This group was also infected at the same or higher rates than professional sex workers because they did not use condoms routinely. To accomplish the project objectives, they therefore chose to recruit more non-professional sex workers in the new cohort of 700 women. This social-anthropological study was conducted to help them to enrol young clandestine sex workers. The overall objective of this study was to understand the life of this category of sex workers and to identify strategic actors to reach them. Using a qualitative method, social anthropologists reviewed literature, identified and geo-referenced all local places suitable to encountering these women, obtained life stories from some of them and interviewed key informants and participants in the field. The results showed that in Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso): - most young women who are clandestine sex workers are Burkinabe, and girls entering the sex trade are increasingly young and increasingly uneducated; - most of them come from families with low capital (financial, cultural, or social). The parents' socioeconomic status (contextual poverty) results in unmet financial needs, which in turn exposes them to starting work early, including commercial sex work; - of all the income-generating activities available to unskilled young girls, commercial sex work is one of the most profitable and easily accessible; - in the three-fold context of an HIV epidemic, poverty, and unemployment, clandestine commercial sex work is a rational action, insofar as condom use reduces the risk of HIV infection, "clandestinity" reduces the risk of social stigma, and earnings increase financial capital; - girls are coopted into sex work through an initiation process and the initiator explains to the initiate how sex workers think, act, and live, as well as the rules of the trade; - young clandestine commercial sex workers use various strategies to do their work in secret, unidentified, by changing the time, place, period, district, city or country of their work; - young clandestine commercial sex workers maintain friendly relations with men or boys in but have no or conflictual relationships with women and girls. Thus, only other participants in this trade, peer counsellors, and room renters can serve as strategic actors to reach, mobilize and keep these young girls in HIV programmes. Social anthropologists have concluded that one problem in the fight against official or professional commercial sex work is the development of clandestine commercial sex work, which is more dangerous, firstly for its practitioners, who are harder to reach by messages about HIV and thus do not change their behaviour, secondly, for their sexual partners who do not use condoms systematically, and finally for society as a whole, to the extent that social actors are embedded in an informal network, more or less extensive, of sexual partners.
Language: French
Keywords:
BURKINA FASO | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | WOMEN | SEX WORKERS | COMMUNICATION | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | MANAGEMENT | AGE FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | LIFE STYLE | RISK BEHAVIOR | RISK FACTORS | HIV PREVENTION | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Organization and Administration | Population Characteristics | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Anthropology | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 341591

28.

Title: Gender-based violence in Tanzania: an assessment of policies, services, and promising interventions.
Author: Betron M
Source: Washington, D.C., Futures Group International, Health Policy Initiative, 2008 Aug. (USAID Contract No. GPO-I-01-05-00040-00)
Abstract: Gender-based violence is a grave reality in the lives of many women in Tanzania. Based on key informant interviews and focus group discussions, this assessment provides a snapshot of the current GBV policy environment, and the state of services for those affected by GBV in Tanzania. It highlights some of the most promising GBV interventions and identifies the most important gaps and opportunities. Findings indicate that many forms of GBV, including intimate partner violence and rape, are seen as normal and are met with acceptance by both men and women. While there are signs of support and progress at the policy level to address GBV, the volume and quality of services and resources available to survivors of GBV is minimal. Health services in particular are weak, as there are no proper protocols or training for health professionals to respond to cases of GBV. A handful of promising interventions have been or are being implemented by NGOs, yet, they are limited in scope and number. Key recommendations include: advocacy for a specific law on domestic violence; incorporation of GBV in HIV and reproductive health policies; formation of a multi-sectoral GBV network; reforming health centers systematically to address GBV, starting with how-to policies, protocols, and guidelines; and linking GBV and HIV in HIV awareness-raising programs and mass media campaigns.
Language: English
Keywords:
TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | SOCIAL WELFARE | POVERTY | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | HARMFUL TRADITIONAL PRACTICES | SOCIAL MOBILIZATION | HEALTH | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Behavior | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Social Change
Document Number: 329507

29.
Title: "...No stone left unturned:" how the public explains the Ugandan success story.
Author: Chapman E; Kipp W; Rubaale T
Source: World Health and Population. 2008;10(3):5-13.
Abstract: We conducted a public poll to assess the public's perception about changes in HIV prevalence and its causes in a township in western Uganda. The main questions related to the declining HIV prevalence and its interpretation, as well as to the "Ugandan success story." The study used a qualitative methodology; we interviewed 68 citizens in eight focus group discussions. The majority stated that the HIV prevalence had declined in their town. Of those respondents, most cited behaviour changes related to Uganda's ABC strategy as their explanation of the declining trends. Those who said that a decline in HIV had taken place also stated that they believed in the Ugandan success story. Our study concludes that it is important to involve the public on important health issues such as HIV/AIDS in order to obtain more valid results by combining scientific findings with public/indigenous knowledge.
Language: English
Keywords:
UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | INCIDENCE | PREVALENCE | RESPONDENTS | PERCEPTION | HIV | HIV TRANSMISSION | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | CHANGES | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Measurement | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Psychological Factors | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 342698

30.

Title: Evaluation of a pregnancy prevention programme using the Contraceptive Behavior Change model.
Author: Chung-Park MS
Source: Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2008 Jan;61(1):81-91.
Abstract: This paper is a report of the findings of a study to examine the effects of application of the Contraceptive Behavior Change model on knowledge, attitudes, perceived benefits and barriers, self-efficacy (SE), stages of change (SOC) and contraceptive behaviours. Unintended pregnancy is a global issue; it is also a concern for the military, as it impacts on mission readiness. Effective sexuality education programmes are needed but, to date, an evaluation of existing programmes using a conceptual model is lacking in the health literature. A sample of 198 single, junior enlisted females was randomly recruited from United States of America Navy ships. An experimental design was adopted. The experimental group received two class sessions, 2 months apart, while the control group received none. The variables measured were: knowledge, attitudes, perceived benefits and barriers, SE, SOC and contraceptive behaviours. Data were collected on three separate occasions at 2-month intervals over a 4-month period in 2004-2005. Initially, a striking lack of knowledge was evident among study participants. The experimental groups' knowledge increased statistically significantly with repeated interventions, while the control group's knowledge did not change over the same period. Both groups started with no pregnancies, and at the end of the study, the pregnancy rate between the two groups was statistically significant: experimental group 0%, and control group 14%. The intervention led to increased knowledge, which in turn led to avoidance of pregnancy. The proposed model was appropriate for the evaluation and consequently can be considered as an effective tool to use for development or refinement of existing programmes. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROGRAM EVALUATION | EXPERIMENTAL MODELS | QUESTIONNAIRES | WOMEN | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | SEX EDUCATION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | INTERVENTIONS | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Programs | Organization and Administration | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraception | Family Planning | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Education | Health
Document Number: 314037


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