1.  Title: Spontaneous vesicovaginal fistula caused by genitourinary aspergillosis. Author: Agarwal N; Seth A; Kulshrestha V; Kochar S; Kriplani A Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 Apr;105(1):63-4. Abstract: Genitourinary aspergillosis is rare in patients who are not immunocompromised. A 39-year-old woman presented with vaginal urinary leakage with no history of previous trauma, procedure, or fever. The patient's last delivery had been by cesarean 12 years previously and she had no history of difficult labor. Six months prior to presenting, the patient had been scheduled to undergo abdominal hysterectomy for menorrhagia along with repair of a surgical hernia; only the hernia was repaired at that time as dense adhesions prevented the hysterectomy. The patient had been amenorrheic since that surgery and her incontinence began 6 days prior to presentation. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE HISTORIES | CLIENTS | FISTULA | AMENORRHEA | VAGINAL ABNORMALITIES | SURGERY | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | UROGENITAL EFFECTS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Diseases | Menstruation Disorders | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Infections | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 341383 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli are not a significant cause of diarrhoea in hospitalised children in Kuwait. Author: Albert MJ; Rotimi VO; Dhar R; Silpikurian S; Pacsa AS; Molla AM; Szucs G Source: BMC Microbiology. 2009;9:62. Abstract: BACKGROUND: The importance of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) infections in the Arabian Gulf including Kuwait is not known. The prevalence of DEC (enterotoxigenic [ETEC], enteropathogenic [EPEC], enteroinvasive [EIEC], enterohemorrhagic [EHEC] and enteroaggregative [EAEC]) was studied in 537 children < or = 5 years old hospitalised with acute diarrhoea and 113 matched controls from two hospitals during 2005-07 by PCR assays using E. coli colony pools. RESULTS: The prevalence of DEC varied from 0.75% for EHEC to 8.4% for EPEC (mostly atypical variety) in diarrhoeal children with no significant differences compared to that in control children (P values 0.15 to 1.00). Twenty-seven EPEC isolates studied mostly belonged to non-traditional serotypes and possessed beta and theta intimin subtypes. A total of 54 DEC isolates from diarrhoeal children and 4 from controls studied for antimicrobial susceptibility showed resistance for older antimicrobials, ampicillin (0 to 100%), tetracycline (33 to 100%) and trimethoprim (22.2 to 100%); 43.1% of the isolates were multidrug-resistant (resistant to 3 or more agents). Six (10.4%) DEC isolates produced extended spectrum beta-lactamases and possessed genetic elements (blaCTX-M, blaTEM and ISEcp1) associated with them. CONCLUSION: We speculate that the lack of significant association of DEC with diarrhoea in children in Kuwait compared to countries surrounding the Arabian Gulf Region may be attributable to high environmental and food hygiene due to high disposable income in Kuwait. Language: English Keywords: KUWAIT | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | CHILDREN | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | DIARRHEA | DIARRHEA, INFANTILE | PREVALENCE | ANTIBIOTICS | DRUG RESISTANCE | Middle East | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Infections | Diseases | Measurement | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 341689 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: HIV infection, malnutrition, and invasive bacterial infection among children with severe malaria. Author: Berkley JA; Bejon P; Mwangi T; Gwer S; Maitland K; Williams TN; Mohammed S; Osier F; Kinyanjui S; Fegan G; Lowe BS; English M; Peshu N; Marsh K; Newton CR Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2009 Aug 1;49(3):336-43. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, malnutrition, and invasive bacterial infection (IBI) are reported among children with severe malaria. However, it is unclear whether their cooccurrence with falciparum parasitization and severe disease happens by chance or by association among children in areas where malaria is endemic. METHODS: We examined 3068 consecutive children admitted to a Kenyan district hospital with clinical features of severe malaria and 592 control subjects from the community. We performed multivariable regression analysis, with each case weighted for its probability of being due to falciparum malaria, using estimates of the fraction of severe disease attributable to malaria at different parasite densities derived from cross-sectional parasitological surveys of healthy children from the same community. RESULTS: HIV infection was present in 133 (12%) of 1071 consecutive parasitemic admitted children (95% confidence interval [CI], 11%-15%). Parasite densities were higher in HIV-infected children. The odds ratio for admission associated with HIV infection for admission with true severe falciparum malaria was 9.6 (95% CI, 4.9-19); however, this effect was restricted to children aged 1 year. Malnutrition was present in 507 (25%) of 2048 consecutive parasitemic admitted children (95% CI, 23%-27%). The odd ratio associated with malnutrition for admission with true severe falciparum malaria was 4.0 (95% CI, 2.9-5.5). IBI was detected in 127 (6%) of 2048 consecutive parasitemic admitted children (95% CI, 5.2%-7.3%). All 3 comorbidities were associated with increased case fatality. CONCLUSIONS: HIV, malnutrition and IBI are biologically associated with severe disease due to falciparum malaria rather than being simply alternative diagnoses in co-incidentally parasitized children in an endemic area. Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | CHILDREN | MALARIA | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | HIV INFECTIONS | MALNUTRITION | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | CASE FATALITY RATE | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Viral Diseases | Nutrition Disorders | Infections | Death Rate | Mortality | Population Dynamics Document Number: 342633 |
| 4. Title: Daily trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis rapidly induces corresponding resistance among intestinal Escherichia coli of HIV-infected adults in Kenya. Author: Chiller TM; Polyak CS; Brooks JT; Williamson J; Ochieng B; Shi YP; Ouma P; Greene C; Hamel M; Vulule J; Bopp C; Slutsker L; Mintz E Source: Journal of the International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care. 2009 May-Jun;8(3):165-9. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) has been recommended by World Health Organization (WHO) as daily prophylaxis for Africans with AIDS to prevent opportunistic infections. Daily TMP-SMZ may reduce its susceptibility to commensal intestinal Escherichia coli (E coli), increasing the burden of TMP-SMZ-resistant pathogens. METHODS: Participants received either daily TMP-SMZ (CD4 <350 cells/mm(3)) or daily multivitamins (MVIs; CD4 > or =350 cells/mm(3)) for 6 months. Stool was collected at baseline, 2 weeks, 2 months, and 6 months. A random E coli was tested for susceptibility. RESULTS: Baseline prevalence of TMP-SMZ resistance ranged from 71% to 81% and was not different across CD4 strata. At 2 weeks, prevalence of TMP-SMZ-resistant E coli increased significantly from 78% to 98% (P < .001) among persons taking daily TMP-SMZ and did not change among persons taking MVIs. CONCLUSIONS: Daily prophylaxis with TMP-SMZ induced in vivo resistance to the drug after 2 weeks. Empiric therapy for diarrhea with agents other than TMP-SMZ should be considered for HIV-infected persons receiving daily TMP-SMZ prophylaxis. Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL STUDIES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ADULTS | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | ANTIBIOTICS | DRUG RESISTANCE | PREVALENCE | DIARRHEA | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Infections | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Measurement Document Number: 342456 |
| 5. Title: Frequency of Mycobacterium bovis as an etiologic agent in extrapulmonary tuberculosis in HIV-positive and -negative Mexican patients. Author: Cicero R; Olivera H; Hernandez-Solis A; Ramirez-Casanova E; Escobar-Gutierrez A Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2009 May;28(5):455-60. Abstract: Mycobacterium bovis can be an important etiological agent for extrapulmonary (EP) manifestations of tuberculosis, especially in HIV-infected persons. From January 2000 to December 2003, M. bovis as a cause of EP tuberculosis was investigated at the Pneumonology Service, Hospital General de Mexico, Mexico City. Eighty HIV-positive (HIV+) patients and 83 HIV-negative (HIV-) with EP involvement (ganglionar, genitourinary, meningeal, cutaneous, peritoneal, and pericardial) were analyzed using clinical, immunological, bacteriological, histopathological, and molecular biology methods. Mycobacterium species were identified by hsp65-RFLP analysis and species of M. tuberculosis complex isolates by spoligotyping. M. bovis was present in 6 HIV- cases (7.2%; 3 with lymphadenitis and 3 genitourinary) vs 11 in HIV+ cases (13.75%; 7 with lymphadenitis, 3 genitourinary, and 1 meningeal). Favorable response to retroviral and specific M. bovis chemotherapy was observed. Spoligotyping showed a unique profile in each isolate, 16 belonging to BOV1 lineage and 1 to BOV2 lineage. M. bovis is an significant re-emerging cause of EPTB in Mexico. Consumption of unpasteurized dairy products is the most likely source of transmission. Successful treatment depends on the adequate and opportune identification of the agent responsible. Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | CLIENTS | ADULTS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | TUBERCULOSIS | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | ANTIBIOTICS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | DRUG RESISTANCE | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 341794 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Group a Streptococcus causing necrotizing fasciitis and toxic shock syndrome after medical termination of pregnancy. Author: Daif JL; Levie M; Chudnoff S; Kaiser B; Shahabi S Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Feb;113(2 Pt 2):504-6. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Group A Streptococcus is an aerobic gram-positive bacteria known to cause cutaneous infections. Invasive infections can lead to toxic shock syndrome with multiorgan failure and mortality rates of 25-48%. CASE: A healthy, young woman developed necrotizing fasciitis, myonecrosis, and toxic shock syndrome after an elective medical termination of pregnancy. This patient had confirmed group A Streptococcus on blood cultures and underwent surgical debridement. After aggressive surgical treatment, below-the-knee amputation, and antibiotic therapy, the patient survived. CONCLUSION: This case demonstrates the need for prompt recognition and treatment of necrotizing fasciitis/toxic shock syndrome. Language: English Keywords: NEW YORK | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CASE STUDIES | HISPANICS | WOMEN | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | DERMATITIS | TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME | ABORTION | GYNECOLOGIC SURGERY | SURGERY | ANTIBIOTICS | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Studies | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Infections | Diseases | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Urogenital Surgery | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Drugs Document Number: 330358 Notification |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Bacterial enteropathogens of neonates admitted to an urban diarrhoeal hospital in Bangladesh. Author: Khan AM; Hossain MS; Khan AI; Chisti MJ; Chowdhury F; Faruque AS; Salam MA Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 2009 Apr;55(2):122-4. Abstract: Data on the aetiology of diarrhoea in neonates are scarce, especially from developing countries including Bangladesh. A retrospective review of the electronic database of the Microbiology Laboratory of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), was carried out to examine enteropathogens associated with diarrhoea in neonates. Stool specimens of the neonates on admission to the Dhaka Hospital of ICDDR,B were collected and sent to the laboratory for direct plating onto taurocholate tellurite gelatin agar, Salmonella-Shigella agar and MacConkey's agar. Stool specimens of 2511 neonates of either sex were examined. Bacterial pathogens were recovered from the stools of 699 (27.8%) of these neonates--a single bacterial pathogen from 670 neonates and more than one pathogen from 29 neonates. Vibrio cholerae, Shigella, Salmonella, Aeromonas spp. and Plesiomonas shigelloides were isolated from 294, 108, 52, 222 and 19, respectively, of the neonates. The year-wise isolation of these pathogens varied between 4.9-23.4%, 2.7-5.4%, 0-4.7%, 0-19.4% and 0-1.6%, respectively, of the neonates. The results of the study indicate that infection by V. cholerae, Shigella spp., Salmonella spp., Aeromonas and P. shigelloides is common in neonatal diarrhoea in Bangladesh. Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | URBAN AREAS | DIARRHEA, INFANTILE | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | TREATMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Geographic Factors | Population | Diarrhea | Diseases | Infections | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 331197 |
| 8. Title: Association of genital mycoplasmas including Mycoplasma genitalium in HIV infected men with nongonococcal urethritis attending STD & HIV clinics. Author: Manhas A; Sethi S; Sharma M; Wanchu A; Kanwar AJ; Kaur K; Mehta SD Source: Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2009 Mar;129(3):305-10. Abstract: BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Acute nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) is one of the commonest sexually transmitted infections affecting men. The role of genital mycoplasmas including Mycoplasma genitalium in HIV infected men with NGU is still not known. The aim of this study was to determine the isolation pattern/detection of genital mycoplasma including M. genitalium in HIV infected men with NGU and to compare it with non HIV infected individuals. METHODS: One hundred male patients with NGU (70 HIV positive, 30 HIV negative) were included in the study. Urethral swabs and urine samples obtained from patients were subjected to semi-quantitative culture for Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasama urealyticum, whereas M. genitalium was detected by PCR from urine. The primers MgPa1 and MgPa3 were selected to identify 289 bp product specific for M. genitalium. Chalmydia trachomatis antigen detection was carried out by ELISA. RESULTS: M. genitalium and M. hominis were detected/isolated in 6 per cent of the cases. M. genitalium was more common amongst HIV positive cases (7.1%) as compared to HIV negative cases (3.3%) but difference was not statistically significant. Co-infection of C. trachomatis and U. urealyticum was found in two HIV positive cases whereas, C. trachomatis and M. hominis were found to be coinfecting only one HIV positive individual. M. genitalium was found to be infecting the patients as the sole pathogen. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: Patients with NGU had almost equal risk of being infected with M. genitalium, U. urealyticum or M. hominis irrespective of their HIV status. M.genitalium constitutes one of the important causes of NGU besides other genital mycoplasmas. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | CLIENTS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | MEN | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | UROGENITAL EFFECTS | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 341926 |
| 9. Title: Enteric bacterial pathogens in HIV-infected children with acute diarrhea in Mulago referral and teaching hospital, Kampala, Uganda. Author: Musiime V; Kalyesubula I; Kaddu-Mulindwa D; Byarugaba J Source: Journal of the International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care. 2009 May-Jun;8(3):185-90. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: HIV-infected children develop severe bacterial infections. We set out to determine the enteric bacterial pathogens in HIV-infected children and HIV-negative controls with acute diarrhea and their antimicrobial sensitivities. METHODS: Children below 5 years of age with acute diarrhea were screened for HIV and their stools were analyzed by culture and use of antisera and the sensitivities of the pathogens were determined using the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. RESULTS: Of the 190 children, 47 were HIV positive. The prevalence rates of the pathogens in HIV-infected and -uninfected children were 19% (9/47) and 27% (38/143), respectively; odds ratio = 0.64 (95% confidence interval 0.20-1.97), P value .396. The pathogens in HIV-infected and -uninfected children were Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Shigella species. Most isolates were resistant to cotrimoxazole. CONCLUSIONS: Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Shigella species significantly cause acute diarrhea in HIV-infected and -uninfected children and they are highly resistant to cotrimoxazole. Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | CHILDREN | DIARRHEA | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | ANTIBIOTICS | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | DRUG RESISTANCE | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Infections | Measurement | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses Document Number: 342454 |
| 10. Title: Isolation and identification of nontuberculous mycobacteria from water and soil in central India. Author: Narang R; Narang P; Mendiratta DK Source: Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2009 Jul-Sep;27(3):247-50. Abstract: Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), important organisms in the Genus Mycobacterium and commonly present in the environment, are known to cause disseminated disease in AIDS patients. In this study, NTM were isolated from environment (soil and water) of the AIDS patients with disseminated NTM disease to know the prevalence of environmental NTM species and their correlation with clinical isolates from patients of the same area. Paraffin baiting technique was used to isolate NTM from environmental samples. Once isolated, subcultures were made on Lowenstein Jensen and Middlebrook 7H10 media and the species were identified using phenotypic and genotypic techniques. A total of 26 NTM isolates belonging to seven different species could be identified. Mycobacterium avium was the only species isolated from both clinical and environmental samples of the same patient; but the isolates did not match using PCR for IS 1311 and IS 1245 spacer sequences. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | AIDS | ENVIRONMENT | WATER SUPPLY | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | PREVALENCE | EPIDEMIOLOGY | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Natural Resources | Infections | Measurement | Research Methodology | Public Health | Health | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 342629 |
| 11. Title: Pelvic actinomycosis: a malignant appearing mass. A case report. Author: Pirenne Y; Bouckaert W; Vangertruyden G Source: Acta Chirurgica Belgica. 2009 Mar-Apr;109(2):250-2. Abstract: Pelvic actinomycosis is a rare complication of a long-term intrauterine contraceptive device. Early diagnosis is important, as clinical and radiological imaging may mimic a malignant pathology and lead to radical and unnecessary surgery. We report a case of pelvic actinomycosis in a woman who had used an intrauterine contraceptive device for the last 13 years. The actinomycosis appeared as a malignant pelvic mass with invasion into the sigmoid and left ureter, with high-grade stenosis of these structures. Because of its rapidly developing obstructive character, an urgent Hartmann procedure with resection of the uterus and both ovaries was performed. Histology revealed actinomycosis. With this case we want to illustrate that for a woman presenting with an intrauterine contraceptive device and a malignant appearing mass in the pelvis, pelvic actinomycosis must be considered in the list of differential diagnosis, so that appropriate diagnostic work out and treatment can be made. Language: English Keywords: BELGIUM | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE STUDIES | CLIENTS | IUD COMPLICATIONS | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | HISTOLOGY | ULTRASONICS | ANTIBIOTICS | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | IUD | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Infections | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Biology | Drugs | Treatment Document Number: 342597 |
| 12. Title: Development and evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect Histoplasma capsulatum antigenuria in immunocompromised patients. Author: Scheel CM; Samayoa B; Herrera A; Lindsley MD; Benjamin L; Reed Y; Hart J; Lima S; Rivera BE; Raxcaco G; Chiller T; Arathoon E; Gomez BL Source: Clinical and Vaccine Immunology. 2009 Jun;16(6):852-8. Abstract: Histoplasma capsulatum infection causes significant morbidity and mortality in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals, particularly those in countries with limited access to rapid diagnostics or antiretroviral therapies. The fungus easily disseminates in persons with AIDS, resulting in progressive disseminated histoplasmosis (PDH), which can progress rapidly to death if undiagnosed. The availability of a simple, rapid method to detect H. capsulatum infection in less developed countries where the infection is endemic would dramatically decrease the time to diagnosis and treatment of PDH. We have developed an antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect PDH antigenuria in infected patients. The assay uses polyclonal antibodies against H. capsulatum as both capture and detection reagents, and a standard reference curve is included to quantify antigenuria and ensure reproducibility. We evaluated this assay using specimens collected from patients with AIDS and culture-proven histoplasmosis in a Guatemalan clinic (n = 48), from healthy persons (n = 83), and from patients with other, nonhistoplasmosis diseases (n = 114). The ELISA demonstrated a sensitivity of 81% and a specificity of 95% in detecting H. capsulatum antigen in urine. This assay relies on simple technology that can be performed in institutions with limited resources. Use of this test will facilitate rapid diagnosis of PDH in countries where mortality is high, expediting treatment and likely reducing PDH-related mortality. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | ANTIGENS | IMMUNOLOGIC FACTORS | TESTING | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Measurement | Research Methodology | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 342080 |
| 13. Title: Maternal and early onset neonatal bacterial sepsis: burden and strategies for prevention in sub-Saharan Africa. Author: Seale AC; Mwaniki M; Newton CR; Berkley JA Source: Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2009 Jul;9(7):428-38. Abstract: Maternal and child health are high priorities for international development. Through a Review of published work, we show substantial gaps in current knowledge on incidence (cases per live births), aetiology, and risk factors for both maternal and early onset neonatal bacterial sepsis in sub-Saharan Africa. Although existing published data suggest that sepsis causes about 10% of all maternal deaths and 26% of neonatal deaths, these are likely to be considerable underestimates because of methodological limitations. Successful intervention strategies in resource-rich settings and early studies in sub-Saharan Africa suggest that the burden of maternal and early onset neonatal bacterial sepsis could be reduced through simple interventions, including antiseptic and antibiotic treatment. An effective way to expedite evidence to guide interventions and determine the incidence, aetiology, and risk factors for sepsis in sub-Saharan Africa would be through a multiarmed factorial intervention trial aimed at reducing both maternal and early onset neonatal bacterial sepsis in sub-Saharan Africa. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | INCIDENCE | MATERNAL HEALTH | MATERNAL MORTALITY | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | PREVENTIVE HEALTH CARE | ANTENATAL CARE | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Africa | Developing Countries | Measurement | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Infections | Diseases | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care Document Number: 342056 |
| 14. Title: Aetiology of acute gastro-enteritis in children at Saint Camille Medical Centre, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Author: Simpore J; Ouermi D; Ilboudo D; Kabre A; Zeba B; Pietra V; Pignatelli S; Nikiema JB; Kabre GB; Caligaris S; Schumacher F; Castelli F Source: Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 2009 Feb 1;12(3):258-63. Abstract: The present study aims at identifying the infectious agents responsible for child Acute GastroEnteritis (AGE) in Ouagadougou. From May 5 2006 to June 22 2008, 648 children aged from 2 to 41 months, with at least an average of 3 loose stools per day have been enrolled for coproculture, parasitology and virology test. Among them, 34 (5.25%) were HIV seropositive. A single sample of faeces from each child was used to identify enteropathogens. An infectious aetiology was identified in 41.20% of cases. The pathogenic agents detected as responsible for the AGE are: Rotavirus 21.1%; Adenovirus 1.9%; Giardia 7.6% Entamoeba; 1.08%; entero-pathogenic E. coli 41.7%; Salmonella 3.40%; Shigella 1.85% and Yersinia 1.70%. Conclusion: Therefore, these AGE etiologic agents constitute a problem of public health in Burkina Faso. Their control for the child would require: (1) a regular paediatric and clinical follow up; (2) health education of the population for food hygiene and (3) in case of absence of HIV infection in the mother, a promotion of exclusive breast-feeding up to the age of 4 months. Language: English Keywords: BURKINA FASO | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | CHILDREN | GASTROINTESTINAL EFFECTS | DIARRHEA | ROTAVIRUS | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | PARASITIC DISEASES | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | ANTHROPOMETRY | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Physiology | Biology | Diseases | Viral Diseases | Infections | Measurement Document Number: 342150 |
| 15. Title: Prevalence of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli in children from Leon, Nicaragua. Author: Vilchez S; Reyes D; Paniagua M; Bucardo F; Mollby R; Weintraub A Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2009 May;58(Pt 5):630-7. Abstract: Diarrhoeal disease is a public health problem worldwide, mostly affecting children in developing countries. In Nicaragua, diarrhoea is the second greatest cause of infant mortality. During the period March 2005 to September 2006, a total of 526 faecal samples from children aged 0-60 months (381 with and 145 without diarrhoea) from Leon, Nicaragua, were studied. In order to detect five different diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes simultaneously [enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) and enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC)], a mixture of eight primer pairs was used in a single PCR. At least one diarrhoeagenic E. coli pathotype was detected in 205 samples (53.8%) of the diarrhoea group and in 77 samples (53.1%) in the non-diarrhoea group. ETEC was detected significantly more often in children with diarrhoea (20.5%) than in children without diarrhoea (8.3%) (P=0.001). Atypical EPEC, EIEC and EAEC were detected with slightly lower frequencies in children with (16.0, 0.8 and 27.8%, respectively) than in children without (20.7, 1.4 and 33.1%, respectively) diarrhoea. EHEC was only detected in children with diarrhoea (2.1%). In conclusion, ETEC continues to be an important agent associated with diarrhoea in children from Leon, Nicaragua. Although not very frequent, the only findings that were 100% associated with diarrhoea were ETEC estA (4.7%) and EHEC (2.1%). Nevertheless, EAEC and EPEC were also frequent pathotypes in the population under study. In children with severe diarrhoea, more than half had EAEC, ETEC or EPEC, and EAEC was the most prevalent pathotype. Language: English Keywords: NICARAGUA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CLASSIFICATION | CHILDREN | CLIENTS | DIARRHEA | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | PREVALENCE | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | Developing Countries | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Diseases | Infections | Measurement | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 342354 |
| 16. Title: Progress in introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine--worldwide, 2000-2008. Author: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Source: MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2008 Oct 24;57(42):1148-51. Abstract: Pneumococcal disease is a leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality globally, causing an estimated 0.7-1.0 million deaths annually among children aged <5 years (1). A pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) that includes seven pneumococcal serotypes (PCV7) first became available in 2000. Studies in the United States have demonstrated that introduction of universal vaccination with PCV7 resulted in a 77% decrease in invasive pneumococcal disease among children aged <5 years and a 39% decrease in hospital admissions for pneumonia among children aged <2 years (2,3). A similar vaccine with two additional serotypes was highly efficacious against pneumonia and invasive disease in clinical trials in Africa and, in one trial, reduced all-cause mortality among children by 16% (4). Low-income countries, which account for >97% of pneumonia cases in children aged <5 years (5), will benefit most from introduction of PCV. This report summarizes the progress made in introducing PCV7 worldwide. As of August 2008, 26 countries offered PCV7 to all children as part of national immunization programs or had PCV7 in widespread use (i.e., with estimated national coverage >50%); however, none of these countries is a low-income or lower-middle income country. The World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF have recognized the safety and effectiveness of PCVs and recommend that these vaccines for young children be included in national immunization programs (1). Overcoming the challenges to global introduction remains an urgent public health priority. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: MINNESOTA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CASE STUDIES | MEN | OLDER ADULTS | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | SKELETAL EFFECTS | BLOOD TRANSFUSION | INSECTS | EMBOLISM | SURGERY | COMPLICATIONS | ANTIBIOTICS | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Adults | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Infections | Diseases | Physiology | Biology | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Vascular Diseases | Drugs Document Number: 329067 |
17.  Title: Elimination of yaws in India. Author: World Health Organization [WHO] Source: Weekly Epidemiological Record. 2008;(15):125. Abstract: Yaws is a nonvenereal endemic treponematosis caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum, subspecies pertenue, a Gram-negative spirochete. Infection is transmitted by skin-to-skin contact among people with poor hygiene practices living in certain warm and humid tropical areas of Africa, the Americas and Asia. Children aged 2-5 years are the most vulnerable to infection, which targets the skin, bones and cartilage, causing destruction of tissue and deformities in the late stages. Yaws remains one of the most neglected tropical diseases, affecting primarily the poorest and most vulnerable populations: tribal and indigenous people living in remote, rural areas. Although highly amenable to eradication epidemiologically (humans are the only reservoir of infection, and the disease is localized to a few endemic areas), technologically (curable by a single injection of penicillin) and in terms of cost effectiveness, the disease has not attracted global attention. From 1952 to 1964, a campaign supported by WHO and UNICEF administered greater than 50 million anti-yaws treatments in 46 countries, reducing the prevalence of the disease by about 95%. The disease subsequently reemerged in several parts of the world as a result of poor integration of control interventions into weak health systems. A report published by the previous International Task Force for Disease Eradication in 1993 concluded that political and financial inertia were the biggest obstacles to interrupting the transmission of yaws. In the context of neglected tropical diseases, WHO launched the global yaws elimination initiative in 2007 to address the persistence and resurgence of this disease. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | TRANSMISSION | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | HEALTH SERVICES | ANTIBIOTICS | PUBLIC HEALTH | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Infections | Diseases | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine Document Number: 326000 |
| 18. Title: The descriptive epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae nasopharyngeal carriage in children and adults in Kilifi district, Kenya. Author: Abdullahi O; Nyiro J; Lewa P; Slack M; Scott JA Source: Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2008 Jan;27(1):59-64. Abstract: Transmission and nasopharyngeal colonization are necessary steps en route to invasive pneumococcal or Haemophilus influenzae disease but their patterns vary geographically. In East Africa we do not know how these pathogens are transmitted between population subgroups nor which serotypes circulate commonly. We did 2 cross-sectional nasopharyngeal swab surveys selecting subjects randomly from a population register to estimate prevalence and risk-factors for carriage in 2004. H. influenzae type b vaccine was introduced in 2001. Of 450 individuals sampled in the dry season, 414 were resampled during the rainy season. Among subjects 0-4, 5-9, and 10-85 years old pneumococcal carriage prevalence was 57%, 41%, and 6.4%, respectively. H. influenzae prevalence was 26%, 24%, and 3.0%, respectively. Prevalence of H. influenzae type b in children < 5 years was 1.7%. Significant risk factors for pneumococcal carriage were rainy season (odds ratio [OR]: 1.65), coryza (OR: 2.29), and coculture of noncapsulate H.influenzae (OR: 7.46). Coryza was also a risk factor for H. influenzae carriage (OR: 1.90). Of 128 H. influenzae isolates, 113 were noncapsulate. Among 279 isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae, 40 serotypes were represented and the distribution of serotypes varied significantly with age; 7-valent vaccine-types, vaccine-related types, and nonvaccine types comprised 47%, 19%, and 34% of strains from children aged < 5 years. Among older persons they comprised 25%, 28%, and 47%, respectively (P = 0.005). The study shows that pneumococcal carriage is common up to 9 years of age and that the majority of serotypes carried at all ages are not covered specifically by the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. (author's) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CHILDREN | ADULTS | EPIDEMIOLOGY | PNEUMONIA | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | INFLUENZA | PREVALENCE | RISK FACTORS | VACCINES | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Public Health | Health | Pulmonary Effects | Physiology | Biology | Infections | Diseases | Viral Diseases | Measurement | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 323212 |
| 19. Title: Prevalence and potential link between E. coli O157:H7 isolated from drinking water, meat and vegetables and stools of diarrhoeic confirmed and non-confirmed HIV/AIDS patients in the Amathole District - South Africa. Author: Abong'o BO; Momba MN Source: Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2008 Aug;105(2):424-31. Abstract: AIM: The current study investigated the prevalence and molecular relatedness between Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolated from water, meat and meat products and vegetables and from stools of confirmed and non-confirmed Human Immune Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) patients with diarrhoea. METHODS AND RESULTS: Culture-based and polymerase chain reaction techniques were used to identify E. coli O157:H7. Thirty-five per cent of meat products, 25.5% of water, 21.7% of vegetables as well as 56.5% and 43.5% of stools of confirmed and non-confirmed HIV/AIDS patients, respectively, were presumptively positive with E. coli O157. Molecular results indicated that 10.3%, 8.6% and 7.8% of the vegetables, water and meat products examined carried E. coli O157:H7, which had homologous fliC(H7), rfbE(O157) and eaeA genetic loci to the genes of some E. coli O157:H7 isolated from 12.2% and 8.8% of the stools of confirmed and non-confirmed HIV/AIDS patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Water, meat and meat products and vegetables are potential sources of E. coli O157:H7 that are potentially capable of causing diarrhoea in humans especially HIV/AIDS patients. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Great care should be exercised to ensure that water and foods consumed by HIV/AIDS patients are safe, as contaminated water and foods can cause secondary infections in these patients. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | PREVALENCE | DIET | DIARRHEA | HIV INFECTIONS | COMPLICATIONS | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | HYGIENE | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Nutrition | Health | Infections | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Public Health Document Number: 329272 |
| 20. Title: Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 among diarrhoeic HIV/AIDS patients in the Eastern Cape Province-South Africa. Author: Abong'o BO; Momba MN; Malakate VK; Mwambakana JN Source: Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 2008 Apr 15;11(8):1066-75. Abstract: This study investigated the prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the stool of confirmed and non-confirmed diarrhoeic HIV/AIDS patients. Escherichia coli O157:H7 was isolated by culture-based and immunomagnetic separation from three hundred and sixty stool swabs. Identification was by conventional IMViC, 20E API and molecular techniques. Confirmed and non-confirmed diarrhoeic HIV/AIDS patients had 56.5% (74/131) and 43.5% (57/131) respectively of E. coli O157:H7. Molecular results indicated that the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 was 12.16% (9/74) and 8.77% (5/57) from stool swabs of confirmed and non-confirmed diarrhoeic HIV/AIDS patients. Antimicrobial resistance was higher for E. coli O157:H7 isolates from stools of confirmed HIV/AIDS than it was for non-confirmed HIV/AIDS patients. Escherichia coli O157:H7 might be a silent cause of diarrhoea in HIV/AIDS patients. It is recommended that HIV/AIDS patients with diarrhoea should be screened for E. coli O157:H7 and surveillance programmes for these bacteria should be established in both urban and rural areas of South Africa. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | PREVALENCE | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | DIARRHEA | HIV INFECTIONS | COMPLICATIONS | DRUG RESISTANCE | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Infections | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 329008 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: Neonatal septicaemia in Calabar, Nigeria. Author: Anah MU; Udo JJ; Ochigbo SO; Abia-Bassey LN Source: Tropical Doctor. 2008 Apr;38(2):126-128. Abstract: A three-year survey of neonatal septicaemia (363 bacteriologically proven cases) in the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, has demonstrated that the dominant blood isolate was Staphylococcus aureus (53%) followed by unclassified Coliforms (20%), an unexpected Chromobacterium violaceum (5%). The incidence of neonatal septicaemiawas 54.9 per 1000 live births for inborn infants. The predominant organisms were largely susceptible to gentamicin, ceftriazone and cefuroxime with a mortality rate of 19% with most (60.9%) of the fatalities being due to Gram-negative organisms. Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | INFANT | NEONATAL DISEASES AND ABNORMALITIES | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | PREVALENCE | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Studies | Infections | Measurement Document Number: 308930 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Co-trimoxazole for HIV infected adults in Africa [editorial] Author: Anglaret X; Eholie S Source: BMJ. British Medical Journal. 2008 Jul 9;337:a304. Abstract: Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RECOMMENDATIONS | CRITIQUE | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ADULTS | HIV INFECTIONS | DRUG RESISTANCE | ANTIBIOTICS | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | HEALTH POLICY | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Drugs | Infections | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 328425 |
| 23. Title: Role of Escherichia coli in acute diarrhoea in tribal preschool children of central India. Author: Anvikar AR; Dolla C; Dutta S; Rao VG; Gadge VS Source: Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology. 2008 Jan;22(1):40-46. Abstract: Five hundred and eighty preschool children belonging to tribal areas of Madhya Pradesh were followed up daily for the presence of diarrhoea for a period of 1 year. In all, 1236 episodes of diarrhoea were recorded with an average of 2.13 episodes per child per year. Stool samples were collected during 780 episodes. They were cultured to isolate Escherichia coli as well as non-E. coli enteropathogens. Ten different genes were detected to identify all diarrhoeagenic E. coli using multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Enteroaggregative E. coli was the commonest diarrhoeagenic E. coli and was isolated from 64 children, followed by enteropathogenic E. coli (27), enterotoxigenic E. coli (10) and enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (2). Other enteropathogens detected were bacteria such as Shigella sp, Vibrio cholerae and Salmonella sp, parasites such as Giardia lamblia and Entameba histolytica, and rotavirus. Most of the bacterial pathogens were multi-drug resistant. The study shows that diarrhoeagenic E. coli contribute significantly to the burden of acute diarrhoea in tribal preschool children. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | GENETIC TECHNIQUES | CLINICAL RESEARCH | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CHILDREN | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | DIARRHEA | DRUG RESISTANCE | PREVALENCE | PARASITIC DISEASES | ROTAVIRUS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Infections | Diseases | Treatment | Measurement | Viral Diseases Document Number: 323206 |
| 24. Title: A prospective study of the risk for serious bacterial infections in hospitalized febrile infants with or without bronchiolitis. Author: Bilavsky E; Shouval DS; Yarden-Bilavsky H; Fisch N; Ashkenazi S Source: Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2008 Mar;27(3):272-274. Abstract: The objective of this study was to assess prospectively the frequency of concurrent serious bacterial infection (SBI) in febrile infants less than or equal to 3 months of age with or without bronchiolitis. SBI was detected in 30 of 312 (9.6%) infants without bronchiolitis compared with 3 of 136 (2.2%) infants with bronchiolitis. The risk of SBI in febrile infants is significantly lower in the presence of bronchiolitis. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ISRAEL | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | CLINICAL RESEARCH | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | INFANT | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | RISK FACTORS | HOSPITALS | RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | FEVER | Developed Countries | Middle East | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Infections | Diseases | Biology | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Measurement | Body Temperature | Physiology Document Number: 324979 |
| 25. Title: Current trends of opportunistic infections among HIV-seropositive patients from Eastern India. Author: Chakraborty N; Mukherjee A; Santra S; Sarkar RN; Banerjee D Source: Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2008 Jan;61(1):49-53. Abstract: In this report we describe the clinical and laboratory profiles of different opportunistic infections (OIs) among 125 immunocompromised patients admitted to a referral hospital in the eastern part of India. Different pathogens were isolated, identified and characterized using the laboratory gold standard methods. Oral candidiasis (88%) was found to be the most common OI, followed by tuberculosis (57%), enteropathogenic Vibrio (47%), cytomegalovirus infection (45%), cryptosporidial diarrhea (43%), Escherichia coli infection (42%) and other infections among the study subjects. Statistical analysis of the case studies shows 120/cumm median CD4+ blood cell count, and the OIs showed an inversely proportional occurrence to the CD4+ count of the immunocompromised patients. The spectrum and frequency of certain OIs highlight the urgency of studying HIV/AIDS in resource-limited countries where locally specific disease patterns may be observed. The purpose of the present investigation was the identification of such opportunistic pathogens, as we feel the HIV epidemic can be more effectively managed if physicians and health planners are aware of this information. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | CANDIDIASIS | ORAL EFFECTS | TUBERCULOSIS | COMPLICATIONS | VIRAL DISEASES | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | Diseases | Measurement | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 325798 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: High prevalence of nasopharyngeal colonization by Staphylococcus aureus among children with HIV-1 infection in extreme southern Brazil. Author: D'Avila NE; Zhang L; Miller RG; D'Avila AC; Conceicao AP; Boffo MS Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 2008 Dec;54(6):410-2. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To compare nasopharyngeal colonization between children with HIV-1 infection and those without HIV-1 infection, with special emphasis on nasopharyngeal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus. METHODS: This hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out in the Paediatric Day Hospital of a teaching hospital. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected in 93 children aged up to 18 years old born to HIV-positive mothers (31 children with HIV-1 infection and 62 age-matched non-infected children). RESULTS: The prevalence of nasopharyngeal colonization by S. aureus was higher among children with HIV-1 infection compared with those without HIV-1 infection (45.16% vs. 12.9%, p = 0.001). After adjusting all potential confounders, HIV-1 infection was an independent risk factor for nasopharyngeal colonization by S. aureus, with a prevalence ratio of 4.29 (95% confidence interval: 1.72-10.70). CONCLUSION: Children with HIV-1 infection had a higher prevalence of nasopharyngeal colonization by S. aureus than children without HIV-1 infection. Most of the isolated strains of S. aureus were methicillin-susceptible. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | CHILDREN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | PREVALENCE | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | HIV INFECTIONS | COMPLICATIONS | RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS | RISK FACTORS | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Infections | Biology Document Number: 330408 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: Extended-interval dosing of gentamicin for treatment of neonatal sepsis in developed and developing countries. Author: Darmstadt GL; Miller-Bell M; Batra M; Law P; Law K Source: Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition. 2008 Jun;26(2):163-182. Abstract: Serious bacterial infections are the single most important cause of neonatal mortality in developing countries. Case-fatality rates for neonatal sepsis in developing countries are high, partly because of inadequate administration of necessary antibiotics. For the treatment of neonatal sepsis in resource-poor, high-mortality settings in developing countries where most neonatal deaths occur, simplified treatment regimens are needed. Recommended therapy for neonatal sepsis includes gentamicin, a parenteral aminoglycoside antibiotic, which has excellent activity against gram-negative bacteria, in combination with an antimicrobial with potent gram-positive activity. Traditionally, gentamicin has been administered 2-3 times daily. However, recent evidence suggests that extended-interval (i.e. > or = 24 hours) dosing may be applicable to neonates. This review examines the available data from randomized and non-randomized studies of extended- interval dosing of gentamicin in neonates from both developed and developing countries. Available data on the use of gentamicin among neonates suggest that extended dosing intervals and higher doses (>4 mg/kg) confer a favourable pharmacokinetic profile, the potential for enhanced clinical efficacy and decreased toxicity at reduced cost. In conclusion, the following simplified weight-based dosing regimen for the treatment of serious neonatal infections in developing countries is recommended: 13.5 mg (absolute dose) every 24 hours for neonates of > or = 2,500 g, 10 mg every 24 hours for neonates of 2,000-2,499 g, and 10 mg every 48 hours for neonates of <2,000 g. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLINICAL RESEARCH | INFANT | NEONATAL DISEASES AND ABNORMALITIES | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | NEONATAL MORTALITY | ANTIBIOTICS | TREATMENT | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | TIME FACTORS | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Infections | Infant Mortality | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Drugs | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 327783 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Low carriage rate of group B streptococcus in pregnant women in Maputo, Mozambique. Author: de Steenwinkel FD; Tak HV; Muller AE; Nouwen JL; Oostvogel PM Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2008 Mar;13(3):427-429. Abstract: The prevalence of group B streptococcus (GBS) carriage varies strongly with geographical region. A study was done to determine the prevalence of GBS in women in Maputo, Mozambique. The method used was a rectovaginal swab which was taken from women between 35 and 37 weeks of pregnancy who visited the clinic for antenatal consultation. GBS was cultured from 2 out of 113 samples, yielding a prevalence of 1.8% (95% Cl: 0.0-4.0). In conclusion, the prevalence of GBS carriage among pregnant women in Maputo, Mozambique was low. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MOZAMBIQUE | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PREGNANT WOMEN | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | PREVALENCE | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Infections | Diseases | Measurement | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 325965 |
| 29. Title: Frequency of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in children with diarrhoea in Zahedan, Islamic Republic of Iran. Author: Fard AH; Bokaeian M; Qureishi ME Source: Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 2008 Sep-Oct;14(5):1022-7. Abstract: Escherichia coli O157:H7 has been implicated in diarrhoea, dysentery, haemorrhagic colitis and uraemic haemolytic syndrome but is not routinely cultured in laboratories. We tested 322 samples from children referred with diarrhoea to a clinic in Zahedan, Islamic Republic of Iran. There were 21 sorbitol-negative E. coli isolated; serotyping revealed 4 strains positive for O157, out of which only 2 strains were identified as E. coli O157:H7. Both cases were boys, aged 1.5 and 4 years respectively. Antibiotic sensitivity testing found the strains were sensitive for amikacin, gentamicin, nitrofurantoin and tobramycin and resistant to chloramphenicol, cefalexin, cefalothin and co-trimoxazole. Language: English Keywords: IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CHILDREN | PREVALENCE | DIARRHEA | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | ANTIBIOTICS | DRUG RESISTANCE | Middle East | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Diseases | Infections | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 330309 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Impact of human immunodeficiency virus infection on Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization and seroepidemiology among Zambian women. Author: Gill CJ; Mwanakasale V; Fox MP; Chilengi R; Tembo M Source: Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2008;197:1000-1005. Abstract: Nasopharyngeal colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae precedes invasive pneumococcal disease. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection increases rates of invasive pneumococcal disease, and its effect on colonization is unknown. In a longitudinal cohort of Zambian mothers with or without HIV infection, HIV infection increased the risk of colonization (risk ratio [RR], 1.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3-2.8) and repeat colonization (RR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.1-5.3) and reduced the time to new colonization (P = .01). Repeat colonization with homologous sero/factor types occurred only among HIV-positive mothers. Pediatric serotypes 6, 19, and 23 accounted for excess colonization among HIV-positive mothers. HIV infection significantly increases the risk of pneumococcal colonization. Increased rates of colonization by pediatric serotypes suggest a potential role for the 7-valent pneumococcal vaccine in HIV-infected adults. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ZAMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | WOMEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | MOTHERS | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | HIV INFECTIONS | VACCINES | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | RISK FACTORS | IMPACT | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Infections | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Biology | Communication Document Number: 325548 |
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