1.  Title: Sexual and reproductive health and HIV linkages: evidence review and recommendations. Author: World Health Organization [WHO]; United Nations Population Fund [UNFPA]; International Planned Parenthood Federation [IPPF]; Joint United Nations Programme on HIV / AIDS [UNAIDS]; University of California, San Francisco. Global Health Sciences Source: Geneva, Switzerland, WHO, 2009 Apr. [8] p. Abstract: The importance of linking sexual and reproductive health (SRH) and HIV is widely recognized. The international community agrees that the Millennium Development Goals will not be achieved without ensuring universal access to SRH and HIV prevention, treatment, care and support. In order to gain a clearer understanding of the effectiveness, optimal circumstances, and best practices for strengthening SRH and HIV linkages, a systematic review of the literature was conducted. The findings corroborate the many benefits gained from linking SRH and HIV policies, systems and services. (Excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | CLIENTS | HIV TESTING | COUNSELING | HIV PREVENTION | FAMILY PLANNING | MATERNAL HEALTH | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | CHILD HEALTH | MANAGEMENT | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | STIGMA | BEHAVIOR | FEES | HIV/FP INTEGRATION | INTERVENTIONS | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Clinic Activities | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Social Problems | Financial Activities | Economic Factors Document Number: 331466 |
2.  Peer Reviewed Title: Determinants of perceived morbidity and use of health services by children less than 15 years old in rural Bangladesh. Author: Alam N; van Ginneken JK; Timaeus I Source: Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2009 Jan;13(1):119-29. Abstract: This study examined the association of a number of social and economic and other factors with perceived morbidity and use of health services by children in rural Bangladesh, using the data of a health and socioeconomic survey conducted in Matlab, Bangladesh in 1996. One of the factors of interest was women's social position measured with indicators such as their education, domestic autonomy, social networks and social prestige. Other factors of interest were economic in nature and included the availability of high-quality primary health care (PHC) facilities in one part of the study area. A total of 52% of the 3,793 children below 15 had an episode of an acute illness in the month preceding the interview. The medical care sought for acute illnesses was grouped into four categories: medical doctors, paramedics, traditional and untrained village doctors (including drug sellers) and homeopaths. A total of 55% of the children who were sick in the past month consulted any type of health provider. Logistic regression was used to estimate the effects of the various independent variables on the two dependent variables: perceived morbidity of under-15 children and health service use for under-15 sick children. The results revealed that age of the child was the most important factor influencing perceived morbidity while social and economic variables were in general not related to perceived morbidity. Prolonged and severe illnesses and illnesses of young and male children were more likely to be treated by health providers, particularly by physicians. While women's education and social network influenced visits to any health providers socioeconomic indicators influenced visits to physicians. Availability of PHC facilities in one part of the study area also led to more use of modern medical care. The findings highlight that improvement of women's education and of social and economic status in general, in combination with more availability of high-quality PHC will in Bangladesh lead to better health care of children. Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | CHILDREN | MORBIDITY | INFECTIONS | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | BEHAVIOR | MATERNAL HEALTH | EDUCATION | SOCIAL NETWORKS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 330857 |
| 3. Title: Contraceptive use and attitudes among female college students. Author: Bryant KD Source: ABNF Journal. 2009 Winter;20(1):12-6. Abstract: Unintended pregnancy is a social issue that severely jeopardizes the quality of life for parents and their children. College age women between the ages of 20-24 have one of the highest rates of unintended pregnancies due to lack of contraceptive use and unsafe sexual practices. Since 80% of college females are sexually active and not seeking to become pregnant, it is important to provide these women with effective contraceptive options. Among this population, Black and Hispanic woman have a disproportionate rate of unintended pregnancies. The purpose of this study was to examine contraceptive attitudes and demographic characteristics among female college students. Participants were grouped into those who use contraceptives consistently, intermittently, or not at all. The sample consisted of 120 racially diverse female college students who were sexually active within the past 3 months. Participants completed the Contraceptive Attitude Scale, contraceptive use tool, and demographic tool. The results showed that there was no significant difference in demographic characteristics and contraceptive attitudes for race, age, marital status, years of college education and income between the contraceptive groups. A majority of participants had a positive attitude regarding contraceptives. Women with higher contraceptive attitude scores were significantly more likely to be consistent contraceptive users. Uninterrupted contraceptive users had significantly higher mean contraceptive attitude scores than intermittent users and nonusers. The results of this study may enable healthcare providers to develop more effective methods of increasing contraceptive use and simultaneously decrease unintended pregnancy rates. Nurses play an integral role by providing women with contraceptive counseling that will assist these women in making an informed decision about contraception use. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | STUDENTS | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | BEHAVIOR | ATTITUDES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Education | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Psychological Factors Document Number: 330599 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: [Child health in poor areas: findings from a population-based study in Caracol, Piaui, and Garrafao do Norte, Para, Brazil] Saude infantil em areas pobres: resultados de um estudo de base populacional nos municipios de Caracol, Piaui, e Garrafao do Norte, Para, Brasil. Author: Cesar JA; Chrestani MA; Fantinel EJ; Goncalves TS; Neumann NA Source: Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2009 Apr;25(4):809-818. Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate child health indicators in the municipalities (counties) of Caracol, Piauí State, and Garrafão do Norte, Pará State, Brazil. Through household visits using systematic sampling, previously trained interviewers applied a standard questionnaire to mothers of under-five children, investigating socioeconomic status, housing and environmental sanitation, demographic characteristics, disease patterns, and prenatal and childbirth care. The analysis used the t-test and chi-square test to compare indicators between the two municipalities. Of the 1,728 children studied, 60% were from families with incomes less than one monthly minimum wage (approximately U$200), 41% had no type of sewage treatment or disposal, 10% of mothers reported zero prenatal visits, 30% of the children were born in the same municipality, and 30% had been taken to a pediatric consultation in the previous 3 months; 20% had a height-for-age deficit > 2 standard deviations. All target indicators were deficient in both the municipalities (especially in Garrafão do Norte). Expanding health care supply and improving housing and sanitation conditions are priorities in both municipalities. Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | MOTHERS | CHILD HEALTH | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | HOUSEHOLDS | SANITATION | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | ANTENATAL CARE | BEHAVIOR | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | INCOME | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Public Health | Demographic Factors | Population | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 341867 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Trends in primary and secondary abstinence among Kenyan youth. Author: Chiao C; Mishra V Source: AIDS Care. 2009 Jul;Calverton, Maryland, Macro International, Demographic and Health Research Division, MEASURE DHS, 2007 Nov. 21(7):881-892. 15 p. (DHS Working Papers No. 36USAID Contract No. GPO-C-00-03-00002-00) Abstract: The authors used data from Kenya Demographic and Health Surveys in 1993, 1998, and 2003 to examine 10-year trends in primary and secondary abstinence among never-married youth ages 15–24 and to explore the role of HIV prevention knowledge, schooling, and contextual factors in affecting their abstinence behaviors. Their analysis shows that both primary and secondary abstinence levels have risen in the past 10 years, with the abstinence levels higher among females than among males. Logistic regression models indicate that knowledge that abstinence can prevent HIV infection was positively associated with the likelihood of practicing abstinence. However, knowledge that condom use can prevent HIV infection was associated with lower abstinence practice. In-school youth were more likely to abstain from sex than those working. Effects of the contextual variables were only significant on the likelihood of primary abstinence among female youth. Language: English Keywords: KENYA | TECHNICAL REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | DATA ANALYSIS | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS | STUDENTS | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | ABSTINENCE | HIV INFECTIONS | TRANSMISSION | HIV PREVENTION | KNOWLEDGE | CONDOM USE | BEHAVIOR | SEX EDUCATION | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Education | Schools | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Sociocultural Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 322987 |
| 6. Title: Knowledge, beliefs, and health care practices relating to treatment of HIV in Vellore, India. Author: Chomat AM; Wilson IB; Wanke CA; Selvakumar A; John KR; Isaac R Source: AIDS Patient Care and STDs. 2009 Jun;23(6):477-84. Abstract: In India, little is known about health care-seeking behavior among HIV-infected individuals. Similarly, little is known about how HIV is being treated in the community, in particular by Indian Systems of Medicine (ISM) providers. Therefore, while ART implementation programs continue to expand, it is important to determine whether the knowledge, attitudes, and treatment practices of HIV-infected individuals and their health care providers are aligned with current treatment recommendations. We conducted in-depth qualitative interviews with persons with HIV (n = 9 men and 17 women), family members of persons with HIV (n = 14 men and 3 women), and ISM providers (n = 7). Many of the patients we studied turned at some point to ISM providers because they believed that such practitioners offer a cure for HIV. ISM treatments sometimes had negative impacts including side effects, unchecked progression of an underlying illness, and financial depletion. Indian women tended to be less knowledgeable about HIV and HIV treatments, and had less access to financial and other resources, than men. Finally, most of the ISM providers reported dangerous misconceptions about HIV transmission, diagnosis, and treatment. While the existence of ART in India is potentially of great benefit to those with HIV infection, this study shows that a variety of social, cultural and governmental barriers may interfere with the effective use of these therapies. Partnerships between the allopathic and traditional/complementary health sectors in research, policy, and practice are essential in building comprehensive HIV/AIDS treatment strategies. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | BEHAVIOR | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | HEALTH SERVICES | BELIEFS | KNOWLEDGE | TRADITIONAL HEALTH PRACTICES | TREATMENT | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Medical Procedures | Medicine | HIV Document Number: 342430 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Pilot trial of an intervention aimed at modifying drug preparation practices among injection drug users in Puerto Rico. Author: Colon HM; Finlinson HA; Negron J; Sosa I; Rios-Olivares E; Robles RR Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Jun;13(3):523-31. Abstract: Injection drug users (IDUs) contaminate preparation materials with blood-borne pathogens by using syringes as measuring and dispensing devices. In collaboration with IDUs, we developed a preventive intervention consisting of four new preparation practices aimed at avoiding the use of syringes in the preparation, and reducing the contamination of the materials. This report describes the results of a pilot trial introducing the new practices to ascertain their adoption potential and their potential efficacy in reducing contamination. Participants comprised 37 active IDUs among whom the new practices were promoted during 16 weeks. In addition to self-reported behaviors, the study collected cookers and plastic caps from shooting galleries and tested them for the presence of blood residues. Adoption rates were: (1) cleaning of skin area with hand sanitizer--65.6%; (2) directly pouring water with a dropper into the cooker--56.3%; (3) drawing drug solution with a preparation syringe and syringe filter--34.4%; and, (4) backload rinsing syringes--53.1%. Rates of blood residues detected in cookers and plastic caps were 41.7% prior to the trial, 28.6% at week 8, 24.6% at week 14, and 12.0% at week 18. We believe the results of the pilot trial are compelling and suggest that this intervention merits further formal testing. Language: English Keywords: PUERTO RICO | RESEARCH REPORT | PILOT PROJECTS | IV DRUG USERS | CLIENTS | HIV PREVENTION | SANITATION | PARTICIPATION | BEHAVIOR | Caribbean | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Drug Use and Abuse | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Public Health | Health | Social Behavior Document Number: 342088 |
| 8. Title: HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitudes, practices and perceptions of rural nurses in South Africa. Author: Delobelle P; Rawlinson JL; Ntuli S; Malatsi I; Decock R; Depoorter AM Source: Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2009 May;65(5):1061-73. Abstract: AIM: This paper is a report of a study exploring HIV/AIDS-related knowledge, attitudes, practices and perceptions of nurses in the largely black and rural Limpopo Province of South Africa. BACKGROUND: Studies of HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitudes and practices among healthcare workers in developing countries have shown gaps in knowledge and fear of contagion, coupled with ambivalent attitudes in caring for patients with HIV/AIDS and inconsistent universal precautions adherence. METHOD: A cross-sectional study of a random sample of primary health care (PHC) (n = 71) and hospital nurses (n = 69) was carried out in 2005, using a questionnaire, focus groups and in-depth interviews. FINDINGS: Hospital nurses reported a higher frequency of care for patients with HIV/AIDS (P < 0.05), but less HIV/AIDS training when compared to PHC nurses (P < 0.001). HIV/AIDS knowledge was moderately adequate and associated with professional rank, frequency of care and training (P < 0.001). Attitudes towards patients with HIV/AIDS were mainly positive and were statistically significantly correlated with HIV/AIDS knowledge (P < 0.01) and training (P < 0.05). Three out of four nurses reported that they practised universal precautions (76.1%), but fear of occupational HIV transmission and lack of injection safety was found. Seven in 10 nurses reported previous needlestick injuries, but postexposure prophylaxis was not available in all healthcare facilities. Participants reported a higher workload because of HIV/AIDS, lack of training impacting negatively on their work, and stigma and shared confidentiality affecting them emotionally.CONCLUSION: There is a need for accelerated HIV/AIDS training of rural nurses and for wider implementation of universal precautions and postexposure prophylaxis availability in public health facilities in southern Africa. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | RURAL AREAS | NURSES AND NURSING | STAFF ATTITUDE | KNOWLEDGE | BEHAVIOR | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | PERCEPTION | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Geographic Factors | Population | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Attitudes | Psychological Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 342073 |
| 9. Title: Care-seeking behavior of women with reproductive health problems from low-income areas of Beirut. Author: El-Kak F; Khawaja M; Salem M; Zurayk H Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 Jan;104(1):60-3. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the patterns of care-seeking behavior and provider choice of women with self-reported reproductive health problems from 3 urban communities in Beirut. METHODS: The study was based on a sample of 1869 completed questionnaires from 2051 eligible women (married or had been married, and between 15 and 59 years) obtained during the Urban Health Survey. Associations between community of residence, other background characteristics, and two outcome measures (health care usage and choice of provider) were assessed using logistic regression. RESULTS: Of the 1869 women assessed, 439 (23.5%) reported reproductive health problems; of these, 273 (62%) women sought care for their problems, with the majority (52.5%) using private providers. Younger age, health insurance, and severity and duration of problems were associated with use. Women with higher parity and those with financial problems were significantly more likely to use public and subsidized services. CONCLUSION: The private health sector needs to be more involved in planning, implementing, and offering reproductive health care in low-income communities. Language: English Keywords: LEBANON | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | LOW INCOME POPULATION | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | HEALTH SERVICES | BEHAVIOR | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | Middle East | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Evaluation Document Number: 331193 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Health-seeking behaviour for childhood malaria: household dynamics in rural Senegal. Author: Franckel A; Lalou R Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2009 Jan;41(1):1-19. Abstract: Research on health care behaviour in sub-Saharan Africa usually considers the mother as the reference in the household when a child is sick. The study of health care management within the family is a key issue for understanding therapeutic rationales. This study was conducted in the region of Fatick in Senegal among 902 children with malaria-related fever. The data were taken from a retrospective quantitative survey conducted in all compounds of the DSS (Demographic Surveillance Site) of Niakhar. The results show that child care-taking is fundamentally a collective process: in 70.9% of out-of-home resorts, the treatment decision was collective. The health care process of 68.1% of morbid episodes involved several individuals. The involvement of the mother, the father and other relatives in the collective management of health care followed different logics. Each care-giver had a specific and complementary function depending on gender norms, intergenerational relations and characteristics of the family unit. Family management of illness aims at optimizing financial and human resources given the economic, logistical and social constraints on health care. Nevertheless, collective management also favoured home-based care, prevented good treatment compliance and delayed the resort to health facilities. These results suggest that health education campaigns should focus on an early involvement of fathers in health care-giving and also on the strengthening of the autonomy of mothers. Mothers' empowerment should give women more autonomy in their child's treatment choice. Lastly, there is a need to develop community health facilities and establish shared funding at the community level. Language: English Keywords: SENEGAL | SUMMARY REPORT | RURAL AREAS | HOUSEHOLDS | CHILDREN | MALARIA | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | BEHAVIOR | HEALTH SERVICES | TREATMENT | HOME CARE | DECISION MAKING | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Geographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Care and Support Document Number: 330567 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Stuips, spuits and prophet ropes: the treatment of abantu childhood illnesses in urban South Africa. Author: Friend-du Preez N; Cameron N; Griffiths P Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009 Jan;68(2):343-51. Abstract: With a paucity of data on health-seeking behaviour for childhood illnesses in urban South Africa, a mixed method approach was used to investigate the treatment of abantu childhood illnesses in Johannesburg and Soweto between March and June 2004. In-depth interviews were held with caregivers (n=5), providers of traditional (n=6) and Western (n=6) health care, as well as five focus groups with caregivers. A utilisation-based survey was conducted with 206 black African caregivers of children under 6 years of age from one public clinic in Soweto (n=50), two private clinics in Johannesburg (50 caregivers in total), two public hospitals from Johannesburg and Soweto (53 caregivers in total) and two traditional healers from Johannesburg and Orange Farm (53 caregivers in total), an informal settlement on the outskirts of Johannesburg. The symptoms of several childhood abantu health problems, their treatment with traditional, church and home remedies, and influences on such patterns of resort are described. Despite free primary health care for children under 6 years, the pluralistic nature of health-seeking in this urban environment highlights the need for community and household integrated management of childhood illnesses and a deeper understanding of how symptoms may be interpreted and treated in the context of the local belief system. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | URBAN POPULATION | TRADITIONAL MEDICINE | CHILD HEALTH | INFECTIONS | TREATMENT | BELIEFS | BEHAVIOR | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Culture | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 331180 |
| 12. Title: HIV/AIDS knowledge and behaviour: have information campaigns reduced HIV infection? The case of Kenya. Author: Frolich M; Vazquez-Alvarez R Source: African Development Review. 2009 Apr;21(1):86-146. Abstract: AIDS continues to have a devastating effect on developing countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. The lack of a proven effective vaccine to stop HIV transmission has led to much of public policy putting an emphasis on information campaigns in order to reduce HIV-prevalence. In this paper we examine the impact of HIV/AIDS-knowledge from two sides. First, we examine to what extent the campaigns have been successful at inducing the expected behavioural change with regards to HIV-related attitudes. Second, we examine the impact of HIV/AIDS knowledge on HIV status. The basic policy issue can be expressed as follows: even if individuals have acquired sufficient and necessary information on the basic facts about AIDS, factors such as innate risk attitudes or cultural background could undermine the effects of the campaigns. Using the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (2003) we elicit empirical evidence on the relation between declared HIV/AIDS-knowledge, behavioural attitudes related to HIV/AIDS situations and the relation between knowledge and observed HIV-status. Overall, our empirical findings suggest that information campaigns have been effective at equipping the adult population in Kenya with the required knowledge to avoid becoming HIV-positive. However, when HIV-status is measured objectively we find that the relation between correctly declared attitudes and actual behaviour is only statistically significant for females who have arrived into sexuality late enough to benefit from such campaigns: it is for these females that the impact of the information campaigns has been to statistically reduce the probability of becoming HIV positive, as intended. In the case of males we find that there is no statistical relation between either knowledge or timing of the information campaigns and a positive HIV status. Nevertheless, another important finding refers to the selection bias induced by males who are sampled randomly but decline to take the HIV test. The consequences of this bias are twofold; first, the estimated policy parameters for males should be interpreted with caution, but more importantly, estimating the population level HIV-prevalence for Kenyan males based on the DHS implies underestimating the true and unknown prevalence rate. Our analysis controls for individual characteristics, selection bias and endogeneity effects, thus allowing us to make inferences for the full population and with regards to policy implementation. Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | PREVALENCE | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | INFORMATION | CAMPAIGNS | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | BEHAVIOR | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Communication Programs | Communication | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341877 |
| 13. Title: Traditional postpartum practices of women and infants and the factors influencing such practices in South Eastern Turkey. Author: Geckil E; Sahin T; Ege E Source: Midwifery. 2009 Feb;25(1):62-71. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: to gain an understanding of traditional postpartum practices for women and babies, and to investigate the factors influencing such practices. DESIGN: descriptive study. SETTING: Maternity and Children's Hospital in Adiyaman city, Turkey. PARTICIPANTS: 273 women who gave birth at the Maternity and Children's Hospital in Adiyaman city from March to June 2004. FINDINGS: more than half of the 273 women (55.7%) were aged between 25 and 32 years (mean 27.85, standard deviation [SD] 5.45). A total of 22.3% of women were illiterate, and most were unemployed. The most popular practices among new mothers were eating a kind of dessert, called 'Bulamac' (82.8%). A number of women (69.6%) drank a mixture of grape molasses and butter, 64.5% had their abdomen tightly wrapped, 62.6% were not left alone at home, and more than half of the women (57.9%) avoided sexual intercourse for 40 days after giving birth. Nearly, half of the women (45.4%) fed their babies with water containing sugar just after the birth, and 77.1% of women kept their babies' umbilical cord in a special place. Afterwards, the mothers threw the cords into a river or they buried them in the grounds of a mosque or a school. Most of the mothers (89%) reported that they covered their babies with a yellow cloth in order to protect them from jaundice. A relationship between traditional postpartum practices and demographic characteristics of women was observed. The women's mothers and mothers-in-law (66.7%) usually encouraged such practices. KEY CONCLUSIONS: postpartum care of women and their babies are important cultural practices. Some of these practices may have harmful effects on women and their babies. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: it is important to gain an understanding of cultural beliefs and traditional practices relating to the postpartum care of women and their babies. Midwives and nurses should discuss these findings and their implications when they educate new mothers and their families about contemporary methods of postnatal maternal and infant care. Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | INFANT | POSTPARTUM | DIET | MATERNAL NUTRITION | BEHAVIOR | POSTPARTUM ABSTINENCE | TIME FACTORS | SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING | TRADITIONAL HEALTH PRACTICES | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Puerperium | Reproduction | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Population | Nutrition | Health | Abstinence | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Population Dynamics | Infant Nutrition | Culture | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 331293 |
| 14. Title: Latin America: Cash transfers to support better household decisions. Author: Glassman A; Todd J; Gaarder M Source: In: Performance incentives for global health: potential and pitfalls, [by] Rena Eichler, Ruth Levine and the Performance-Based Incentives Working Group. Washington, D.C., Center for Global Development, 2009. :89-121. Abstract: Conditional cash transfers (CCTs) in Latin America have been effective at increasing the use of preventive health services, increasing knowledge, improving attitudes and practices, enhancing nutritional status, and reducing morbidity, mortality, and fertility. Rigorous impact evaluations suggest that improved health results can be attributed to demand-side performance incentives. Better choice of health conditionalities in future CCT programs could strengthen the impact on health. Language: English Keywords: LATIN AMERICA | SUMMARY REPORT | EVALUATION | LOW INCOME POPULATION | POVERTY | HEALTH EDUCATION | HEALTH SERVICES | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | VACCINES | CHILD HEALTH | MATERNAL HEALTH | MORBIDITY | MORTALITY | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | BEHAVIOR | PREVENTIVE MEDICINE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Americas | Developing Countries | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Education | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Diseases | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors Document Number: 331454 |
| 15. Title: Does contraceptive treatment in wildlife result in side-effects? A review of quantitative and anecdotal evidence. Author: Gray M; Cameron E Source: Reproduction. 2009 Aug 5; Abstract: The efficacy of contraceptive treatments has been extensively tested, and several formulations are effective at reducing fertility in a range of species. However, these formulations should minimally impact the behaviour of individuals and populations before a contraceptive is used for population manipulation, but these effects have received less attention. Potential side effects have been identified theoretically and we reviewed published studies that have investigated side effects on behaviour and physiology of individuals or population-level effects, which provided mixed results. Physiological side effects were most prevalent. Most studies reported a lack of secondary effects, but were usually based on qualitative data or anecdotes. A meta-analysis on quantitative studies of side effects showed that secondary effects consistently occur across all categories and all contraceptive types. This contrasts with the qualitative studies, suggesting that anecdotal reports are insufficient to investigate secondary impacts of contraceptive treatment. We conclude that more research is needed to address fundamental questions about secondary effects of contraceptive treatment and experiments are fundamental to conclusions. In addition, researchers are missing a vital opportunity to use contraceptives as an experimental tool to test the influence of reproduction, sex and fertility on the behavior of wildlife species. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | ANIMALS | WILDLIFE | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTION, IMMUNOLOGICAL | PHYSIOLOGY | BEHAVIOR | ECOLOGY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Natural Resources | Environment | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Biology Document Number: 342416 |
| 16. Title: A randomised controlled trial of peer-adult-led intervention on improvement of knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of university students regarding HIV/AIDS in Malaysia. Author: Jahanfar S; Lye MS; Rampal L Source: Singapore Medical Journal. 2009 Feb;50(2):173-80. Abstract: INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of university students regarding acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). METHODS: A randomised controlled trial of 530 university students was done using peer-adult facilitators. Participants completed a questionnaire before and after the intervention, which was a four-hour group session. A prevention programme was developed by local experts, health educators and peer facilitators. The peer-adult-led programme was designed to provide a conceptual model of HIV risk reduction through information, motivational and behavioural skills, a harm reduction module and health promotion theme. RESULTS: The main outcome measured was the level of knowledge, attitudes and behaviour scores. The results suggest that relative to the control group, participants in the intervention group had higher levels of knowledge (30.37 vs. 25.40; p-value is 0.001) and a better attitude (12.27 vs. 10.84; p-value is 0.001). However, there was no difference in the behavioural score (9.47 vs. 9.41; p-value is 0.530). The correlation between the level of knowledge and age and the level of education was found in the intervention group, but not in the control group (p-value is 0.01). Attitude and gender were found to be correlated in the intervention group only (p-value is 0.01). CONCLUSION: Our programme was successful in increasing knowledge and improving attitudes towards AIDS and HIV. However, it did not improve risk-taking behaviour. Peer-adult-led educational programmes for youth using various interactional activities, such as small group discussions, poster activity and empathy exercises, can be successful in changing the prevailing youth perceptions of AIDS and HIV. Language: English Keywords: MALAYSIA | RESEARCH REPORT | STUDENTS | UNIVERSITIES | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | BEHAVIOR | HIV TRANSMISSION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | AIDS | HEALTH EDUCATION | EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Education | Schools | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections Document Number: 342091 |
| 17. Title: Improving neonatal caregiving through a developmentally supportive care training program. Author: Liaw JJ; Yang L; Chang LH; Chou HL; Chao SC Source: Applied Nursing Research. 2009 May;22(2):86-93. Abstract: This study was performed to explore the effects of a training program in developmentally supportive care (DSC) on nurse caregiving and preterm infant behavior during bathing in a neonatal unit. The study applied a single-group pretest and posttest design to analyze behaviors. Twenty preterm infants were bathed 120 times by 13 nurses. Indirect observation was adopted to collect all behavioral data. Results showed that infants felt less stress and nurses were more supportive during posttraining baths. Caregivers should receive training in DSC, and its applications could be expanded to other nursing caregiving activities. Language: English Keywords: TAIWAN | RESEARCH REPORT | INFANT | NURSES AND NURSING | BEHAVIOR | CARE AND SUPPORT | TREATMENT | MANAGEMENT | TRAINING PROGRAMS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Health Services | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Organization and Administration | Education Document Number: 342240 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Brazilian mothers' beliefs, attitudes and practices related to child weight status and early feeding within the context of nutrition transition. Author: Lindsay AC; Machado MT; Sussner KM; Hardwick CK; Kerr LR; Peterson KE Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2009 Jan;41(1):21-37. Abstract: With the rapid pace of the nutrition transition worldwide, understanding influences of child feeding practices within a context characterized by the co-existence of overweight and undernutrition in the same population has increasing importance. This qualitative study describes Brazilian mothers' child feeding practices and their perceptions of their association with child weight status and explores the role of socioeconomic, cultural and organizational factors on these relationships. Forty-one women enrolled in the Family Health/Community Health Workers Programme were selected from rural, urban, coastal and indigenous areas in Ceara State, north-east Brazil, to participate in four focus group discussions. Content analysis identified fourteen emergent themes showing mothers' child feeding practices in this setting were influenced by economic resources, mothers' immediate social support networks (e.g. neighbours and family members) and participation in nutrition assistance programmes. Child malnutrition was the most common nutritional concern; nevertheless, mothers were aware of the negative health consequences of obesity but misunderstood its causes (e.g. foods filled with fat would make a person fat; others thought that birth control pills and stimulants given to children were causes of obesity); several reported their own struggles with overweight. Food assistance programmes emerged as an important influence on children's dietary adequacy, especially among mothers describing dire economic situations. The findings have implications for targeting food assistance as well as health and nutrition education strategies in low-income families undergoing the nutrition transition in north-east Brazil. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | FOCUS GROUPS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | MOTHERS | INFANT | INFANT NUTRITION | BODY WEIGHT | PERCEPTION | BEHAVIOR | DIET | CALORIC INTAKE | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Nutrition | Health | Physiology | Biology | Psychological Factors Document Number: 330517 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: The effect of health and nutrition education intervention on women's postpartum beliefs and practices: a randomized controlled trial. Author: Liu N; Mao L; Sun X; Liu L; Yao P; Chen B Source: BMC Public Health. 2009 Feb 1;9(45):[26] p. Abstract: 'Sitting month' is the Chinese tradition for postpartum customs. Available studies indicate that some of the traditional postpartum practices are potentially harmful for women's health. However, no intervention study aiming at postpartum practices has been performed. In this paper we evaluated the effect of a health and nutrition education intervention, which focused on improving postpartum dietary quality and optimal health behaviors. The study design was a randomized controlled trial conducted in both urban and rural area of Hubei between August 2003 and June 2004. A total of 302 women who attended the antenatal clinic during the third trimester with an uncomplicated pregnancy were recruited. Women randomized to the education intervention group in both urban and rural area received two two-hour prenatal education sessions and four postpartum counseling visits. Control group women received usual health care during pregnancy and postpartum period. Women were followed up until 42 days postpartum. Outcome measures were nutrition and health knowledge, dietary behavior, health behavior and health problems during the postpartum period. Women in the intervention groups exhibited significantly greater improvement in overall dietary behaviors such as consumption of fruits, vegetables, soybean and soybean products as well as nutrition and health knowledge than those in the control groups. Significantly more women in the intervention groups give up the traditional behavior taboos. The incidence of constipation, leg cramp or joint pain and prolonged lochia rubra was significantly lower in the intervention groups as compared with the control groups. The study shows that health and nutrition education intervention enable the women take away some of the unhealthy traditional postpartum practices and decrease the prevalence of postpartum health problems. The intervention has potential for adaptation and development to large-scale implementation. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | CLIENTS | ANTENATAL CARE | PREGNANCY, THIRD TRIMESTER | POSTPARTUM | WOMEN'S HEALTH | MATERNAL NUTRITION | PREGNANCY | KNOWLEDGE | DIET | BEHAVIOR | INTERVENTIONS | EVALUATION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Reproduction | Puerperium | Nutrition | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 329533 |
| 20. Title: Breastfeeding practices among Jordanian women. Author: Oweis A; Tayem A; Froelicher ES Source: International Journal of Nursing Practice. 2009 Feb;15(1):32-40. Abstract: The purpose of the study was to explore Jordanian women's breastfeeding beliefs and practices including exclusive breastfeeding. A descriptive cross-sectional design with a convenience sample of 200 Jordanian mothers was used. The majority of mothers were muliparous and were recruited from primary health-care centres within 6 weeks of a normal vaginal birth or an instrumental delivery. Eligible women, who met the inclusion criteria, were invited to participate in the study. A sociodemographic data form and a 14-item questionnaire concerning different aspects of breastfeeding beliefs and practices were developed for self administration. This study indicated high early initiation of breastfeeding. Most mothers gave supplements other than breastfeeding, including water without knowing that this supplementation could affect exclusive breastfeeding or the continuation of breastfeeding. Finding of this study shed some light on the current breastfeeding practices including exclusive breastfeeding among Jordanian women. Women need to be better educated about breastfeeding. Therefore, more efforts and resources should be put into providing opportunities for education to discuss breastfeeding during antenatal care. This Jordanian study could be relevant to Arabic women in the West, because cultural beliefs and practices are likely to be part of immigrant woman's perceptions about breastfeeding practices. Language: English Keywords: JORDAN | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | BREASTFEEDING | BEHAVIOR | CULTURE | BELIEFS | Developing Countries | Middle East | Demographic Factors | Population | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 341032 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: High rates of STD and sexual risk behaviors among Garifunas in Honduras. Author: Paz-Bailey G; Morales-Miranda S; Jacobson JO; Gupta SK; Sabin K; Mendoza S; Paredes M; Alvarez B; Monterroso E Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2009 May 1;51 Suppl 1:S26-34. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Honduras has the highest concentration of HIV and AIDS cases in Central America, with an estimated adult HIV prevalence of 1.5%. Prevalence is higher among certain ethnic groups such as the Garifuna with a reported HIV prevalence of 8%. METHODS: A biological and behavioral survey was conducted on a stratified random sample of the Garifuna population in Honduras, using computer-assisted interviews. Blood was tested for HIV, herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2), and syphilis; urine was tested for Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoea, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Mycoplasma genitalum. RESULTS: We enrolled a total of 817 participants, 41% female and 51% male. Estimated prevalences and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were: HIV, 4.5% (95% CI: 3.0 to 6.6), HSV-2, 51.1% (95% CI: 46.7 to 55.6), and syphilis seropositivity, 2.4% (95% CI: 1.4 to 4.0). Sexually transmitted infections in urine were: chlamydia, 6.8% (95% CI: 4.7 to 9.7), gonorrhea, 1.1% (95% CI: 0.4 to 2.9), trichomoniasis, 10.5% (95% CI: 8.1 to 13.6), and Mycoplasma genitalium, 7.1% (95% CI: 5.1 to 9.9). Consistent condom use was low with stable (10.6%) and casual (41.4%) partners. In multivariate analysis, HIV was associated with rural residence. HSV-2 was associated with female sex, older age, and syphilis seropositivity. CONCLUSIONS: We found a moderate prevalence of HIV and a high prevalence of HSV-2 among the Garifunas. HSV-2 may increase the vulnerability of these populations to HIV in the future. Intervention strategies should emphasize sexually transmitted infection control and condom promotion, specifically targeting the Garifuna population. Language: English Keywords: HONDURAS | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | BEHAVIOR | HIV | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | CONDOM USE | PROMOTION | Developing Countries | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Risk Reduction Behavior | Marketing | Economic Factors Document Number: 341324 |
| 22. Title: Pharmacy students' knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding emergency contraception. Author: Ragland D; West D Source: American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education. 2009 Apr 7;73(2):26. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To determine pharmacy students' knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding emergency contraception. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among a convenience sample of students prior to a regular class period. The 16-item survey instrument included both multiple-choice and true/false questions to assess knowledge and Likert-type scale questions regarding attitudes and behaviors. Frequency and descriptive statistics were calculated for all variables. RESULTS: Three hundred one pharmacy students were surveyed. Eighty-seven percent knew that Plan B had been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for nonprescription use, yet 33% believed that it worked by disrupting a newly implanted ovum. On a scale from 1-5 on which 5 = strongly agree, the mean item score was 1.5 for whether nonprescription emergency contraception should be available without counseling by a pharmacist, yet only 26.7% believed they were competent instructing patients on the use of emergency contraception. CONCLUSIONS: Additional education is needed to prepare pharmacy students to provide informed pharmaceutical care to patients seeking emergency contraception, especially given the passage of legislation making the pharmacy the point of access for some emergency contraception products. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | STUDENTS | PHARMACISTS | ETHICS | CURRICULUM | ATTITUDES | BEHAVIOR | KNOWLEDGE | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Education | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 341577 |
| 23. Title: Factors associated with breastfeeding patterns in women who recourse to health centres in Zahedan, Iran. Author: Roudbari M; Roudbari S; Fazaeli A Source: Singapore Medical Journal. 2009 Feb;50(2):181-4. Abstract: INTRODUCTION: The practice of breastfeeding, an important need for infants, can be affected by several factors that need to be investigated. This study was designed to survey the patterns and period of breastfeeding and its associated factors in women. METHODS: The study was performed in Zahedan, southeast Iran, in 2004-2005, with a sample of 450 mothers via a questionnaire to collect information about the period of breastfeeding and some important factors concerning both mothers and children. RESULTS: The exclusive breastfeeding ratio obtained from this study was 98 percent. The proportion of breastfeeding in months 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 after birth were 92 percent, 85 percent, 69 percent, 56 percent and 8 percent, respectively. The median breastfeeding period was 15 months, with a standard error of 1.17. The period of breastfeeding showed a significant relationship with the age of the children and mothers, the mothers' education level, night breastfeeding, breastfeeding to an ill child, breastfeeding during a mother's illness and the frequency of breastfeeding per 24 hours. The Cox regression also confirmed a significant relationship between the period of breastfeeding and the above-mentioned variables, except for mother's education level and breastfeeding to an ill child. CONCLUSION: Young pregnant women need to be aware of the importance of breastfeeding and of avoiding the reduction or interruption of the breastfeeding period. It is recommended that the health authorities incorporate training and education programmes as well as healthcare measures to their family health programmes in order to overcome the problems of insufficient breastfeeding. Language: English Keywords: IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | MOTHERS | BREASTFEEDING | BREASTFEEDING, EXCLUSIVE | BEHAVIOR | Middle East | Developing Countries | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health Document Number: 342090 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: Care-seeking behavior and out-of-pocket expenditure for sick newborns among urban poor in Lucknow, northern India: a prospective follow-up study. Author: Srivastava NM; Awasthi S; Agarwal GG Source: BMC Health Services Research. 2009;9:61. Abstract: BACKGROUND: The state of Uttar Pradesh, India accounts for one-quarter of India's neonatal deaths and 8 percent of those worldwide. More than half (52%) of these deaths occur due to infections. In order to achieve Millennium Development Goal-4 of reducing child mortality by two-thirds by the year 2015, it is important to study factors which affect neonatal health. In Uttar Pradesh there is meager data for spending on health care in general and neonates in particular. METHODS: The study was conducted at an urban Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) center and a District hospital. Neonates were enrolled within 48 hours of birth and were followed-up once at 6 weeks +/- 15 days at the OPD of the respective hospitals or at home. This study assessed (1) distribution of neonatal illnesses and different health providers sought (2) distribution of out-of-pocket expenditures by type of illness and type of health provider sought (3) socio-economic distribution of neonatal illnesses, care-seeking behavior and out-of-pocket expenditures. Per-protocol analysis was performed. RESULTS: Five hundred and ten neonates were enrolled and 481(94.4%) were followed-up. Parents of 50.3% (242/481) neonates reported at least one symptom of illness. Of these 22.3% (107/481) neonates had illnesses with at least one reported Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illnesses (IMNCI) danger sign. Among IMNCI illnesses, point prevalence of septicemia was 6.2% and pneumonia was 5.2% while among non-IMNCI illnesses point prevalence of upper respiratory infection was 9.5%, and diarrhea was 7%. Community based non-government dispensers (NGDs) were leading health providers (37.6%). Mean monthly income of families was 2804 Indian Rupees (INR) (range: 800 to 14000; n = 510), where US$ 1 = 42 INR. Mean out-of-pocket expenditure on neonatal illness was 547.5 INR (range: 1 to 15000; n = 202) and mean out-of-pocket expenditure for hospitalization was 4993 INR (range: 41 to 15000; n = 17). All hospitalizations were for IMNCI illnesses. Neonates from lower income strata were less likely to receive any medical care (p < 0.0001) and were also less likely to be seen by a Government provider (p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Since more than half of the neonates have morbidity and out-of-pocket expenditure on neonatal illnesses often exceeds the family income of the lower strata of the low income group in the community, there is a need to either introduce health insurance scheme or subsidize health care for them. Also, since NGDs, half of which could be unqualified are leading health providers, qualified medical care-seeking for sick newborns should be promoted in urban Lucknow. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | URBAN POPULATION | INFANT | CLIENTS | EXPENDITURES | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | BEHAVIOR | HEALTH SERVICES | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | CHILD HEALTH | FEES | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 342508 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Gender differences in perception and care-seeking for illness of newborns in rural Uttar Pradesh, India. Author: Willis JR; Kumar V; Mohanty S; Singh P; Singh V; Baqui AH; Awasthi S; Singh JV; Santosham M; Darmstadt GL Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition. 2009 Feb;27(1):62-71. Abstract: Although gender-based health disparities are prevalent in India, very little data are available on care-seeking patterns for newborns. In total, 255 mothers were prospectively interviewed about their perceptions and action surrounding the health of their newborns in rural Uttar Pradesh, India. Perception of illness was significantly lower in incidence (adjusted odds ratio=0.56, 95% confidence interval 0.33-0.94) among households with female versus male newborns. While the overall use of healthcare providers was similar across gender, the average expenditure for healthcare during the neonatal period was nearly four-fold higher in households with males (Rs 243.3 +/- 537.2) compared to females (Rs 65.7 +/- 100.7) (p=0.07). Households with female newborns used cheaper public care providers whereas those with males preferred to use private unqualified providers perceived to deliver more satisfactory care. These results suggest that, during the neonatal period, care-seeking for girls is neglected compared to boys, laying a foundation for programmes and further research to address gender differences in neonatal health in India. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | RURAL POPULATION | INFANT | INFANT HEALTH | EXPENDITURES | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | HEALTH FACILITIES | PERCEPTION | BEHAVIOR | INEQUALITIES | GENDER ISSUES | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Child Health | Health | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Psychological Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 330902 |
| 26. Title: Health seeking behaviour in Chakaria. Author: Future Health Systems Research Programme Consortium Source: FHS Research Brief. 2008 Sep;(1):1-4. Abstract: This research brief focuses on the health-seeking behavior of the people in Chakaria, a rural area in Bangladesh. Information was collected from 1,000 households during February 2007 on the type of illnesses the villagers suffered from during the two weeks preceding the survey and their associated health seeking behavior. The study examined gender variations in illness reporting, treatment seeking behavior and decision-making regarding treatment sought. Findings show that in Chakaria home remedy is commonly practiced for almost all diseases and is the second most frequently used treatment option. This report also focuses on the role of the informal healthcare providers, particularly the village doctors in the healthcare system. The village doctors were identified as key actors in the provision of healthcare in the area providing 65% of the services, irrespective of the type of disease. Use of health services, especially from the MBBS doctors, on the other hand, was as low as 14%. Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | SUMMARY REPORT | RURAL AREAS | WOMEN | BEHAVIOR | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | HEALTH SERVICES | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | GASTROINTESTINAL EFFECTS | RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS | NEUROLOGIC EFFECTS | FEVER | DIARRHEA | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Geographic Factors | Population | Demographic Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Physiology | Biology | Infections | Diseases | Body Temperature Document Number: 328025 |
| 27. Title: Measurement of HIV prevention indicators: A comparison of the PLACE Method and a Demographic Health Survey in Rwanda. Author: Rwanda. Commission Nationale de Lutte contre le SIDA; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Carolina Population Center. MEASURE Evaluation Source: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center, MEASURE Evaluation, 2008 Jun. 28 p. (MEASURE Evaluation Working Paper Series WP-08-105USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-03-00003-00) Abstract: The 2005 Rwandan Demographic Health Survey (DHS) found that nearly 90 percent of the general population knew about HIV and prevention methods; however, it also found that condom use was very low (only 20 percent of people used a condom with a non-cohabiting partner). To respond better to the large gap between knowledge and safe sexual behavior, and to coordinate local efforts better in the fight against AIDS, the Commission Nationale de Lutte contre le SIDA (CNLS), with technical assistance from MEASURE Evaluation, implemented the Priorities for Local AIDS Control Efforts (PLACE) protocol in 12 provinces. The 2005 PLACE and Rwandan DHS results are useful tools for program managers wishing to focus scarce resources in effective HIV prevention. The DHS results provide information concerning the general population and provide a global picture of people?s HIV knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. The PLACE results provide information about populations that exhibit riskier sexual behavior than the general population. Together, the survey results from PLACE and DHS can provide program managers and other stakeholders working in HIV/AIDS comprehensive information on knowledge, attitudes, and practices in both the general population and specific subgroups. The aim of this report is to compare results between the two surveys and illustrate how both surveys can be used together, giving HIV/AIDS program managers and policymakers a better picture of certain determinates of the generalized epidemic in Rwanda. (author's) Language: English Keywords: RWANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION RESEARCH | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | SURVEYS | HIV PREVENTION | KNOWLEDGE | BEHAVIOR | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | EVALUATION | MEASUREMENT | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Evaluation Methodology | Studies | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 328118 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Child care practice in the United Arab Emirates: the ESACCIPS study. Author: Abdulrazzaq YM; Kendi AA; Nagelkerke N Source: Acta Paediatrica. 2008 May;97(5):590-595. Abstract: This study was undertaken to monitor infant care practice associated with SIDS and establish the incidence of SIDS in the UAE. A total of 996 families were recruited for the study. One questionnaire was completed during the first 7 days after delivery, and was used to collect information about the socio-demographic features, mother's medical history, delivery status and infant's medical history, and another questionnaire was completed after 12 weeks through telephone interviews of the mothers. 716 completed both questionnaires. Registers at the two hospitals, and at the Preventive Medicine Department were studied and all infant deaths in a 5-year period were recorded. In all 18.9% of infants were placed in the prone position. Mothers preferred supine position (49.3%) to other positions when putting their babies to bed. Ninety eight percent preferred that their infant slept in the same room as the parents. On the whole, 40% occasionally shared their beds with their infants. Swaddling the babies wasquite common (83.2%) and 91.9% of their mothers were also swaddled when they were babies. More than 80% of all infants used bedding duvets for their infants both in the summer and in the winter. SIDS mortality rate was 0.66 per thousand live births and contributed 7.25% to the infant mortality rate. These data provide useful baseline information on child care practice and should be of immense benefit to the understanding of the risks and causal mechanisms of SIDS and to the UAE health authorities should they wish to develop strategies to reduce the risk of SIDS. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED ARAB EMIRATES | RESEARCH REPORT | INCIDENCE | QUESTIONNAIRES | MOTHERS | CHILD CARE | SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME | INFANT MORTALITY | DEATH RATE | BEHAVIOR | Middle East | Developed Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Child Rearing | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 325911 |
| 29. Title: The effectiveness of mass communication to change public behavior. Author: Abroms LC; Maibach EW Source: Annual Review of Public Health. 2008;29:219-234. Abstract: This article provides an overview of the ways in which mass communication has been used-or can be used-to promote beneficial changes in behavior among members of populations. We use an ecological perspective to examine the ways in which mass media interventions can be used to influence public behavior both directly and indirectly. Mass media interventions that seek to influence people directly-by directly targeting the people burdened by the public health problem of concern and/or the people who influence them - have a long basis in public health history, and recent reviews have clarified our expectations about what can be expected from such approaches. Mass media interventions that seek to influence people indirectly-by creating beneficial changes in the places (or environments) in which people live and work-have equal if not greater potential to promote beneficial changes in population health behaviors, but these are currently less explored options. To have the greatest possible beneficial influence on public behavior with the public health resources available, we recommend that public health program planners assess their opportunities to use media to target both people and places in a manner that complements and extends other investments being made in population health enhancement. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | POPULATION | PUBLIC HEALTH | MASS MEDIA | INTERVENTIONS | IMPACT | BEHAVIOR | COMMUNICATION | SOCIAL NETWORKS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 326628 |
| 30. Title: Parental influence on reproductive health behaviour of youths in Ibadan, Nigeria. Author: Amoran OE; Fawole O Source: African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences. 2008 Mar;37(1):21-7. Abstract: The study was carried out to document parental influence on the reproductive health behaviour of youths in Ibadan, Nigeria. A cross-sectional survey of 274 youths from Idikan community was carried out. Information on the socio-demographic characteristics, parental communication, parental monitoring and sexual practices of respondents were collected using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. A total of 274 youths were interviewed, 111 (40.5%) were sexually active. The overall mean age at first sexual exposure was 15.2 +/- 3.0 yrs (males = 15.4 +/- 3.5 yrs, females 14.90 +/- 2.6 yrs). Fifty-two (19.0%) respondents used condom regularly. More out of school youths (42.2%) were more sexually active than those in school (38.7%) (chi2 = 0.32 p = 0.573). Youths (50.8%) with secondary school education used condom regularly than those with primary education 40.4% (p > 0.05). Mothers were more involved in family life education than fathers (40.9% vs. 16.8% p < 0.05) and family life education was found to promote condom use (p < 0.001). Predictors of regular condom use among the youths were comprehensive family life education by mothers (OR = 6.24, C.I = 2.47-15.75, p = 0.001), respondents' level of education (OR = 0.415, C.I = 0.211-0.814 p = 0.011) and occupation (OR = 0.48, C.I = 0.24-0.95 p = 0.034). While comprehensive family life education by mothers (OR = 2.11, C.I = 1.04-4.28, p = 0.038), female sex (OR = 2.2, C.I = 1.28-3.83 p = 0.005) and liberal monitoring pattern by mother (OR = 2.16, C.I = 1.03-4.53 p = 0.04) were predictors of increased sexual activity. Parents particularly mothers can promote safe sexual practices by giving information and education on reproductive health matters. Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | YOUTH | PARENTS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | BEHAVIOR | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | CONDOM USE | FAMILY LIFE EDUCATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Child Rearing | Health | Risk Reduction Behavior | Education Document Number: 329818 |
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