1.  Peer Reviewed Title: Ronald Freedman on American population growth: A view from 1957. Source: Population and Development Review. 2008 Mar;34(1):155-167. Abstract: Half a century ago, in 1957, the American baby boom reached its peak. The period total fertility rate (TFR) had climbed to 3.76-a level wholly unexpected even in the immediate postwar years. In combination with the then prevailing pattern of early childbearing and already fairly low mortality, this yielded an intrinsic rate of natural increase slightly above 2 percent per year. Such a rate implied, even without immigration, a long-run population growth potential unprecedented in US history. How should this demographic upsurge be interpreted? And what was the likely future demographic course of the United States? These were questions of manifest public interest. From the vantage point of the crest of the baby boom, Ronald Freedman addressed them in an essay titled "The planned family and American population growth," which appeared in the March 1957 issue of The Antioch Review. At the time Freedman was already a well-known social demographer, director of the first national fertility survey in the US(Growth of American Families); he was to become a leader in worldwide research on fertility and family planning. His 1957 essay is reproduced below in full. Written in nontechnical language but reflecting the best understanding of the factors underlying US fertility trends, Freedman's commentary provides a compelling narrative for today's readers. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | HISTORICAL REVIEW | CRITIQUE | DEMOGRAPHERS | POPULATION GROWTH | BIRTH RATE | BABY BOOM | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FAMILY SIZE | FAMILY PLANNING | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Contraception | Family Characteristics | Family and Household Document Number: 325567 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: The Phoenix population: Demographic crisis and rebound in Cambodia. Author: Heuveline P; Poch B Source: Demography. 2007 May;44(2):405-426. Abstract: The study of mortality crises provides an unusual and valuable perspective on the relationship between mortality and fertility changes, a relationship that has puzzled demographers for decades. In this article, we combine nationally representative survey and demographic-surveillance system data to study fertility trends around the time of the Khmer Rouge (KR) regime, under which 25% of the Cambodian population died. We present the first quantitative evidence to date that attests to a one-third decline of fertility during this regime, followed by a substantial "baby boom" after the fall of the KR. Further analyses reveal that the fertility rebound was produced not only by a two-year marriage bubble but also by a surge in marital fertility that remained for nearly a decade above its precrisis level. Our results illustrate the potential influence of mortality on fertility, which may be more difficult to identify for more gradual mortality declines. To the extent that until recently, Cambodian fertility appears to fit natural fertility patterns, our findings also reinforce recent qualifications about the meaning of this core paradigm of demographic analysis. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CAMBODIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | EXCESS MORTALITY | FERTILITY CHANGES | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | MARITAL FERTILITY | BABY BOOM | NUPTIALITY | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements Document Number: 317139 |
3.  Peer Reviewed Title: Australian Population Association Borrie Lecture 2006. The baby boom in New Zealand and other western developed countries. Author: Pool I Source: Journal of Population Research. 2007 Nov;24(2):141-161. Abstract: The Baby Boom was undoubtedly one of the more emblematic events of the twentieth century. As it was a distinctly demographic phenomenon, it has been dissected by some of the most distinguished of demographers. Yet its greatest influence is not in demography, but in fields like marketing, pop-psychology, and even gerontology: the Baby-Boomers rather than the generation currently at reproductive ages are blamed for structural ageing. This paper questions aspects of Baby-Boom mythology. It asks how it has been measured: a 'boom' suggests numerical volume, yet instead we measure flows. It questions whether the hegemonic model of the boom - the American one that has effectively delineated its parameters in Europe, Australasia and Japan, both among demographers and in the popular media - really does apply to other countries. It also asks whether or not Western Europe's limited surges in births really qualify as booms in the strict sense of the term. Finally, it raises questions more in the field of the sociology of knowledge: the way the Baby Boom mythology has spread often in the face of counterfactual evidence. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AUSTRALIA | NEW ZEALAND | RESEARCH REPORT | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | CHANGES | BABY BOOM | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | Developed Countries | Oceania | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements Document Number: 323896 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: The western fertility decline: Reflections from a chronological perspective. Author: Caldwell JC Source: Journal of Population Research. 2006 Nov;23(2):225-242. Abstract: The study of recent fertility trends in the West has been dominated by examinations of Europe. A better perspective on twentieth-century fertility movements can be gained by giving an equal emphasis to trends in the 'Offshoots' (USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand). This paper focuses on the periods of rapid fertility decline and to a greater extent on the intervening periods of nearequilibrium. It is suggested that the 'late twentieth century compromise' is more stable than is suggested by reports on its internal strains, and that only massive government intervention could raise fertility. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | BABY BOOM | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | FERTILITY DECLINE | BELOW REPLACEMENT FERTILITY | POPULATION THEORY | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Changes | Population Decrease | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 324029 |
| 5. Title: The effects of family policy in the former GDR on nuptiality and births outside marriage. Author: Salles A Source: Population-E. 2006 Jan-Apr;61(1-2):141-152. Abstract: Though the long-term impact of family policies on fertility is a subject of heated debate, there is no lack of evidence concerning their effects - often rapid - on the decisions made by families, who adapt their behaviour in accordance with government measures. The former GDR, where the government implemented an active family policy over a clearly delimited period, from the 1970s up to German reunification in 1990, is an interesting case in point. It resulted in the progressive emergence of an original pattern of family formation in the country, enabling individuals to draw maximum benefit from government aids. Through measures designed to increase the birth rate, the government primarily encouraged the development of non-marital births (as opposed to births within marriage) and of marriage. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GERMANY | LITERATURE REVIEW | RESEARCH REPORT | FAMILY POLICY | NUPTIALITY | ILLEGITIMACY | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | UNMARRIED | INCENTIVES | BABY BOOM | MARRIAGE AGE | Europe, Central | Europe | Developed Countries | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Problems | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Marital Status | Marriage Patterns | Marriage Document Number: 308396 |
| 6. Title: The influence of childbearing regional contexts on ideal family size in Europe. Author: Testa MR; Grilli L Source: Population-E. 2006 Jan-Apr;61(1-2):109-138. Abstract: It is widely agreed that understanding young people's preferences for ideal family size may shed light on future fertility levels. In the current context of low fertility across Europe, Maria Rita TESTA and Leonardo GRILLI look at the question in reverse. Using data from the 2001 Eurobarometer survey covering the 72 regions and 15 countries making up the European Union at that time, they reveal a strong association between young people's reported ideal family size and the fertility behaviours observed in the previous generation. Does this reflect the transmission of family norms, or a broader social learning process? Or could this be a durable cross-generational contextual effect which, after influencing the fertility of earlier cohorts, is now shaping the preferences of young people? As the authors themselves acknowledge, their data are unable to answer these questions. But with regard to the diffusion of fertility behaviour, their results offer a significant contribution in a challenging area ofresearch. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | YOUTH | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | TIME FACTORS | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | BABY BOOM | Developed Countries | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 308395 |
| 7. Title: Declining fertility among teenagers. Author: Population Reference Bureau [PRB] Source: [Washington, D.C.], PRB, 2002. 2 p. Abstract: Among the more developed countries, the US has one of the highest rates of teenage childbearing. At the height of the baby boom in 1957, there were 96.3 births/1000 women aged 15-19. The great majority of these births were to married women at the time of birth, although they often had not been married at the time of conception. The proportion has since been reversed with 21% of teen births are to married women. By 1999, a reduction was noted -about 49.6 live births/1000 women aged 15-19 from the recent peak of 62.1 births/1000 in 1991. The birth rate of women aged 15-17 also reached a low record in 1999 at 28.7/1000. However, despite the fertility decline among Black teenagers, their birthrates remain high compared with that of White teenagers. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | POPULATION PROJECTION | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | BLACKS | WHITES | BIRTH RATE | FERTILITY DECLINE | BABY BOOM | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Estimation Techniques | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Fertility Changes | Reproductive Behavior Document Number: 167944 |
| 8. Title: Why we don’t expect a baby boom after 9/11. Author: Haaga J Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], 2002 Sep. 3 p. Abstract: When it comes to predicting baby booms, historical analogies are not very useful. That is why, in the wake of the terrorist attacks last Sept. 11 in the United States, neither demographers nor anyone else can say what might happen to birth rates, because there has never been an event just like 9/11. Fertility rates have been rising at a modest rate for nearly two decades. Since the mid-nineteen eighties, fertility rates have crept up slowly to the replacement level, rising from 1.8 to just over 2.1 children per woman. Demographers have gotten used to predicting that next year's fertility rates will be just a shade more than this year's, with no sudden jumps or crashes. Most see no reason to change that rule of thumb now. A sudden event, even one as traumatic as the 9/11 attacks, seems unlikely to disrupt such a well established national trend. Many commentators have likened the terrorist attacks to the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, which also elicited a national reaction of surprise and anger. But after Pearl Harbor, millions of young men left home for three or more years; that by itself had both a demographic and an economic impact. Thousands of lives have been disrupted by the loss of a husband or wife in the 2001 attacks, and thousands of men and women have been deployed in the armed services for the war on terror — but not millions. For most Americans, the impact of 9/11 is indirect. We are still at home, still living with the same people, and still doing the same jobs as before 9/11. There is a folk memory or urban legend of a baby boomlet after the great blackout that affected the whole northeastern United States in 1965. There was no effect on fertility rates after that event, despite widespread stories of conceptions in stuck elevators and TV-less apartments. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | EVENT HISTORY ANALYSIS | BABY BOOM | FERTILITY RATE | FACTOR ANALYSIS | PREGNANCY | DECISION MAKING | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Analysis | Research Methodology | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Data Analysis | Reproduction | Behavior Document Number: 273380 |
| 9. Title: [How many children, how many brothers and sisters in the last hundred years?] Combien d'enfants, combien de freres et soeurs depuis cent ans? Author: Toulemon L Source: Population et Societes. 2001 Dec;(374):1-4. Abstract: After declining steadily between World War I and World War II, France’s overall total fertility rate (TFR) rose abruptly between 1945 and 1947, then remained elevated for 20 years before declining again after 1964. Since 1975, France’s TFR has remained relatively stable near 1.8 children per woman. The author examines the reproductive behaviors of different generations born during the 20th century. Women born in 1930, who were in their reproductive years during the baby boom, bore an average of 2.6 total children, 0.5 child more than women born in 1900 and 1950. Women born in subsequent generations during 1950-60 bore an average of 2.1 total children. Women born during 1940-45 were the youngest mothers of the century, bearing their children at mean age 26.1 years, compared to 28.4 years among women born in 1920. The end of the baby boom witnessed a declining number of large families, with parents instead favoring 2-child families. The author considers the impact of family planning development and use upon fertility control. Language: French Keywords: FRANCE | HISTORICAL REVIEW | BABY BOOM | FAMILY SIZE, COMPLETED | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | WAR | CHANGES | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Political Factors | Social Change Document Number: 165628 |
| 10. Title: Dutch baby boom as society adjusts to working mothers. Author: Weber W Source: Lancet. 2000 Sep 2;356(9232):837. Abstract: The number of births in the Netherlands is increasing fast since a low of 189,521 births in 1996. Last year there were more than 200,000 births for the first time since 1972, and this year will see an even higher number of newborns. According to the Central Bureau for Statistics (CBS) the cause is many fold. First, there is a booming economy with high consumer confidence. The opposing side of this phenomenon is graphically illustrated in Eastern Europe. The deteriorating economy has caused the fertility index--the average number of children per woman--in, for example, Romania to decrease from 2.5 in 1980 to 1.3 in 1999. By comparison the Netherlands has an index of 1.64. Other causes of the Netherland's boom include the emancipation of working mothers and an improvement in child day care services, suggest the CBS. At the end of the 1970s the number of births decreased dramatically: from 248,000 in 1969 to 178,000 in 1975. Now it seems that countries from north to south Europe are emerging from this "pill dip". For years the Scandinavian countries had the lowest fertility indexes in Europe. However, in the 1980s the index increased again and is now 1.84 for Norway and closely followed by Finland and Denmark. Jan Latten, from the CBS, attributes this current increase to the "fjormodel". "After the introduction of pill, women's emancipation grew with decreasing birth rates. As women entered the workforce en masse, society had to be reorganized to adjust to working mothers. As this has been done... the birth rate increased, because now employment and children may be combined more easily. Presently we are experiencing the same phenomenon". However the boom is not expected to last. In the next few years scientists predict that as a consequence of the 1970s "pill dip" the number of fertile women will drop dramatically. (full text) Language: English Keywords: NETHERLANDS | BIRTH RATE | BABY BOOM | EMPLOYMENT | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | MOTHERS | CHANGES | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Social Change Document Number: 151326 |
| 11. Title: Fertility cycles: a note on onset and periodicity. Author: Berry BJ Source: POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT. 1999 Nov;21(2):149-54. Abstract: This paper presents the response of the author to the objections raised to his conclusions in his earlier paper, which traced the fluctuations in the annual birth rate in Concord Massachusetts, from initial settlement in 1653 through 1993. The author addresses two objections: that there is no proof of post-1800 cyclicality, and that the possibility that there were similar baby boom-baby bust alterations around the secular decline in the birth rate between 1690 and 1800. Applying spectral analysis to the time series of annual birth rates from 1690 to 1800 and from 1801 to 1990, respectively, the author proved that baby boom-baby bust cyclicality existed in the town. Such cyclicality asserted itself in Concord as Massachusetts marketized in the first decade after independence and strengthened as the muting effects of late 19th century foreign immigration were relaxed during the 20th century. With regard to the dynamics of the Concordian fertility transition, it is therefore concluded that the more-than-halving of the birth rate during the eighteenth century was associated with the tightening of economic opportunity for young men within a self-sustaining agricultural economy. Language: English Keywords: MASSACHUSETTS | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | BIRTH RATE | ECONOMIC FACTORS | BABY BOOM | BABY BUST | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 146530 |
| 12. Title: The time is right: voluntary reduced worktime and workforce demographics. Author: Foot DK; Venne RA Source: CANADIAN STUDIES IN POPULATION. 1998;25(2):91-114. Abstract: This article reviews the literature on intergenerational conflicts with labor force groups and analyzed the Canadian labor force situation. A practical work force policy is possible. Generation X is defined as "baby boomers" whose large cohort size and placement meant economic disadvantage and limited opportunities to establish careers. Baby boomers were born during 1947-66 in Canada and 1946-64 in the US. "Baby busters" were born in the 1960s and 1970s and experienced better labor market options. New issues in the literature on the obligation to care for the elderly focus on the young being deprived of options because of the allocation of societal resources to the elderly. Intergenerational equity issues within the labor force, but not over social welfare, emerged in Canada. The complaint was that boomers took all the jobs, blocked promotions, slowed the rate of income growth, and promoted credentialism in the labor market. However, all ages experienced rising unemployment. Many boomers experienced disadvantage at the entry point. The most serious impact of economic disadvantage was experienced by Generation Xers who were late boomers and early busters. The disadvantage meant later marriage age and standard of living adjustments. Solutions are in training and education, work and job sharing, early retirement, periodic leaves of absence, and compulsory and voluntarily reduced workweeks. Survey findings suggest that supervisors and the organizational culture need to support workers and family-friendly policies. Savings from flex-time can be reinvested in securing workers instead of downsizing during downturns. Language: English Keywords: CANADA | LITERATURE REVIEW | LABOR FORCE | OLDER ADULTS | YOUTH | ECONOMIC POLICY | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | BABY BOOM | BABY BUST | North America, Northern | Americas | Developed Countries | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Adults | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Policy | Planning | Organization and Administration | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 141283 |
| 13. Title: [Women's jobs and marriage: baby-boom to baby-bust] Travail des femmes et mariage: du baby-boom au baby-bust. Author: Grossbard-Shechtman S; Granger CW Source: POPULATION. 1998 Jul-Aug;53(4):731-52. Abstract: US time series data on women's labor force participation are used to test the hypothesis that women born in years of rapid increases in the number of births, as in the first years of the baby boom, face a contracting marriage market and are more likely to enter the labor force, while women born in years of rapidly declining natality encounter a more favorable marriage market and are less likely to enter the labor force. Data are presented for six 5-year intervals between 1965 and 1990, for five cohorts aged 20-24, 25-29, 30-34, 35-39, and 40-44 years. Female activity rates rose during the entire period for all age classes except for women aged 20-24 years between 1985 and 1990. Activity rates for women born during 1946-50 rose more rapidly than for women of cohorts born earlier or later. Activity rates of women born in the 1960s increased more slowly. A series of regressions, with changes in female activity rates as the dependent variable and income, gross national product, and fertility held constant, appear to confirm the existence of cohort effects on female activity rates. Women of the early baby boom belong to a significantly larger cohort than their predecessors, which placed them in an unfavorable position in the marriage market. The relatively meager financial opportunities offered by marriage encouraged them to enter the labor market in greater numbers. Further studies are needed to determine whether similar cohort effects on female activity rates occur in other countries. French Abstract: Des données des États-Unies sur la participation des femmes au marché du travail sont utilisées pour tester l'hypothèse que les femmes qui sont nées dans des années de forte croissance au nombre de naissances, comme dans les premières années du baby-boom, sont plus probables d'entrer dans le marché de travail face à un marché de mariage qui est en train de se contracter. Par contre, les femmes qui sont nées dans des années d'une forte diminution au nombre de naissances se trouvent dans un bon marché de mariage et, donc, elles sont moins probables d'entrer dans le marché de travail. Les données sont présentées pour six périodes de cinq ans chacune de 1965 à 1990, pour cinq cohortes âgées de 20 à 24 ans, de 25 à 29 ans, de 30 à 34 ans, de 35 à 39 ans, et de 40 à 44 ans. Les taux d'activité chez les femmes se sont accrus pendant la période entière pour toutes les classes d'âge sauf pour les femmes âgées de 20 à 24 ans entre 1985 et 1990. Les taux d'activité pour les femmes qui sont nées entre 1946 et 1950 se sont accrus plus vite que pour les femmes des cohortes qui sont nées soit plus tôt soit plus tard. Les taux d'activité pour les femmes qui sont nées dans les années 1960 se sont accrus moins vite. Une série de régressions, avec les changements aux taux d'activité des femmes comme la variable dépendante et le revenu, le produit industriel brut, et la fécondité gardés constants, semble confirmer l'existence des effets de cohorte sur les taux d'activité des femmes. Les femmes du premier baby-boom s'appartiennent à une cohorte qui est significativement plus grande que celle de leurs ancêtres, qui les ont placées dans une plutôt mauvaise situation vis-à-vis du marché de mariage. Les peu d'opportunités financières que le mariage offre ces femmes les ont encouragées de participer au marché de travail dans de plus grands nombres. Il faut continuer avec des enquêtes additionnelles pour déterminer si des effets de cohorte semblables sur les taux d'activité des femmes existent aussi dans d'autres pays. Language: French Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | MARRIAGE | LABOR FORCE | EMPLOYMENT | BABY BOOM | BABY BUST | WOMEN | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Nuptiality | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 138635 |
| 14. Title: Britain's population: demographic issues in contemporary society. Author: Jackson S Source: New York, New York, Routledge, 1998. xi, 158 p. Abstract: This study is concerned with the changing structure, organization, and trends of Britain's population and their implications. There are chapters on sources of population data, methods of demographic analysis, Britain's population history, recent trends in fertility and mortality, migration and the geography of the population, and population issues of the 1990s. Particular attention is given to the baby-boom generation of the 1960s and to the implications of the demographic bulge that it caused. The relation of such issues as the plight of single mothers, the problem of funding pensioners, and the future of the welfare state to demographic trends is noted. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | POPULATION DYNAMICS | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | HISTORICAL REVIEW | FERTILITY | MORTALITY | MIGRATION | POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | BABY BOOM | SOCIAL WELFARE | ONE PARENT FAMILY | OLD AGE SECURITY | CHANGES | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Demographic Factors | Population | Geographic Factors | Economic Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Microeconomic Factors | Social Change Document Number: 254940 |
| 15. Title: Geographic mobility and the baby boom. Author: Longino CF Source: GENERATIONS. 1998 Spring;22(1):60-4. Abstract: The author discusses potential trends in geographic mobility among members of the U.S. baby-boom generation. Aspects considered include age-related mortality patterns, pre-baby boom mobility, reification of the baby boom, and approaches to retirement mobility. (ANNOTATION) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | BABY BOOM | INTERNAL MIGRATION | AGE FACTORS | POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | RETIREMENT | CHANGES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migration | Population Characteristics | Geographic Factors | Employment Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Change Document Number: 257084 |
| 16. Title: Facts and figures about the baby boom. Author: Morgan DL Source: GENERATIONS. 1998 Spring;22(1):10-5. Abstract: "This article will consider the broad question, What kinds of things can we learn about the aging of the baby boom through available data? The article is thus organized around four basic themes that can be readily investigated: 1. What were the origins of the baby boom generation? 2. How will the U.S. population change with the aging of the baby boom? 3. How does the baby boom compare to other generations? [and] 4. What are important differences within the baby boom generation?" (EXCERPT) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | BABY BOOM | AGE DISTRIBUTION CHANGES | GENERATIONS | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | BIRTH RATE | FERTILITY RATE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Distribution | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Studies | Research Methodology | Fertility Measurements Document Number: 257085 |
| 17. Title: Facts and figures about the baby boom. Author: Morgan DL Source: Generations. 1998 Spring;22(1):10-5. Abstract: This article discusses several facts and figures about the baby boom generation, based on a volume of available data produced by government agencies and other sources. It is organized around four basic themes: 1) origins of the baby boom; 2) changes in the US population; 3) the baby boom compared to other generations; and 4) differences within the baby boom generation. Overall, it is noted that the baby boom is immediately apparent as a bulge in both the number of births and the rate at which women 15-44 were giving birth during the 20th century. In terms of absolute numbers, this generation is virtually guaranteed to have a major impact on the nature of aging and old age in the US. However, additional investigation is needed for the themes of intergenerational differences and heterogeneity within the baby boom. With regard to intergenerational differences, there is a need to limit intergenerational comparisons to the older generation. In terms of heterogeneity, there is a need to consider the intersection of age, gender, race, and class in the operation of heterogeneity. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CENSUS METHODS | DATA ANALYSIS | BABY BOOM | HETEROGENEITY | POPULATION DYNAMICS | GENERATIONS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Census | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Fertility | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Family Characteristics | Family and Household Document Number: 162975 |
| 18. Title: Making it on their own: the baby boom meets Generation X. Author: Paulin G; Riordon B Source: MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 1998 Feb;121(2):10-21. Abstract: "This article examines various measures of economic well-being for 18- to 29-year-old single persons in three periods: 1972-73 (Boomers I), 1984-85 (Boomers II), and 1994-95 (Generation X). Using data from the [U.S.] Consumer Expenditure Survey, it analyzes differences in incomes and spending patterns to see how, if at all, these measures have changed, and how today's young singles are indeed `making it on their own'." (EXCERPT) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | GENERATIONS | BABY BOOM | ECONOMIC CONDITIONS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | INCOME | SOCIAL WELFARE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 256265 |
| 19. Title: The retirement prospects of the baby boom generation. Author: Radner DB Source: SOCIAL SECURITY BULLETIN. 1998;61(1):3-19. Abstract: "In this article, the financial prospects of [U.S.] baby boomers in their elderly years are examined.... The article attempts to draw together and summarize results from several different sources, primarily from analyses that focus on the baby boom generation itself.... Two important general points are made in this article. First, there is a great deal of diversity within the baby boom generation now and it is expected that there will continue to be substantial diversity when retirement age is reached.... Second, all projections of the economic status of baby boomers in retirement are subject to a great deal of uncertainty." (EXCERPT) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | BABY BOOM | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | OLDER ADULTS | RETIREMENT | POPULATION PROJECTION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Adults | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Employment Status | Estimation Techniques | Research Methodology Document Number: 256126 |
| 20. Title: America the wise: the longevity revolution and the true wealth of nations. Author: Roszak T Source: New York, New York, Houghton Mifflin, 1998. 272 p. Abstract: The author investigates the aging of the baby boom generation in the United States. "Beginning with a spirited defense of senior entitlements, Roszak says that the maturing of America offers an unprecedented opportunity to remake our society.... He includes an incisive account of the dramatic role that biotechnology will play in treating disease and slowing and reversing the aging process. Above all, he envisions the ability to prolong productive and fulfilling lives as a paramount historical achievement rather than a recipe for fiscal disaster. The longevity revolution will force Americans to rethink their attitudes toward death and life, competition and cooperation, wealth and well-being." (EXCERPT) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | OLDER ADULTS | AGE DISTRIBUTION CHANGES | BABY BOOM | SOCIAL WELFARE | TECHNOLOGY | LIFE EXPECTANCY | QUALITY OF LIFE | ATTITUDES | CHANGES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Adults | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Age Distribution | Fertility | Economic Factors | Length of Life | Mortality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Social Change Document Number: 256435 |
| 21. Title: Population growth and social security: the Ponzi path to dystopia. Executive summary. Author: Simcox D Source: Washington, D.C., Negative Population Growth [NPG], [1998]. [2] p. (Why Population Matters) Abstract: This summary focuses on the impact of population aging on the US Social Security System (SSS) and possible solutions to long-term solvency of the SSS. The beginning of retirement of about 95 million baby boomers will occur in 2013. By 2032 the SSS Trust Fund will be exhausted. The author states that schemes to increase population growth through immigration and pronatalism would be destructive, self-defeating, and nonsustainable if workers pay in less than they take out. The average net contribution of immigration to the SSS is weakened by low wages, higher public assistance costs, higher rates of tax evasion, and a progressive system of SSS benefits. The number of workers aged 18-64 years to elderly aged 65 years and older is expected to decline from 4.8 to 2.7 to 1.0 during 2000-2050. Population growth would need to reach 607 million by 2050, instead of the projected 392 million, to maintain a 4:1 ratio. A large population size would require greater immigration and higher foreign-born birthrates. A disadvantage of increased immigration is the prospect of retirement for over 80 million in 2060, due to the addition of over 80 million workers in 2030. The long term health of the SSS will require a combination of increased contributions, decreased benefits, and reduced future low paying claimants. The US needs to provide incentives for more frequent and longer labor force participation among women, changes in pronatalist incentives in the tax code, more selective immigration, and greater sponsor support for immigrants aged over 50 years. The US must recognize the value of retraining and employing the elderly. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SUMMARY REPORT | ZERO POPULATION GROWTH | POPULATION GROWTH | SOCIAL SECURITY | OLDER ADULTS | BABY BOOM | FUNDS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Population Size | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Adults | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Fertility Document Number: 137396 |
| 22. Title: Social security: the Ponzi path to dystopia. Author: Simcox D Source: NPG FORUM. 1998 Oct;:1-8. Abstract: This article challenges the Ben Wattenberg view that Social Security solvency in the US is related to population growth. Population growth would only delay the problem and future sustainability and aggravate demographic and environmental conditions. The Social Security Trust Fund needs a remedy before 2013 and 2032. Revenues will only pay for 70-77% of benefits paid out to the elderly. Population size would need to increase by an additional 200 million to reach 600 million by 2050 in order to balance the ratio of workers to elderly. In 2013, 22.2% of immigrants and 19.1% of native population will be aged 65 years and older. The author shows population projections to 2050 to show the impact of increased immigration and a 4:1 ratio of working age to elderly persons. The pace of growth and the size of the growth would strain social resources, management ability, and infrastructure. Immigrants' low wages would not satisfy the trust income deficit. A doubling of the immigrant labor force by 2040 would also require an additional capital investment of over $20 trillion for equipment and training. The tripling of new immigrants since 1995 could increase immigration of aged parents. Solvency may be reached through policy shifts that would encourage more women to work for longer periods, eliminate pronatalist taxes, limit immigration to under 200,000 yearly, deter non-self-sufficient, unproductive immigrants, restrict immigration of those aged over 50 years, end evasion of Social Security taxes in the informal economy, charge user fees for sponsorship or employment of foreign workers, and deny retirement credits for those ineligible to work in the US. Policies should allow seniors to work. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SUMMARY REPORT | SOCIAL SECURITY | OLDER ADULTS | POPULATION GROWTH | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | IMMIGRANTS | BABY BOOM | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Adults | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Migration | Migrants | Fertility Document Number: 137391 |
| 23. Title: Case management for the baby boom generation: a strengths perspective. Author: Tice C; Perkins K Source: JOURNAL OF CASE MANAGEMENT. 1998 Spring;7(1):31-6. Abstract: In order to truly understand the challenges and opportunities for case management services in the years ahead, the 76 million people born between 1946 and 1964 must be considered. The population group's large and unprecedented size demands a re-examination of the social contracts currently in place between individuals, families, society, and government. This paper examines the baby boom generation as future clients of case management services. Demographics, issues, and trends associated with the generation are noted to suggest how case management services can support their anticipated service needs as they age. The characteristics of the baby boom generation are first reviewed, followed by consideration of economic uncertainty, lifelong educational needs, extended retirement, various family structures, and older people as resources with regard to the boom generation. Case management issues considered include referrals, assessment, program planning, evaluation, and closure. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | BABY BOOM | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | NEEDS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors Document Number: 139210 |
| 24. Title: Support for baby-boom retirees--not to worry. Author: Vatter HG; Walker JF Source: JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ISSUES. 1998 Mar;32(1):79-86. Abstract: Flaws in the discussion of the baby-boom retiree problem make the Social Security problem seem worse than it really is. Problems include the overwhelming emphasis upon fiscal and related financial aspects at the expense of consideration of the output of goods and services, and the almost total neglect of projected real income and productivity rises. Rather, baby-boom retirees can be coped with on the basis of hypothetically reasonable projected magnitudes. It is currently being argued that the future US economy cannot provide Social Security support for the upcoming baby-boom retirees. However, people who support such an argument fail to consider the main determinant of capacity to support. That determinant is the historically established rise in productivity as expressed in per capita output or output per hour of the employed population. Maintaining Social Security pension support through 2030 involves little to no strain upon society, while abolishing such support would cause considerable strain. The authors describe who Social Security supports now and in the future, and explain the capacity of US society to fund Social Security in the decades ahead. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | BABY BOOM | RETIREMENT | FUNDS | SOCIAL SECURITY | OLD AGE SECURITY | OLDER ADULTS | PRODUCTIVITY | INCOME | CHANGES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Employment Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Financial Activities | Government Financing | Microeconomic Factors | Adults | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Economic Development | Social Change Document Number: 140711 |
| 25. Title: Boomers enter the golden fifties. Author: Vatter RH Source: STATISTICAL BULLETIN. 1998 Jan-Mar;79(1):2-9. Abstract: The author discusses the impact of the aging of the baby boom generation in the United States. Aspects considered include ethnic diversity, labor force participation and retirement planning, and earning capacity and spending patterns. (ANNOTATION) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | AGE DISTRIBUTION | BABY BOOM | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | ETHNIC GROUPS | LABOR FORCE | RETIREMENT | INCOME | EXPENDITURES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Cultural Background | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Employment Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Financial Activities Document Number: 255003 |
| 26. Title: [United States: from the crisis of the family to demographic aging] Les Etats-Unis: de la crise de la famille au vieillissement demographique. Author: Ahlburg DA Source: In: La population du monde: enjeux et problemes, edited by Jean-Claude Chasteland and Jean-Claude Chesnais. Paris, France, Institut National d'Etudes Demographiques [INED], 1997. :135-47. (Travaux et Documents Cahier No. 139) Abstract: The high fertility levels of the baby boom caused the US s population to grow rapidly during the 1950s. When that fertility began to fall during the 1960s and 1970s, the national rate of population growth also declined. Despite a slight rise in total fertility in 1993, this fertility decline continued such that the US s population grew by only 1% per year rather than the 1.7% annual rate observed during the baby boom. The US Bureau of the Census projects that the country s rate of demographic growth will continue to decline to reach 0.8% in 2010 and 0.6% in 2030. Demographic changes experienced in the US since World War II are described. Changes in the US family s formation and structure, immigration, and the aging of the US s population will be problematic for the US during the 21st century. Family changes and demographic aging are discussed. In its projections of 1989, the US Census Bureau foresaw a declining US population size from 2038. However, since 1992, the bureau has published a new series of projections predicting that the US population will grow to 252 million in 1991 and to 383 million in 2050. The future of the US s population is considered. French Abstract: La population des Etats-Unis a connu une forte croissance dans les années 50 grâce surtout à la fécondité élevée du « baby boom ». Quand cette fécondité s'est mise à baisser, pendant les années 60 et 70, le taux de croissance de la population sur le niveau national a aussi ralenti. Malgré une légère remontée dans le niveau de fécondité totale en 1993, ce ralentissement persistait à un tel degré que la population d'Etats-Unis n'augmentait plus que de 1% par an au lieu de 1,7% pendant les années du « baby boom ». Dans ses projections, le Bureau du Recensement des Etats-Unis prévoit que la croissance démographique continuera à fléchir pour atteindre un niveau de 0,8% en 2010 et 0,6% en 2030. Les changements démographiques vus aux Etats-Unis depuis la deuxième guerre mondiale sont décrits. Les changements dans la formation et la structure de la famille aux Etats-Unis, l'immigration, et le vieillissement de la population des Etats-Unis seront problématiques pour le pays pendant le vingt et unième siècle. Les changements familiaux et le vieillissement de la population sont discutés. Dans ses projections de 1989, le Bureau du Recensement des Etats-Unis prévoit une réduction de la taille de la population des Etats-Unis depuis 2038. Mais, dès 1992, le bureau a publié une nouvelle série de projections qui prévoient que la population des Etats-Unis croîtra de 252 millions en 1991 à 383 millions en 2050. L'auteur considère l'avenir de la population des Etats Unis. Language: French Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | BABY BOOM | POPULATION GROWTH | POPULATION SIZE | POPULATION PROJECTION | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | MIGRATION | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | CHANGES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Estimation Techniques | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Social Change Document Number: 134404 |
| 27. Title: [Fluctuations in relative income and the baby boom in the United States] Fluctuations du revenu relatif et "baby-boom" aux USA. Author: Bourcier de Carbon P Source: POPULATION ET AVENIR. 1997 Nov-Dec;(635):2-6. Abstract: This work argues that fluctuations in relative income of young adults in the US after World War II coincided with the dramatically increased fertility of the baby boom and were probably a significant determining factor in its occurrence and eventual interruption. The US total fertility rate declined rapidly in the early 20th century, from 3.8 in 1900 to 2.44 in 1929 and 2.24 in 1935-36. Fertility was below replacement level in 1932-39. Its spectacular recovery from the early 1940s culminated in the year 1957, with a total fertility rate of 3.77. Fertility declined rapidly again in the late 1960s and attained its low point in 1976, with a total fertility rate of 1.74. It has slowly increased since then, especially with the arrival of increasing numbers of high-fertility immigrants from Latin America beginning in the late 1980s. Although per capita gross national product in the US rose dramatically between 1929 and 1994, income distribution also changed, as did the relative income from wages and salaries of workers under 40 years old. From the end of World War II until the late 1950s, the wage and salary income of young workers increased more rapidly than did that of older workers, so that younger workers were at an advantage during the years of the baby boom. Young workers also benefited from federal programs such as Fulbright scholarships, home loan programs, and veterans benefits. Transfer payments for pensions and higher interest rates progressively improved the position of older workers, and younger workers faced a loss of relative income in the 1960s and 1970s that coincided with the end of the baby boom and that quite likely was a causative factor. With the progressive aging of the US population, the relative loss of income of younger workers will probably intensify and be joined by a relative loss of political power, as the proportion of the electorate in the prime childbearing years shrinks further. French Abstract: Cette oeuvre constate que les fluctuations du revenu relatif des jeunes adultes aux États-Unis après la deuxième guerre mondiale se sont passées au même temps que la fécondité s'est élevée pour générer le baby-boom et elles étaient probablement un facteur déterminant significatif de tous les deux la hausse de fécondité et sa diminution éventuelle. Le taux de fécondité totale aux États-Unis a vite diminué au début du vingtième siècle, de 3,8 en 1900 à 2,44 en 1929 et 2,24 en 1935-36. Le niveau de fécondité était de moins de deux entre 1932 et 1939. La rehausse spectaculaire de la fécondité du début des années 1940 s'est terminée en 1957, avec le taux de fécondité totale de 3,77. De nouveau, la fécondité a vite diminué vers la fin des années 1960s, pour atteindre son plus bas niveau en 1976 d'un taux de fécondité totale de 1,74. Depuis 1976, le taux de fécondité est monté lentement, surtout avec l'arrivée d'un nombre montant d'immigrants de haute fécondité d'Amérique Latine dès la fin des années 1980. Bien que le produit national brut par tête aux États-Unis ait augmenté d'une manière dramatique entre 1929 et 1994, la distribution de revenu a aussi changé, aussi bien que le revenu relatif des salaires et de la paie des ouvriers qui avaient moins de 40 ans. Dès la fin de la deuxième guerre mondiale jusqu'a la fin des années 1950, le revenu des salaires et des gages des jeunes travailleurs a augmenté plus rapidement que cela des travailleurs qui étaient plus âgés, pour mettre à l'avantage les jeunes travailleurs pendant les années du baby-boom. Les jeunes travailleurs ont aussi gagné des programmes fédéraux comme les bourses de Fulbright, les programmes de prêts pour acheter les maisons, et les bénéfices aux vétérans de la guerre. Les paiements de transferts pour les pensions et de plus hauts taux d'intérêts ont progressivement amélioré la situation des travailleurs qui étaient relativement plus âgés, pendant que les jeunes travailleurs ont subi une perte de revenu relatif dans les années 1960 et 1970 qui a coïncidé avec la fin du baby-boom et qui a été probablement un facteur déterminant. Avec le vieillissement progressif de la population des États-Unis, la perte relative de revenu des jeunes travailleurs s'empirera dans toute probabilité et se joindra avec une perte relative de pouvoir politique en accord avec la diminution continuelle de la proportion de la population votante qui seront dans leurs années de pointe pour reproduire. Language: French Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | HISTORICAL REVIEW | BABY BOOM | BABY BUST | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | INCOME DISTRIBUTION | WAGES | AGE FACTORS | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | CHANGES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Income | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Population Characteristics | Social Change Document Number: 133119 |
| 28. Title: Migration and the life course: is there a retirement transition? Author: Bures RM Source: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POPULATION GEOGRAPHY. 1997 Jun;3(2):109-19. Abstract: "This paper focuses on pre-elderly (ages 55-64) net migration in the United States for the period 1980-90, to explore the hypothesis that there exists a `retirement transition' that characterizes pre-elderly migration....This research uses ordinary least squares regression to compare the effects of demographic, economic, and amenity factors on county-level net migration rates for five age groups: the young (25-44), the middle-aged (45-54), the pre-elderly (55-64), the young-old (65-74), and the old-old (75+). Pre-elderly migration patterns emerge as distinct from those of both younger and older age groups. Their net migration patterns are not fully shaped by labour force considerations. At the same time, pre-elderly migration appears to be driven by factors beyond retirement. These findings are discussed in the context of life-course change and their implications for the ageing baby-boom cohorts [considered]." (EXCERPT) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | INTERNAL MIGRATION | AGE FACTORS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | RETIREMENT | LIFE CYCLE | BABY BOOM | LABOR FORCE | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Studies | Research Methodology | Employment Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Family Research | Family and Household | Fertility | Human Resources Document Number: 162389 |
| 29. Title: Demographic cycle effects on migration timing and the delayed mobility phenomenon. Author: Pandit K Source: GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS. 1997 Jul;29(3):187-99. Abstract: "This paper examines the effect of a [U.S.] cohort's size and position in the demographic cycle on the timing of migration during the young, labor force years.... This study...proposes a methodology that separates the examination of migration levels from that of migration timing. Analyses using Current Population Survey data show that members of small cohorts tend to move earlier on in their life cycle than members of large cohorts. Reconstructed age-schedules of migration for large and small cohorts support the existence of `delayed mobility' among baby boomers." (EXCERPT) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | INTERNAL MIGRATION | COHORT ANALYSIS | TIME FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | LIFE CYCLE | BABY BOOM | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Family Research | Family and Household | Fertility Document Number: 254504 |
| 30. Title: Handbook of population and family economics. Volume 1B. Author: Rosenzweig MR; Stark O Source: Amsterdam, Netherlands, Elsevier Science, 1997. [714] p. (Handbooks in Economics 14) Abstract: This is Volume 1B of 2 handbooks which are a reference for professionals studying family economics. Chapters are written by a variety of authors, who summarize the frontier knowledge of research, new theoretical developments, and existing evidence on each topic. Four chapters relate to migration issues, three chapters relate to population aging issues, and three chapters relate to population change and economic growth issues. Michael J. Greenwood discusses internal migration in developing countries. Robert E.B. Lucas furthers the discussion of internal migration by focusing on migration flows and the effects on production and inequality. Robert J. Lalonde and Robert H. Topel discuss assimilation and labor market adjustments to international migration. Assaf Razin and Efraim Sadka focus on the volume of migration, beneficial labor mobility, and migration in the presence of wage rigidity. Michael D. Hurd discusses retirement, savings, and the economic status of the elderly. David N. Weil discusses the economics of population aging and aging in a life cycle model. David Lam focuses on income inequality, assortative mating, and the impact of population growth on inequality. Ronald D. Lee focuses on population equilibrium, baby booms as population renewal, population cycles, and economic responses to population changes. Marc Nerlove and Lakshmi K. Raut discuss growth models and the microeconomics of parental investments in children. James A. Robinson and T.N. Srinivasan summarize neoclassical growth and models of endogenous fertility/mortality with technical change. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MANUAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | ECONOMIC CONDITIONS | POPULATION DYNAMICS | DEMOGRAPHY | INTERNAL MIGRATION | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | RETIREMENT | OLDER ADULTS | SAVINGS | LIFE CYCLE | THEORETICAL MODELS | SOCIAL SECURITY | INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSFERS | INEQUALITIES | INCOME | BABY BOOM | TECHNOLOGY | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Sciences | Migration | Employment Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Adults | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Family Research | Research Methodology | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Microeconomic Factors | Fertility | Economic Development Document Number: 131904 |
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