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Title: Factor structure of the Condoms Barriers Scale with a sample of men at high risk for HIV.
Author: Doyle SR; Calsyn DA; Ball SA
Source: Assessment. 2009 Mar;16(1):3-15.
Abstract: This study assesses the psychometric properties of the Condom Barriers Scale (CBS), an instrument originally designed to measure women's perceptions and attitudes regarding male condom use, with a sample of men at high risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Participants include 590 male patients in drug abuse treatment involved in a gender-specific HIV prevention intervention for teaching safer sex skills. Second-order confirmatory factor analysis generally supported the underlying four-factor subscale structure of the CBS. However, exploratory factor analysis revealed a few specific discrepancies in the factor structure between men and women. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability estimates were moderate to high in value. CBS scores correlated with use of condoms for men with high-risk sexual partners, supporting criterion-related validity. Overall, the analysis indicates that the CBS is a potentially valid and reliable instrument and has utility for assessing barriers to condom use with men, but may need some item content modifications to allow appropriate assessment of gender differences and comparisons across studies.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | RELIABILITY | PRE-POST TESTS | MEN | CONDOMS | SEX EDUCATION | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | BARRIER METHODS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Measurement | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Education | Behavior | Diseases
Document Number: 330489

Peer Reviewed

Title: Cost savings from the provision of specific methods of contraception in a publicly funded program.
Author: Foster DG; Rostovtseva DP; Brindis CD; Biggs MA; Hulett D; Darney PD
Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2009 Mar;99(3):446-51.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: We examined the cost-effectiveness of contraceptive methods dispensed in 2003 to 955,000 women in Family PACT (Planning, Access, Care and Treatment), California's publicly funded family planning program. METHODS: We estimated the number of pregnancies averted by each contraceptive method and compared the cost of providing each method with the savings from averted pregnancies. RESULTS: More than half of the 178,000 averted pregnancies were attributable to oral contraceptives, one fifth to injectable methods, and one tenth each to the patch and barrier methods. The implant and intrauterine contraceptives were the most cost-effective, with cost savings of more than $7.00 for every $1.00 spent in services and supplies. Per $1.00 spent, injectable contraceptives yielded savings of $5.60; oral contraceptives, $4.07; the patch, $2.99; the vaginal ring, $2.55; barrier methods, $1.34; and emergency contraceptives, $1.43. CONCLUSIONS: All contraceptive methods were cost-effective-they saved more in public expenditures for unintended pregnancies than they cost to provide. Because no single method is clinically recommended to every woman, it is medically and fiscally advisable for public health programs to offer all contraceptive methods.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CALIFORNIA | RESEARCH REPORT | COST EFFECTIVENESS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | INJECTABLES | BARRIER METHODS | IUD | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 330488

Title: Update in adolescent contraception.
Author: Lara-Torre E
Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 2009 Mar;36(1):119-28.
Abstract: Pregnancy rates in the United States seem to have stabilized in the past decade but continue to be higher than those in other industrialized nations. Although abstinence and barrier methods are available and efficient in preventing pregnancy, a comprehensive approach is a better choice when counseling patients on available options. The new approach to old contraceptive methods provides new alternatives to adolescents seeking safe and reliable methods. The availability and proved safety with longterm reversible contraceptive methods, such as the intrauterine system and subdermal implant, may allow adolescents to make better choices in preventing pregnancy. Future efforts in research should concentrate on finding the reasons why adolescents are at increased risk for unplanned pregnancy and solutions for this problem. Future contraceptive technology continues to focus on safety and convenience to facilitate the use of contraceptives in adolescents.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | KAP SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | ABSTINENCE | BARRIER METHODS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | IUD | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Contraception | Family Planning | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents
Document Number: 330954

Peer Reviewed

Title: Managing men: women's dilemmas about overt and covert use of barrier methods for HIV prevention.
Author: Macphail C; Terris-Prestholt F; Kumaranayake L; Ngoako P; Watts C; Rees H
Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2009 May 27;:1.
Abstract: Women in sub-Saharan Africa are at high risk of HIV infection and may struggle to negotiate condom use. This has led to a focus on the development of female-controlled barrier methods such as the female condom, microbicides and the diaphragm. One of the advantages of such products is their contribution to female empowerment through attributes that make covert use possible. We used focus groups to discuss covert use of barrier methods with a sample of South African women aged 18-50 years from Eastern Johannesburg. Women's attitudes towards covert use of HIV prevention methods were influenced by the overarching themes of male dislike of HIV and pregnancy prevention methods, the perceived untrustworthiness of men and social interpretations of female faithfulness. Women's discussions ranged widely from overt to covert use of barrier methods for HIV prevention and were influenced by partner characteristics and previous experience with contraception and HIV prevention. The discussions indicate that challenging gender norms for HIV prevention can be achieved in quite subtle ways, in a manner that suits individual women's relationships and previous experiences with negotiation of either HIV or pregnancy prevention.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | FOCUS GROUPS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SEXUAL PARTNERS | URBAN POPULATION | HIV PREVENTION | BARRIER METHODS | ATTITUDES | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | PERCEPTION | GENDER RELATIONS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Interpersonal Relations | Gender Issues | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 341491

6.
Title: Update on male contraception.
Author: Naz RK; Rowan S
Source: Current Opinion In Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Jun;21(3):265-9.
Abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To review current options of contraception available for men and the recent developments in the field of male contraception. RECENT FINDINGS: Current options for male contraception are the barrier methods such as condoms and the surgical methods such as vasectomy. Condoms are coital-dependent and not always reliable as they are prone to slippage and breakage. Vasectomy has the advantage of being coital-independent but is permanent. Recent surveys have shown that men want to be more involved in contraception decisions, and women trust their male partners to take an active role in this area. Nonsurgical steroidal methods comprising various derivatives of the androgens and their receptors are in various phases of clinical trials in men. The ideal male contraceptive should be coitalin-dependent, nonsurgical, reversible, effective, and should not alter androgen levels or libido. Several nonsteroidal molecules and vaccines are being investigated in animal models for male contraception. SUMMARY: Male hormonal contraception may become a reality in the near future. Nonsteroidal methods including contraceptive vaccines targeting various molecules are an exciting proposition and are under investigation.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | WEST VIRGINIA | RESEARCH REPORT | MEN | BARRIER METHODS | CONDOMS | VASECTOMY | MALE CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES | TESTOSTERONE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Male Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Contraception, Immunological | Androgens | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 341313

Peer Reviewed

Title: Trends in family planning in Russia, 1994-2003.
Author: Perlman F; McKee M
Source: Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Mar;41(1):40-50.
Abstract: CONTEXT: Although Russian women have adequate knowledge of modern contraceptives, their level of use of these methods has been low, and abortion rates remain relatively high. METHODS: In 1994-2003, sexually active women aged 18-49 were interviewed about their contraceptive use as part of the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey. Trends in contraceptive use were examined. Multivariate analyses were conducted to identify characteristics associated with reliable contraceptive use (IUD use or consistent oral contraceptive use) in 1994 and 2003. RESULTS: In each year, about 25% of sexually active women had used no contraceptive method in the past month, and 20% had used traditional methods. Prevalence of barrier method use increased from 9% to 21% between 1994 and 2003, while that of IUD use declined from 34% to 21%. These changes were especially pronounced in Moscow and St. Petersburg, and among younger women. Common reasons for nonuse were irregular sexual relations (cited by 29% of nonusers in 2003), desire for pregnancy (22%), perceived inability to get pregnant (15%), feeling that contraceptives are uncomfortable or unpleasant (15%), health problems (11%) and the availability of abortion (6%). In 1994 and 2003, the odds of reliable contraceptive use were elevated among women with at least a secondary education (odds ratios, 1.5-1.7), and were reduced among smokers (0.6-0.7). CONCLUSIONS: Modern, effective contraceptive use has not increased among sexually active Russian women. Growing use of barrier contraceptives may reflect HIV awareness. Obstacles to effective contraceptive use, such as attitudes and health service factors, need further clarification.
Language: English
Keywords:
RUSSIA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE SURVEYS | KAP SURVEYS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | IUD | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL EVALUATION | BARRIER METHODS | AGE FACTORS | Developing Countries | Asia, Northern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Planning Surveys | Family Planning | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Data Analysis | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Contraceptive Methods | Family Planning Personnel | Family Planning Programs | Population Characteristics
Document Number: 330704

Title: New technologies in contraception.
Author: Rowlands S
Source: BJOG. 2009 Jan;116(2):230-9.
Abstract: New technologies in both reversible contraception and sterilisation are described. The review includes recent advances in the development of oral contraception, emergency contraception, injectable contraception, vaginal rings, subdermal implants, transdermal contraception, intrauterine devices, spermicides and barrier methods. It also covers methods of transcervical female sterilisation and more easily reversible male sterilisation. The emphasis is on the technology and its safety and effectiveness. Hormonal delivery systems are described in some detail. Mention is also made of research into vaccines and male hormonal methods, where progress has been disappointing.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLINICAL RESEARCH | TARGET POPULATION | CONTRACEPTION | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | REVERSIBLE STERILIZATION | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | IUD | VAGINAL RING | INJECTABLES | SPERMICIDAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | BARRIER METHODS | CERVIX | SAFETY | Research Methodology | Program Design | Programs | Organization and Administration | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Contraceptive Agents | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Public Health | Health
Document Number: 330720

Title: Annual report, July 1, 2007 - June 30, 2008 and work plan, July 1, 2008 - June 30, 2009, Contraceptive and Reproductive Health Technologies Research and Utilization Program, Cooperative Agreement GPO-A-00-05-00022-00.
Author: Family Health International [FHI]
Source: Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, FHI, 2008. [460] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-05-00022-00)
Abstract: The Contraceptive and Reproductive Health Technologies Research and Utilization (CRTU) Program is a five-year, almost $175 million cooperative agreement between USAID and Family Health International (FHI). This agreement, awarded on April 29, 2005, builds on more than 35 years of FHI's experience and accomplishments in contraceptive technology and reproductive health research to advance and support USAID's family planning and reproductive health programs worldwide. The purpose of this cooperative agreement is to increase the range of available choices and the use of safe, effective, acceptable, and affordable contraceptive methods and reproductive health technologies, including microbicides, delivered through high-quality family planning and reproductive health services in developing countries. This annual report provides a comprehensive picture of 169 subprojects that were fully or partially funded by the CRTU for the July 1, 2007-June 30, 2008 (Year 3) reporting period. The Workplan reports on all those activities that continued, as well as 9 new activities to be implemented during the period July 1, 2008- June 2009 (Year 4). (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | ANNUAL REPORT | YOUTH | BARRIER METHODS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | HIV | AIDS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | MICROBICIDES | FAMILY PLANNING | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331582

10.

Peer Reviewed

Title: A Phase I study of the functional performance, safety and acceptability of the BufferGel Duet.
Author: Ballagh SA; Brache V; Mauck C; Callahan MM; Cochon L
Source: Contraception. 2008 Feb;77(2):130-137.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to assess the functional performance of the BufferGel Duet, a buffering microbicide and spermicide gel applied to the cervix and vagina by a novel applicator that also serves as a mechanical barrier. This was a noncomparative Phase I safety trial in 30 healthy couples, aged 20-50 years, at low risk for sexually transmitted infections, who agreed to use the gel-device combination twice in 1 week and respond to detailed questionnaires about their experience. The female participants were examined with colposcopy before and 6-18 h after using the second device. Based on written instructions alone, 25 women successfully placed and 28 women successfully removed the device. Three women reported feeling the device dislodge around the time of intercourse. The product was equally acceptable to both men and women. Most users concluded that intercourse was the same or better with the device than with no product. About 73% would choose Duet over male condoms, and no one preferred the standard diaphragm. Colposcopic findings were noted in 79% of women with external genital findings (9) or cervicovaginal peeling (18) predominating. Only one finding breached the epithelium. Most product-related adverse events were mild (10/11) and confined to the genitourinary tract. The successful placements and acceptability suggest that further product development is warranted and could target over-the-counter use. During increased duration of use or more frequent dosing, cervicovaginal monitoring is advised based on the extent of peeling and external colposcopic findings in this short-term study. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CLINICAL TRIALS | WOMEN | BARRIER METHODS | VAGINAL GEL | MICROBICIDES | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | USER COMPLIANCE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | SIDE EFFECTS | Developing Countries | Caribbean | Americas | Developed Countries | North America | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Vaginal Spermicides | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Safety | Public Health | Behavior | Contraceptive Usage
Document Number: 323986

11.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Effects of HIV antiretrovirals on the pharmacokinetics of hormonal contraceptives.
Author: El-Ibiary SY; Cocohoba JM
Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2008 Jun;13(2):123-132.
Abstract: The objectives were to review available information on pharmacokinetic effects of HIV antiretrovirals on hormonal contraceptives. A PubMed search was conducted from 1964 to 2006 using each antiretroviral generic name and the keywords contraceptive, contraception, ethinyl oestradiol, oestrogen, and progestin. Abstracts from the annual Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections and International AIDS Society Conferences from 1998-2006 as well as package product inserts were reviewed for completeness. Antiretroviral regimens containing protease inhibitors and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors may decrease the area under the curve (AUC) levels of steroids released by hormonal contraceptives. Some antiretroviral-hormonal contraceptive pairs do not decrease steroid hormone levels. Pharmacokinetic interactions of antiretrovirals on hormonal contraceptives are specific to the type of antiretroviral and hormonal contraceptive being utilized. HIV-positive women may be counselled to use dual methods of hormonal and barrier contraception to prevent pregnancy with maximal efficacy as well as to reduce possibility of HIV transmission. Oral contraceptives might be administered with non-ritonavir boosted atazanavir or non-ritonavir boosted indinavir without a loss of contraceptive efficacy. Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate may be safe to administer with efavirenz, nevirapine, and nelfinavir. However, further studies are needed to determine the clinical relevance of the interactions between hormonal contraceptives and antiretrovirals and to explore potential dose adjustments to improve contraceptive efficacy. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | INJECTABLES | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | DRUG INTERACTIONS | BARRIER METHODS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Drugs
Document Number: 326717

12.

Title: Differences in contraceptive choice among female adolescents at a state-funded family planning clinic.
Author: Heavey EJ; Moysich KB; Hyland A; Druschel CM; Sill MW
Source: Journal of Midwifery and Women's Health. 2008 Jan-Feb;53(1):45-52.
Abstract: Our objective was to examine differences in contraceptive choice among female adolescents from low socioeconomic backgrounds both before and after an appointment for reproductive health care at a community-based, state-funded, family planning clinic. This study utilized data collected from 4237 charts from young women attending a family planning clinic. Logistic regression was utilized to examine variables associated with the following main questions: (1) the selection of use or nonuse of contraception; (2) the selection of barrier versus hormonal contraception; and (3) within those who selected hormonal contraception, the preference for injectable versus oral hormonal methods. We found that race, age, school status, and type of health insurance were all associated with contraceptive decision-making among female adolescents. Some but not all of these associations remained after the clinic visit, which included no-cost contraception. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | FAMILY PLANNING CENTERS | BARRIER METHODS | HORMONES | INJECTABLES | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 323517

13.

Title: Acceptability and use of sexual barrier products and lubricants among HIV-seropositive Zambian men.
Author: Jones DL; Weiss SM; Chitalu N; Mumbi M; Shine A; Vamos S; Villar O
Source: AIDS Patient Care and STDs. 2008 Dec;22(12):1015-20.
Abstract: This study assessed the acceptability and preference for sexual barrier and lubricant products among men in Zambia following trial and long-term use. It also examined the role of men's preferences as facilitators or impediments to product use for HIV transmission reduction within the Zambian context. HIV-seropositive and -serodiscordant couples were recruited from HIV voluntary counseling and testing centers in Lusaka between 2003 and 2006; 66% of those approached agreed to participate. HIV seropositive male participants participated in a product exposure group intervention (n = 155). Participants were provided with male and female condoms and vaginal lubricants (Astroglide [BioFilm, Inc., Vista, CA] & KY gels [Johnson & Johnson, Langhorne, PA], Lubrin suppositories [Kendwood Therapuetics, Fairfield, NJ]) over three sessions; assessments were conducted at baseline, monthly over 6 months and at 12 months. At baseline, the majority of men reported no previous exposure to lubricant products or female condoms and high (79%) levels of consistent male condom use in the last 7 days. Female condom use increased during the intervention, and male condom use increased at 6 months and was maintained over 12 months. The basis for decisions regarding lubricant use following product exposure was most influenced by a preference for communicating with partners; participant preference for lubricant products was distributed between all three products. Results illustrate the importance of development of a variety of products for prevention of HIV transmission and of inclusion of male partners in interventions to increase sexual barrier product use to facilitate barrier acceptability and use in Zambia.
Language: English
Keywords:
ZAMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | MEN | COUPLES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | BARRIER METHODS | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | HIV TESTING | CONDOMS | LUBRICANTS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Ingredients and Chemicals
Document Number: 329760

14.

Title: New forms of contraception.
Author: Plastino KA; Sulak PJ
Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 2008 Jun;35(2):185-197.
Abstract: Women have many options regarding contraception. A patient's desire for a long- or short-term method, for one that is reversible or permanent, and her belief that she can be compliant with the method all factor into the choice of contraceptive method. Practitioners must discuss coexisting conditions, contraindications, and whether the patient desires scheduled monthly bleeding or if she will tolerate unscheduled bleeding. Finally, cost and coverage by insurance tends to be one of the most important factors in choosing the method of contraception. The article provides an overview of various forms of contraception.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | BARRIER METHODS | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | INJECTABLES | IUD | MALE CONTRACEPTION | VAGINAL RING | VAGINAL SPONGE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Contraception | Family Planning | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Vaginal Barrier Methods
Document Number: 327371

15.

Title: New options for barrier contraception.
Author: Yranski PA; Gamache ME
Source: Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing. 2008 May-Jun;37(3):384-389.
Abstract: Barrier contraceptives are a safe alternative to hormonal methods of fertility management. Newer barrier method options include the Today Sponge, the FemCap, and the Lea's Shield. Understanding the use, benefits, and limitations of these barrier methods of birth control will assist women's health care providers to better meet the family planning needs of their patients. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | BARRIER METHODS | VAGINAL BARRIER METHODS | VAGINAL SPONGE | VAGINAL SHIELD | CERVICAL CAP | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Safety | Public Health | Health
Document Number: 326909

16.

Title: Contraceptive and Reproductive Health Technologies Research and Utilization Program. July 1, 2006 - June 30 2007 annual report, and July 1, 2007 - June 30, 2008 workplan.
Author: Family Health International [FHI]. Contraceptive and Reproductive HealthTechnologies Research and Utilization Program [CRTU]
Source: Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, FHI, CRTU, 2007. [436] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-05-00022-00)
Abstract: The Contraceptive and Reproductive Health Technologies Research and Utilization (CRTU) Program is a five-year, $125 million cooperative agreement between USAID and Family Health International (FHI) that was awarded on April 29, 2005. This agreement builds on more than 35 years of FHI's experience and accomplishments in contraceptive technology and reproductive health research to advance and support USAID's family planning and reproductive health programs worldwide. The purpose of the cooperative agreement is to increase the range of available choices and the use of safe, effective, acceptable, and affordable contraceptive methods and reproductive health technologies, including microbicides, delivered through high-quality family planning and reproductive health services in developing countries. This Annual Report provides a comprehensive picture of 160 subprojects that were fully or partially funded by the CRTU for the July 1, 2006-June 30, 2007 reporting period. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | ANNUAL REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | TARGET POPULATION | USAID | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | BARRIER METHODS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | HIV PREVENTION | MICROBICIDES | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | Program Design | Programs | Organization and Administration | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Communication | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Economic Factors
Document Number: 323693

17.

Title: A commitment to fight HIV / AIDS: JHPIEGO in South Africa.
Author: JHPIEGO
Source: [Baltimore, Maryland], JHPIEGO, [2007]. [2] p.
Abstract: The Republic of South Africa has the largest population of HIV-infected persons in the world. An estimated five million South Africans-many of them women of reproductive age-are HIV-positive. Since 2002, as an implementing partner of the President�s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), Jhpiego has worked closely with the South African government and other partners to establish and scale up a comprehensive program to address this critical and pervasive problem. Our efforts have focused on developing human capacity and strengthening health care providers� ability to deliver high-quality services for HIV/AIDS prevention, care and support. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | TABLES AND CHARTS | EVALUATION | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | POSTPARTUM | USAID | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | BREASTFEEDING | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | BARRIER METHODS | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | TIME FACTORS | IUD
Document Number: 331761

18.

19.

Title: Female-initiated prevention strategies key to tackling HIV.
Author: Nelson R
Source: Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2007 Oct;7(10):637.
Abstract: Perhaps the most striking demographical change in the HIV/ AIDS pandemic in recent years has been the rapidly increasing rate of HIV/AIDS among women. Currently, women account for almost half of all HIV-infected adults worldwide; 76% of whom reside in sub-Saharan Africa. "Women are more biologically, socially, and economically vulnerable to HIV infection than men", Anjali Nayyar, Country and Regional Programmes, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, (IAVI; New York, NY, USA) told TLID. "Women often do not seek counselling and testing, and will usually seek treatment much later than a man. The HIV/AIDS epidemic therefore clearly highlights the gender inequalities that continue to exist globally." In South Africa, for example, a number of programmes focus on HIV prevention, including several aimed at young girls. "But altogether, they have not had the anticipated or desired impact and so the HIV epidemic has continued to grow relentlessly", said Salim Abdool Karim, Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research (CAPRISA; Congella, South Africa). Other solutions are therefore urgently required. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | CRITIQUE | WOMEN | WOMEN'S HEALTH | HIV PREVENTION | RISK FACTORS | MICROBICIDES | BARRIER METHODS | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | VACCINES | Developing Countries | Africa | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Biology | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 321169

20.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Chastity belts and birthing girdles.
Author: Smith L
Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2007 Oct;33(4):285-286.
Abstract: Chastity belts have been the subject of schoolroom and music hall humour for as long as most of us can remember. But did they really exist and for the purpose suggested? My research started in 2004 with the purchase of a steel chastity belt. Made of solid steel with sharp spikes on the groin area, padlock plus key and with decorative toilet arrangements, my chastity belt is everything one could wish for in imagined medieval chastity. Birthing girdles started to make a significant appearance in literature in the late medieval period. In ancient times, myths tell us of the gods girdling the earth. Erotic poems, such as those of John Donne, offer allegorical girdles replacing hands. The idea behind such an object seems to come from an early tradition that the Virgin Mary had a girdle placed around her by angels at the start of her labour. The miraculous quality of the girdle from heaven made it a highly desirable possession. History doesn't tell us how a group of monks managed to acquire this sacred relic covered in symbols and holy writings. They could no doubt derive a lucrative return from the loan of this relic to the highest born - and the richest. King Edward I is known to have 'borrowed' the girdle for his much-loved wife during her confinements. No doubt the monks who cared for the sacred relic earned a substantial reward for their loan. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | CRITIQUE | CONTRACEPTIVE HISTORY | BARRIER METHODS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods
Document Number: 321158

21.
Title: Barriers against STDs: what about planned pregnancy? [letter]
Author: Stein Z; Mantell J
Source: Lancet. 2007 Feb 3;369(9559):367.
Abstract: We welcome Anne Philpott and colleagues' proposal that barriers against sexually transmitted diseases should be designed to promote sexual pleasure. We agree that the uptake and consistency of use of such barriers, and hence their effectiveness, would be thereby enhanced. This is surely a concern to be kept in mind by those who design physical and chemical barriers. Also, those who aim to dispense them to potential users have to work within the cultural constraints of the society to maximise their pleasurable use. An issue no less fundamental and in need of attention, however, is that for many young women and men, conception is also an integral part of sexual relationships. Fertility is not only desirable but essential to the maintenance of the community. There are many individuals who will accept neither physical barriers such as condoms, nor microbicides that are contraceptive, even if the risk of infection is reported to be high. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RECOMMENDATIONS | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | SEXUAL PARTNERS | PREGNANCY, PLANNED | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | BARRIER METHODS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 312120

22.
Title: Understanding: Pregnancy prevention.
Author: Whittaker C
Source: SA Pharmacist's Assistant. 2007 Autumn;7(1):22, 24.
Abstract: While some hormonal contraceptives now fall into Schedule 2, and may therefore be sold by a pharmacist without a prescription from a doctor, hormonal contraception has traditionally fallen into Schedule 3 or 4, thus requiring a prescription from a doctor. There is ongoing investigation into male hormonal contraception but none are available as yet. The combined oral contraceptive pill (COC) contains an oestrogen and progesterone. It is a widely used contraceptive. The theoretical efficacy of COC approaches 100%. In practice, the efficacy is lower - 97-98%, because patient factors become involved such as forgetfulness, absorption problems caused by vomiting and diarrhoea and drug interactions such as with the broad spectrum antibiotics. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SUMMARY REPORT | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | BARRIER METHODS | IUD | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | FEMALE CONDOMS | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Vaginal Barrier Methods | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases
Document Number: 318254

23.

Title: A longitudinal study of lipids and blood pressure in relation to method of contraception in Latino women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus.
Author: Xiang AH; Buchanan TA; Kawakubo M; Kjos SL
Source: Diabetes Care. 2007;30:1952-1958.
Abstract: The objective was to investigate the effect of nonhormonal contraception (NHC), combination oral contraception (COC), and depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) on lipids and blood pressure in women with recent gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). An observational cohort of 972 nondiabetic, normotensive, postpartum Latino women who elected NHC (n = 448), COC (n = 430), or DMPA (n _ 94) were followed for at least one subsequent metabolic evaluation on the same contraception. Baseline and follow-up measures included glucose tolerance testing, fasting serum LDL and HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure. Patterns of changes in lipids and blood pressure were evaluated by comparing slopes over follow-up time using random coefficient linear mixed-effects models. Median follow-up times were 20, 12, and 11 months in the NHC, COC, and DMPA groups. The DMPA users gained significantly more weight (4.3 +or- 6.9 kg/year) compared with NHC and COC users (1.2 +or- 4.7 and 0.7 +or- 6.0 kg/year, respectively; P < 0.0001). Patterns of change in LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and DBP were not significantly different among groups. HDL cholesterol change differed only between COC and NHC groups (adjusted slopes: 1.0 vs. -1.6 mg dl/-1 year/-1, respectively; P < 0.0001). SBP change differed only between COC and DMPA groups (adjusted slopes: 1.3 vs. -1.7 mmHg/year, respectively; P = 0.01). These results, derived predominantly from the initial 1-2 years of treatment in Hispanic women, demonstrate that DMPA was associated with greater weight gain than NHCs or COCs. Other differences in blood pressure and lipid effects were very small. These findings should be taken into account when advising women with recent GDM about their contraceptive choices. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | WOMEN | HISPANICS | PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS | DIABETES | DEPO-PROVERA | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | BARRIER METHODS | LIPID METABOLIC EFFECTS | BLOOD PRESSURE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Diseases | Medroxyprogesterone Acetate | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Lipids | Physiology | Biology | Hemic System
Document Number: 320512

24.
Title: Contraception for first-time users: A problem-orientated guide to product selection and safe prescription.
Source: SA Pharmaceutical Journal. 2006 Apr;73(3):9-10, 12, 14, 16.
Abstract: It is vital that the adolescent makes an informed choice about her sexual activity and behaviour, her method of contraception and issues pertaining to her health in general. These discussions and counselling sessions should be informative but non-judgmental and non-threatening, as the main outcome is to prevent teenage pregnancy and its associated devastating repercussions on the adolescent, her family, the child born to such a young mother, and the public health sector. Contraceptive choices today are numerous - especially in the category of hormonal contraception. New options with regard to delivery systems and new progestogens with novel side-effect profiles have expanded the choices for first-time users. It is possible to find a contraceptive to suit every patient's individual needs, with added benefits such as cycle control, relief of dysmenorrhoea, and treatment for acne. A thorough understanding of the patient's needs and circumstances (taking into account the first and third world setting in South Africa) is necessary. A holistic approach must be followed, and individualising each patient's regimen will aid in compliance and continuing medical input and care well into her reproductive years, until such time when she plans her first child and thereafter. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | TEACHING MATERIALS | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS, NEW | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, LOW-DOSE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, CONTRAINDICATIONS | INJECTABLES | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | IUD | BARRIER METHODS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Family Planning Acceptors | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health
Document Number: 318435

25.
Title: AIDS prevention in South Africa.
Author: Delany-Moretlwe S; Gray G; Kagee A; Myer L; Puren A
Source: Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine. 2006 Jun;(23):13-17.
Abstract: More individuals were newly infected with HIV in 2005 than any other year. Sub-Saharan Africa and especially southern Africa bears the brunt of this pandemic. Although the picture in sub-Saharan Africa is largely one of a 'stable' epidemic where AIDS-related mortality is matched by the incidence of new infections, some countries in the Southern regions have continued to see increasing HIV prevalence. In this light, there is an urgent need for new approaches to HIV prevention. Here we review the current state of HIV prevention technologies, with particular emphasis on new approaches to HIV prevention that have particular promise in southern Africa. The focus here is on interventions that address sexually transmitted HIV, since the vast majority of new HIV infections in Africa are through heterosexual contact, and other important HIV prevention interventions (such as blood safety interventions and the prevention of mother-to-child transmission) are not included. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | ADOLESCENTS | HIV INFECTIONS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | HIV PREVENTION | PREVALENCE | EPIDEMIOLOGY | VACCINES | MALE CIRCUMCISION | BARRIER METHODS | MICROBICIDES | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Measurement | Research Methodology | Public Health | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Drugs | Treatment | Technology | Economic Factors
Document Number: 318481

26.
Title: Day-specific pregnancy probability estimation in barrier contraceptive effectiveness trials.
Author: Dominik R; Chen PL
Source: Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology. 2006 Nov;20 Suppl 1:38-42.
Abstract: We apply an extension of a statistical model developed in the fertility research setting to the barrier contraceptive trial setting to obtain estimates of the probability of pregnancy per cycle day in the presence or absence of barrier use among participants of a randomised trial of female barrier contraceptives. The per cycle day pregnancy curve for the barrier trial participants was similar to previously published results from a fertility study that included a precise indicator of ovulation day. In addition, our analysis showed strong contraceptive effects for the diaphragm. The proposed modelling approach should allow evaluation of the effects of other coitus-specific exposures on the chance of pregnancy in other prospective studies, including fertility studies. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | WOMEN | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | OVULATION | SEXUAL INTERCOURSE | FERTILIZATION | PROBABILITY | BARRIER METHODS | CERVICAL CAP | CONTRACEPTION | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Menstruation | Reproduction | Statistical Studies | Studies | Contraceptive Methods | Family Planning | Vaginal Barrier Methods
Document Number: 311792

27.

Title: HIV prevention goes beyond "ABC".
Author: Gaffoor Z
Source: iThemba. 2006 Oct;1(2):7.
Abstract: Prof Ramjee, as Director of the South African Medical Research Council HIV/AIDS Lead Programme presented a plenary entitled "Microbicides and other HIV prevention technologies". Her talk emphasized the importance of finding options for women to protect themselves against HIV, especially since the strategy of 'ABC' (Abstinence, Be faithful, Condomize) are often not viable options for those who are vulnerable to abuse and exploitation. Prof Ramjee's assessment encompassed the full spectrum of current and future HIV prevention methods; among them progress with regard to the current batch of microbicide clinical trials, the first results of which are expected towards the end of 2007. Advances towards developing and testing 2nd generation microbicides like Tenofovir, as well as novel delivery strategies such as vaginal rings were presented. These innovative approaches hold significant promise for the future, in terms of overcoming current microbicide challenges like male acceptability. The potential for HIV prevention through cervical barrier technologies such as vaginal diaphragms added another option to the armoury of prevention. An update on the status of cervical barrier trials was presented. The Methods for Improving Reproductive Health in Africa (MIRA) trial, which is testing a latex diaphragm with Replens gel, is nearing completion in South Africa and Zimbabwe with results expected by June 2007. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MICROBICIDES | HIV PREVENTION | BARRIER METHODS | MALE CIRCUMCISION | ABSTINENCE, BE FAITHFUL, CONDOM USE | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Sex Behavior | Behavior
Document Number: 316444

28.
Title: Failure to embrace the barrier / condom use message.
Author: Griffin R; Snook WD; Hoff GL; Cai J; Russell J
Source: Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care. 2006 Jul-Aug;17(4):24-29.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to examine the consistency of barrier/condom use among men who have sex with men in the Kansas City metropolitan area. The authors sought to determine if barrier/ condom usage patterns were associated with the type of sex act and whether it was insertive or receptive, HIV testing frequency, and number of sexual partners. Data were extracted from a 2003 community health assessment of the gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered community in the metropolitan area. The health assessment instrument was anonymous, self-administered, and distributed at events in that community. Responses from 623 men indicated that consistent use of a barrier/condom was low regardless of the sex act. There was no relationship between barrier/condom usage patterns and HIV testing frequency for any sex act or the number of sex partners, with the exception of anal intercourse. The authors concluded that a different approach is needed to translate the barrier/condom use message into a behavioral response. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
MISSOURI | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | URBAN POPULATION | ETHNIC GROUPS | BARRIER METHODS | CONDOM USE | HIV TESTING | SEX BEHAVIOR | INTERNET | ANAL SEX | COITAL FREQUENCY | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Behavior | Sexual Partners | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Cultural Background | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Risk Reduction Behavior | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Information Networks | Communication
Document Number: 306274

29.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Skills-oriented counseling holds promise for increasing women's use of barrier methods.
Author: Hollander D
Source: Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2006 Mar;38(1):[3] p.
Abstract: Women who received skills-oriented counseling at an Alabama STD clinic used condoms and microbicides more frequently during the next six months than did women who received only information about the use and effectiveness of these methods, according to findings from a study comparing the interventions. However, STD rates did not differ between the two groups. Regardless of which intervention women received, those reporting perfect condom use and those who used a vaginal microbicide at least half of the time had reduced STD rates during the follow-up period (relative risks, 0.3 and 0.5, respectively). Study participants were recruited between 1992 and 1995; women were eligible if they were 18-35 years old, had not had a hysterectomy, were not pregnant and did not wish to conceive within the next six months. At enrollment, participants were randomly assigned to one of two intervention groups (basic or enhanced); completed a baseline interview that covered their background, medical, behavioral and psychosocial characteristics; received a pelvic examination; and were taught to record information about their sexual behavior and barrier method use in a daily diary. They also were asked to return for six monthly follow-up visits; at each visit, they were reinterviewed, received a pelvic examination, had their sexual diaries reviewed and returned unused method supplies. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ALABAMA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS | BARRIER METHODS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | COUNSELING | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Education | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 297454

30.
Title: Contraception for first-time users: A problem-orientated guide to product selection and safe prescription.
Author: Kruger WM; Steyn PS
Source: South African Family Practice. 2006 Jan-Feb;48(1):24, 26, 28, 30, 32.
Abstract: The general practitioner (GP) is in a unique position in South Africa and elsewhere in the world when it comes to female and adolescent health. After establishing rapport, the GP can provide confidential advice, guidance and treatment with regard to a young patient's reproductive health. It is vital that the adolescent make an informed choice about her sexual activity and behaviour, her method of contraception and issues pertaining to her health in general. These discussions and counselling sessions should be informative but non-judgmental and non-threatening, as the main outcome is to prevent teenage pregnancy and its associated devastating repercussions on the adolescent, her family, the child born to such a young mother, and the public health sector. Contraceptive choices today are numerous - especially in the category of hormonal contraception. New options with regard to delivery systems and new progestogens with novel side-effect profiles have expanded the choices for first-time users. It is possible to find a contraceptive to suit every patient's individual needs, with added benefits such as cycle control, relief of dysmenorrhoea, and treatment for acne. A thorough understanding of the patient's needs and circumstances (taking into account the first and third world setting in South Africa) is necessary. A holistic approach must be followed, and individualising each patient will aid in compliance and continuing medical input and care well into her reproductive years, until such time when she plans her first child and thereafter. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | TEACHING MATERIALS | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS, NEW | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, LOW-DOSE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, CONTRAINDICATIONS | INJECTABLES | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | IUD | BARRIER METHODS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Family Planning Acceptors | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health
Document Number: 318428


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