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Title: Risk factors for deep vein thrombosis in women aged 18 to 50: a retrospective analysis.
Author: Binder B; Lackner HK; Salmhofer W; Hofmann-Wellenhof R
Source: Dermatologic Surgery. 2009 Mar;35(3):451-6.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) occurs in one of every 1,000 individuals per year. Various inherited and acquired risk factors are known. We investigated the importance of oral contraceptives (OCs) as a risk factor in women of child-bearing age. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the risk factors for DVT in a female patient collective. METHODS: We analyzed the records of 99 women aged 18 to 50 with DVT. We documented age, identifiable risk factor of DVT, location of the thrombus, use of OCs, and thrombophilia. RESULTS: 52.5% of patients suffering from DVT were aged between 40-50 years. Forty-six patients had an unprovoked DVT; the most common risk factor was immobilization in 41. Thrombophilia was found in 18 cases. Twenty-nine patients used OCs; no influence of OCs on any of the other risk factors was found. CONCLUSIONS: In our patient group, the most important risk factors were older age and immobilization. DVT is typically idiopathic and may be caused by subtle nondetectable thrombophilic disorders. The use of OCs was distributed in DVT patients just as in the general Austrian community and seems not to be a severe additional risk factor. Examining the whole lower extremity during ultrasonography is important so as not to overlook a DVT of the lower leg.
Language: English
Keywords:
AUSTRIA | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | PREGNANT WOMEN | THROMBOSIS | AGE FACTORS | RISK FACTORS | Developed Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Thromboembolism | Embolism | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | Health
Document Number: 331221

2.
Title: Consequences of thrombophilia screening for life quality in women before prescription of oral contraceptives and family members of VTE patients.
Author: Eichinger S
Source: Hamostaseologie. 2009 Feb;29(1):110-1.
Abstract: A large number of hereditary and acquired alterations in the coagulation system that are associated with an increased risk of venous thrombosis have been described. Screening for these thrombophilic defects has become particularly popular in women before the prescription of oral contraceptives. The relevance of the results with regard to the management of the patients remains, however, to be questioned. In a recent review of six articles that were aimed to determine the nature and extent of psychological impact of thrombophilia screening, no valid conclusions could be drawn about the psychological impact due to heterogeneity of the data and lack of methodological accuracy. We performed a questionnaire-based study in 247 women with and in 132 women without factor V Leiden who were referred for factor V Leiden testing before oral contraceptive intake. A large proportion (76%) of the women reported being emotionally disturbed by genetic testing. 16% of women with wildtype factor V were discouraged from OC use, while 3% of women with factor V Leiden were encouraged to take OC. This indicates that recommendations after testing are not consistently driven by the test result, which compromises the quality of patient care. Given the large number of women who are taking oral contraceptives unequivocal guidelines for counseling prior to their prescription are urgently needed. These guidelines should integrate the risks and benefits of oral contraceptives but also the impact of screening on quality of life and aspects of counselling.
Language: English
Keywords:
AUSTRIA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | COUNSELING | THROMBOSIS | RISK FACTORS | SCREENING | GENETIC TECHNIQUES | EMOTIONS | QUALITY OF LIFE | Developed Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Thromboembolism | Embolism | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | Health | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Social Welfare | Economic Factors
Document Number: 329794

Peer Reviewed

Title: Change and stability in parent-child contact in five western countries.
Author: Kalmijn M; de Vries J
Source: European Journal of Population. 2009 Aug;25(3):257-276.
Abstract: Although much is known about changes in the conjugal family, little is known about trends in contact between parents and adult (independently living) children. Using unique survey data, we study changes in contact with the mother and the father in five western countries over a 15-year period (Austria, West Germany, Great Britain, the United States, and Italy). We describe changes and we examine the role of compositional changes in the trend. We find no evidence for a decline in intergenerational contact, in contrast to notions of individualism. In two countries, there has been an increase in contact with the mother and in three countries no net trend is observed. Contact with the father has not changed. Other forms of contact (e.g., telephone contact) have increased. Some compositional changes have had a downward pressure on the trend, leading to a decline in contact (i.e., rising education, declining church attendance), but these pressures have been compensated by counteracing compositional changes (declining sibsize) and by behavioral changes.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | GERMANY | AUSTRIA | ITALY | RESEARCH REPORT | PARENTS | CHILDREN | FAMILY LIFE | BONDING | CHANGES | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | North America | Americas | Europe, Central | Europe, Southern | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Interpersonal Relations | Behavior | Social Change
Document Number: 339897

Title: Are oral contraceptive use and menstrual cycle phase related to anterior cruciate ligament injury risk in female recreational skiers?
Author: Ruedl G; Ploner P; Linortner I; Schranz A; Fink C; Sommersacher R; Pocecco E; Nachbauer W; Burtscher M
Source: Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2009 Mar 31;
Abstract: Oral contraceptive use and menstrual cycle phase are suggested to influence the risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in female athletes. However, only few data are available for recreational sports. Therefore, female recreational skiers with a non-contact ACL injury and age-matched controls completed a self-reported questionnaire relating to menstrual history, oral contraceptive use and previous knee injuries. Menstrual history data were used to group subjects into either preovulatory or postovulatory phases of menstrual cycle. Our findings suggest that oral contraceptive use did not show any protective effect against ACL injuries nor did self-reported previous knee injuries show any association with ACL injury rate in recreational alpine skiing. Analysis of menstrual history data revealed that recreational skiers in the preovulatory phase were significantly more likely to sustain an ACL injury than were skiers in the postovulatory phase.
Language: English
Keywords:
AUSTRIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | WOMEN | ATHLETES | SPORTS | LEISURE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES | RISK FACTORS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | PREVALENCE | Developed Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Social Behavior | Behavior | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Menstruation | Reproduction | Health | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Measurement
Document Number: 330925

Peer Reviewed

Title: Suppression of ovarian function by a combined oral contraceptive containing 0.02 mg ethinyl estradiol and 2 mg chlormadinone acetate given in a 24/4-day intake regimen over three cycles.
Author: Spona J; Binder N; Hoschen K; Feichtinger W
Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2009 Aug 24;
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe the suppression of ovarian function with 0.02 mg ethinyl E(2)-2 mg chlormadinone acetate administered in a 24/4-day intake regimen in healthy women. DESIGN: Open, uncontrolled, multiple dosing, phase II trial. SETTING: Single clinic. PATIENT(S): Forty women treated. INTERVENTION(S): Treatment for up to three cycles with 0.02 mg ethinyl E(2)-2 mg chlormadinone acetate given in a 24/4-day regimen. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Assessments of ovarian function classified by the Hoogland and Skouby score, thickness of endometrium, cervical reaction, and sex hormone levels, as well as overall tolerability. RESULT(S): No ovulation was observed in the per protocol set (N = 36), and one in the full analysis set (N = 38) after vomiting and diarrhea. Absence of ovarian activity, residual ovarian activity, and formation of a luteinized unruptured follicle were observed in 75.0%, 15.9%, and 1.1% of medication cycles, respectively. Endometrial thickness was suppressed to 4 to 5 mm compared with 10 to 12 mm without medication. Cervical reaction was negative. Hormone levels were lower with medication than without, and the medication was well tolerated. Treatment-related adverse events were typical of those associated with hormonal contraceptive use. CONCLUSION(S): Follicular development, cervical reaction, and endometrial thickness were suppressed profoundly after 0.02 mg ethinyl E(2)-2 mg chlormadinone acetate administration in a 24/4-day regimen, resulting in inhibition of ovulation and unfavorable conditions for fertilization, implantation, and thus pregnancy.
Language: English
Keywords:
AUSTRIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | OVARIAN EFFECTS | Developed Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Ovary | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 342590

Peer Reviewed

Title: Implanon versus medroxyprogesterone acetate: effects on pain scores in patients with symptomatic endometriosis--a pilot study.
Author: Walch K; Unfried G; Huber J; Kurz C; van Trotsenburg M; Pernicka E; Wenzl R
Source: Contraception. 2009 Jan;79(1):29-34.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Implanon has been reported to be effective in the treatment of dysmenorrhea. We compared the therapeutic efficacies of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) and Implanon with regard to pain relief in women with endometriosis. STUDY DESIGN: In a clinical research center at a university hospital, 41 patients with dysmenorrhea, nonmenstrual pelvic pain and dyspareunia associated with histologically proven endometriosis were included in an open, prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Twenty-one women were assigned by computer-generated randomization to receive Implanon, and 20 women to receive DMPA. As main outcome measures of this pilot study, we evaluated pain improvement quantified according to visual analog scale score, side effects, vaginal bleeding patterns, withdrawal rate and overall degree of satisfaction. RESULTS: During a follow-up period of 1 year, we ascertained a clear improvement in pain intensity for both treatment options. After 6 months, the average decrease in pain was 68% in the Implanon group and 53% in the DMPA group. The side-effects profile and the overall degree of satisfaction after study termination were comparable for both treatment options. CONCLUSION: Concerning pain relief, the therapeutic efficacy of the contraceptive implant Implanon is not inferior to that of DMPA in symptomatic endometriosis.
Language: English
Keywords:
AUSTRIA | NETHERLANDS | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN | ENDOMETRIOSIS | PAIN | PELVIC INFECTIONS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE | TREATMENT | Developed Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Europe, Western | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Signs and Symptoms | Infections | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 330538

Peer Reviewed

Title: The emotional impact of genetic testing and aspects of counseling prior to prescription of oral contraceptives.
Author: Gartner V; Weber M; Eichinger S
Source: Contraception. 2008 Nov;78(5):392-8.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Oral contraceptives increase the thrombotic risk in women with factor V Leiden. Emotional aspects of genetic testing prior to the prescription of oral contraceptives (OC), aspects of counseling and referral patterns are widely unknown. STUDY DESIGN: Two hundred forty-seven women with and 132 women without factor V Leiden were interviewed by questionnaire. RESULTS: One hundred sixty-one women (65%) with factor V Leiden and 63 (48%) with wild-type factor V responded. One hundred seventy-one women (76%) reported being emotionally disturbed by genetic testing. Eighty percent of women with factor V Leiden and 16% of women with wild-type factor V were discouraged from OC use. Three percent of women with factor V Leiden were encouraged to take OC. Forty-one percent of women with factor V Leiden used at least one hormone contraceptive method after diagnosis. Only 46 women (29%) with factor V Leiden were counseled about the relevance of the mutation in case of pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: Testing for factor V Leiden has considerable emotional impact. Recommendations after testing are not consistently driven by the test result.
Language: English
Keywords:
AUSTRIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN | EMOTIONS | GENETICS | GENETIC COUNSELING | TESTING | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | PRESCRIPTIONS | HEREDITARY DISEASES | FEAR | STRESS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, CONTRAINDICATIONS | Developed Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Biology | Counseling | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Measurement | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Distributional Activities | Diseases | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health
Document Number: 329150

Peer Reviewed

Title: Austria: Persistent low fertility since the mid-1980s.
Author: Prskawetz A; Sobotka T; Buber I; Engelhardt H; Gisser R
Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(12):293-360.
Abstract: This article offers an in-depth analysis of fertility in Austria, a country which has experienced a low and relatively stable fertility level and a gradual postponement of childbearing since the mid-1980s. We begin by summarising Austrian population trends in the post-World War II period and highlighting recent relatively high migration levels. We outline the long history of sub-replacement fertility and high childlessness in Austria and look in detail at recent parity-specific developments, trends in family size, delayed childbearing and persistent fertility differences by education level, country of origin and religious affiliation. The chapter then summarises main trends in family related behaviour, including the changing patterns of leaving parental home, the rise in cohabitation, the decline in marriage and the rise of divorce and the diversity in nonmarital childbearing, which has a long tradition in many parts of the country. We discuss the development of family policies in Austria and their relationship to fertility during the past decades. Social policies in Austria provide only a limited support for a reconciliation of childrearing and employment among mothers with children below the age of three. A combination of one of the highest family spending rates among the OECD countries and the low fertility rates indicate that structural constraints (such as the availability of childcare) constitute part of the explanation of low fertility. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
AUSTRIA | HISTORICAL REVIEW | FERTILITY RATE | FERTILITY MEASUREMENTS | LOW FERTILITY POPULATION | PARITY SPECIFIC BIRTH RATE | FAMILY SIZE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | Europe, Central | Europe | Developed Countries | Birth Rate | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Religion | Marriage | Nuptiality
Document Number: 327730

11.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Pseudotumour cerebri in a young obese woman on oral contraceptives.
Author: Finsterer J; Kues EW; Brunner S
Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2006 Sep;11(3):237-240.
Abstract: Pseudotumour cerebri has been previously recognized as a neurological side effect of combined oral contraceptives but has not been diagnosed with a delay of 3 years after initiation of combined oral contraceptives. A 19-year-old obese woman developed visual impairment and headache, 4 months after starting combined oral contraceptives. Three years later symptoms deteriorated and she presented with prominent tendon-jerks and congested optical-discs. Normal CSF drained with high pressure from the spinal tap. Pseudotumour cerebri was diagnosed. Headache and visual impairment resolved within 3 weeks after discontinuation of combined oral contraceptives. Combined oral contraceptives-induced pseudotumour cerebri may remain undetected for years. Young, obese women with visual impairment and headache under combined oral contraceptives should undergo immediate neurological and ophthalmological investigation. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
AUSTRIA | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE HISTORIES | CLIENTS | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | NEUROLOGIC EFFECTS | HEADACHE | OPHTHALMOLOGICAL EFFECTS | OBESITY | Developed Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Demographic Factors | Population | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Physiology | Biology | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Body Weight
Document Number: 307172

12.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Treating acne with oral contraceptives: use of lower doses.
Author: Huber J; Walch K
Source: Contraception. 2006;73:23-29.
Abstract: Oral contraceptives (OCs) have been shown to effectively treat acne. Clinical trials of various doses of ethinyl estradiol (EE) combined with progestins such as levonorgestrel, desogestrel, norgestimate, gestodene, cyproterone acetate and drospirenone in monophasic, triphasic and combiphasic formulations used to treat acne in women are reviewed here. Open-label and comparative studies beginning in the 1980s were the first to demonstrate objective and subjective reductions in the incidence of acne, severity of existing acne and seborrhea. Placebo-controlled trials have corroborated these findings with a trend toward effective acne treatment with declining doses of EE. Significant reductions in total, inflammatory and noninflammatory lesions compared with placebo have been demonstrated with an OC containing the low dose of 20 �g of EE. Collectively, these findings support the use of low-dose OCs for the treatment of acne. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
AUSTRIA | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CLINICAL TRIALS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ACNE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | LEVONORGESTREL | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, LOW-DOSE | Europe, Central | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Dermatitis | Diseases | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods
Document Number: 293355

13.

Title: Body composition characteristics during puberty in girls and boys from eastern Austria.
Author: Kirchengast S; Gostl A
Source: International Journal of Anthropology. 2006 Oct;21(1):45-54.
Abstract: Puberty represents the final stage of sexual differentiation when the individual acquires reproductive capacity. Puberty is not only characterized by maturation of sexual organs and the formation of oocytes and mature spermatozoa, but also by the development of secondary sexual dimorphism. In industrialized countries, the age of puberty has decreased steadily over the last 150 years in association with improved socio-economic conditions. However, the decreased onset of puberty, especially in females, is associated with problematic changes in behaviour such as early onset of sexual activity resulting in high-risk teenage pregnancies. In our study, we analysed the association between body composition (fat tissue and fat-free body mass, estimated by BIA analyses), height, body mass index and fat distribution and signs of puberty such as the timing of menarche in 228 girls and voice breaking and facial hair growth in 191 boys ageing between 10 and 15 years. In both sexes, signs of puberty were associated, highly significantly, with body composition parameters. Nevertheless, marked differences between the two sexes were observed: Female puberty was positively associated with weight status and the absolute and relative amount of body fat, while in males, puberty was positively related with a higher amount of fat-free body mass and a decreased fat mass. Male voice breaking was significantly associated with increased stature, body weight, waist and hip circumference, lean body mass and total body water. In contrast, voice breaking was significantly negatively associated with the fat percentage, the total fat mass and the waist-to-hip ratio. Female menarche was significantly positively associated with increased body weight, weight status, waist and hip circumference and also with increased absolute and relative fat mass, relative hip circumference, lean body mass and total body water. Only the waist-to-hip ratio was significantly negatively associated with the onset of menarche. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
AUSTRIA | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | PUBERTY | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | BODY HEIGHT | BODY WEIGHT | MENARCHE | SEX BEHAVIOR | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | Developed Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Biology | Physiology | Menstruation | Behavior | Diseases
Document Number: 314675

14.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Fertility of internal migrants: comparison between Austria and Poland.
Author: Kulu H
Source: Population, Space and Place. 2006;12:147-170.
Abstract: Previous research has proposed four competing views on an individual�s fertility following a move from one social context to another. Each view has received support but has also been challenged in the literature. This study contributes to the existing discussion on fertility by providing an analysis of the effects of internal migration on the fertility of post-war Austrian and Polish female cohorts. The study is based on retrospective event-history data and applies intensity regression to both single and simultaneous equations. The analysis shows, firstly, that natives in urban areas in general and in large cities in particular have lower fertility compared with non-migrants in rural areas, both in Austria and Poland. Secondly, it reveals that people who move from one place to another adopt the fertility behaviour that dominates at the destination. Thirdly, we observe an elevated first-birth risk for women who move because of union formation, and a short-term postponement of childbearing for those who settle in a large city. The country comparison shows some differences in fertility variation across settlements, but overall the results are quite similar, despite the different post-war societal contexts of the two countries. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
AUSTRIA | POLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | EVENT HISTORY ANALYSIS | MIGRANTS | WOMEN | FERTILITY | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | INTERNAL MIGRATION | Europe, Central | Europe | Developed Countries | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Analysis | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 300389

15.
Title: Recent changes in family policies in Austria and Germany: A response to very low fertility.
Author: Prskawetz A; Buber I; Sobotka T; Engelhardt H
Source: Entre Nous. 2006;(63):27-29.
Abstract: Long-term trends in Austrian and West German fertility have evolved in parallel with the trends in western and northern European countries. After a marked rise in fertility during the period of economic and social recovery after World War II that culminated in the early 1960s, a substantial drop in fertility took place between the mid-1960s and the mid-1980s (early 1970s in the case of Germany). The period total fertility rate (TFR) continued to decline after 1980, although less rapidly than before, and for both countries the TFR has hovered around the level of 1.4-1.5 in the last two decades. Completed fertility has gradually declined among women born after 1935 for Austria (1933 for Germany), dropping to a value of 1.7 and 1.5, respectively, among women born after 1965 for Austria and Germany. Low fertility levels combined with increasing survival and rather modest migration flows contribute to population ageing--in particular also to ageing of the labour force--both in Austria and in Germany. As a consequence, family policies aimed to increase fertility, have recently been implemented in both countries. Since differences in fertility levels between countries can be attributed to difference in demographic and socio-economic factors, family policies should be aiming to influence both of these factors. A key demographic factor leading to low birth rates, and hence should be subject to targeted family policies, is the postponement of childbearing. Among the socio-economic factors the increase in female labour force participation since the 1970s has put the focus on employment-related fertility policies. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
AUSTRIA | GERMANY | CRITIQUE | FAMILY POLICY | FERTILITY CHANGES | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | CHILD CARE | EMPLOYMENT | INCENTIVES | TAXATION | Developed Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Child Rearing | Behavior | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Financial Activities
Document Number: 308126

16.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Nerve injury caused by removal of an implantable hormonal contraceptive.
Author: Wechselberger G; Wolfram D; Pulzl P; Soelder E; Schoeller T
Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2006 Jul;195(1):323-326.
Abstract: Implanon insertion and removal are relatively uncomplicated procedures in the hands of medical professionals familiar with the technique. However, injury to branches of the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve during Implanon insertion and removal can result in impaired sensibility, severe localized pain, or the formation of painful neuroma that can be quite devastating to the patient. The best way to avoid injury to the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve is to better understand its position relative to the standard area of Implanon insertion. In the event that an injury to the nerve is recognized, immediate plastic surgical measures should be undertaken to avoid displeasing sequels of nerve injuries. Therefore, the benefit of this generally well-tolerated, highly effective, and relatively cost-efficient contraception is guaranteed only in the hands of medical professionals familiar with the technique. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
AUSTRIA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | CLIENTS | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | INSERTION | CONTRACEPTIVE REMOVAL | SURGICAL ERROR | NEUROLOGIC EFFECTS | Europe, Central | Europe | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Surgery | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 302815

17.

Title: Fertility intentions and preferences: effects of structural and financial incentives and constraints in Austria.
Author: Engelhardt H
Source: [Unpublished] 2005. Presented at the 2005 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, March 31 - April 2, 2005. 31 p.
Abstract: Taking as a starting point the low period fertility rates in Austria, this paper addresses the question to which extent the low period fertility rates in Austria can be accounted for by effects of structural and financial measures. Using data from the Austrian Population Policy Acceptance Survey 2001 we analyse the effects of these two publicly controversial discussed incentives on the desired total number of children, on wanting no (more) children, and on fertility aspirations under the implementation of certain public policies. Based on zero-inflated Poisson models we find that only structural constraints have an effect on the desired number of children, while financial constraints have no effect. Logistic regression results suggest that neither structural nor financial factors affect the desire for wanting (more) children. Concerning the fertility aspiration under the implementation of certain policy measures our results based on matching methods indicate that both structural and financial incentives would have an effect on thinking about having a(nother) child, on deciding to have a(nother) child, as well as on having the first/next child sooner. However, at parity zero financial incentives seemed to be more important, while at parity one especially structural incentives are the driven force of fertility aspirations. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
AUSTRIA | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | FERTILITY SURVEYS | COUPLES | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | INCENTIVES | SOCIAL POLICY | FERTILITY DECLINE | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | Europe, Central | Europe | Developed Countries | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Family Size | Economic Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Fertility Changes
Document Number: 319734

18.
Title: Effects of local estrogen therapy on recurrent urinary tract infections in young females under oral contraceptives.
Author: Pinggera GM; Feuchtner G; Frauscher F; Rehder P; Strasser H
Source: European Urology. 2005 Feb;47(2):243-249.
Abstract: Background: Previous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of local application of estrogen in treating postmenopausal women with recurrent urinary tract infections (RUTI) and urinary incontinence. Younger women under oral contraceptives (OC) can suffer from similar symptoms. The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the effectiveness of local estrogens on RUTI and the impact of local hormonal supplementation on bladder neck vascularization. Methods: 30 women (mean age 22.7 years) with a longstanding history of RUTI were included. Pre-treatment investigation included complete clinical history, urinalysis, urine culture and cystoscopy. All subjects completed a questionnaire about onset and duration of disease and quality of life before and after treatment. Local (vaginal) estrogen therapy consisted of 1 mg estriol (E3) 7 times a week for two weeks and twice a week for two additional weeks. Sonographic examination of bladder, vascularization was performed before and after treatment using transperineal color Doppler ultrasound (6 MHz, Acuson Sequoia 512, Mountain View, CA, USA) with a filled bladder. After angle correction, peak systolic blood flow velocity (PSBFV) and end diastolic blood flow velocity (EDBFV) were measured in 2 bladder arteries; and the Resistive Index (RI) was calculated. Flow velocity in each vessel was measured at least four times and the mean value determined. Results: All patients completed the therapy course without severe side effects. Patients had a mean history of RUTI over 2.3 years; the mean period under QC was 3.2 years. In the follow-up period of 11 months after treatment, 24/30 patients reported no symptoms of cystitis and used no additional medication. Normal bladder epithelium in control cystoscopy after E(-3) therapy was seen in all patients with trigonal metaplasia and vulnerable, highly vascularized urothelium at the initial investigation. RI decreased from 0.945 to 0.705 after treatment (p <0.001), concomitantly the mean EDBFV increased highly significantly from 0.82 cm/sec to 4.45 cm/sec after estrogen treatment (p <0.001). Interpretation: In a majority of young patients under QC and a longstanding history of RUTI, a considerable infection-free period was achieved after local application of estrogen. Decreased RI and increased EDBFV indicate vasodilatation and less peripheral vascular resistance. Responsiveness to local E(-3), may correspond to improved cystoscopic findings as a consequence of increased bladder perfusion. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
AUSTRIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PILOT PROJECTS | WOMEN | HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY | ESTROGENS | UROGENITAL EFFECTS | INFECTION PREVENTION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | MENOPAUSE | ULTRASONICS | QUALITY OF LIFE | PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | Europe, Central | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Treatment | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Urogenital System | Infections | Diseases | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproduction | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Examinations and Diagnoses
Document Number: 292003

19.
Peer Reviewed

Title: On the changing correlation between fertility and female employment over space and time.
Author: Engelhardt H; Prskawetz A
Source: European Journal of Population. 2004;20:35-62.
Abstract: Various authors find that in OECD countries the cross-country correlation between the total fertility rate and the female labour force participation rate turned from a negative value before the 1980s to a positive value thereafter. Based on pooled cross-sectional data, Kogel (2004) shows that (a) unmeasured country-specific factors and (b) country-heterogeneity in the magnitude of the negative time-series association accounts for the reversal in the sign of the cross-country correlation coefficient. Our paper aims to identify those variables that may explain country heterogeneity in the negative association between fertility and female labour force participation. The selection of variables is based on existing macro-demographic theories. We apply aggregate descriptive representations of the time series and cross-country evolution of fertility, female employment and a set of labour market, educational and demographic variables and indicators of social policy. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
AUSTRIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN | LABOR FORCE | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | FERTILITY RATE | SOCIAL POLICY | Europe, Central | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Policy
Document Number: 187288

20.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Brief communication: birth month influences reproductive performance in contemporary women.
Author: Huber S; Fieder M; Wallner B; Moser G; Arnold W
Source: Human Reproduction. 2004 May;19(5):1081-1082.
Abstract: Season of birth has been reported to affect later reproduction in samples of pre-modern women and contemporary men. To examine whether the effect of birth date is also valid in contemporary women, we investigated the association between birth month and measures of reproductive performance (number of live-born children, % childless individuals) in a representative sample of contemporary Austrian women. Among reproducing women, birth month is significantly associated with the number of live-born children (n = 2839, P = 0.032). On average, women born in summer months have fewer children than women born during the remainder of the year. No association between birth month and the percentage of childless individuals was found. As has been reported in pre-modern women, month of birth also appears to affect later reproduction in contemporary women. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
AUSTRIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | WOMEN | SEASONAL VARIATION | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | BIRTH RATE | INFERTILITY | BIRTH HISTORY | LIVE-BIRTH PREGNANCY RATE | Europe, Central | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Fertility | Fertility Measurements | Reproduction | Pregnancy History | Pregnancy Rate
Document Number: 192495

21.
Peer Reviewed

Title: The risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism in men and women.
Author: Kyrle PA; Minar E; Bialonczyk C; Hirschl M; Weltermann A
Source: New England Journal of Medicine. 2004 Jun 17;350(25):2558-2563.
Abstract: Whether a patient's sex is associated with the risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism is unknown. We studied 826 patients for an average of 36 months after a first episode of spontaneous venous thromboembolism and the withdrawal of oral anticoagulants. We excluded pregnant patients and patients with a deficiency of antithrombin, protein C, or protein S; the lupus anticoagulant; cancer; or a requirement for potentially long-term antithrombotic treatment. The end point was objective evidence of a recurrence of symptomatic venous thromboembolism. Venous thromboembolism recurred in 74 of the 373 men, as compared with 28 of the 453 women (20 percent vs. 6 percent; relative risk of recurrence, 3.6; 95 percent confidence interval, 2.3 to 5.5; P<0.001). The risk remained unchanged after adjustment for age, the duration of anticoagulation, and the presence or absence of a first symptomatic pulmonary embolism, factor V Leiden, factor II G20210A, or an elevated level of factor VIII or IX. At five years, the likelihood of recurrence was 30.7 percent among men, as compared with 8.5 percent among women (P<0.001). The relative risk of recurrence was similar among women who had had their first thrombosis during oral-contraceptive use or hormone-replacement therapy and women in the same age group in whom the first event was idiopathic. The risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism is higher among men than women. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
AUSTRIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | ADULTS | THROMBOEMBOLISM | RISK ASSESSMENT | SEX FACTORS | BLOOD COAGULATION EFFECTS | HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY | INCIDENCE | Europe, Central | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Embolism | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | Evaluation | Hematological Effects | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | Treatment | Measurement
Document Number: 277634

22.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Acceptability of the long-term contraceptive levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (Mirena): a 3-year follow-up study.
Author: Baldaszti E; Wimmer-Puchinger B; Loschke K
Source: Contraception. 2003 Feb;67(2):87-91.
Abstract: This study investigated the long-term acceptability of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) in 165 women after 6 and 36 months of use. Changes in menstrual bleeding pattern were experienced by 161 (98%) women, with a cessation or transient absence of menstruation occurring in 75 (47%) and 14 (9%) women, respectively. Amenorrhea was considered by most women (81%) as a positive change. The proportion of women with menstrual pain was reduced from 60% before use to 29% after 36 months of use with the LNG-IUS. Fear of an unwanted pregnancy became less widespread with duration of use and the device had no disturbing effects on the women or their partners during sexual intercourse. The number of women expressing that they were very satisfied with the LNG-IUS was 69% and 77% after six months and 36 months of use, respectively. LNG-IUS is a well-accepted contraceptive method, without negative influences on the sexual relationship between users and their partners, and is suitable for women requiring long-term reversible contraceptive protection. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
AUSTRIA | RESEARCH REPORT | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | CLIENTS | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | AMENORRHEA | MENSTRUATION DISORDERS | LEVONORGESTREL | SATISFACTION | PROGRAM ACCEPTABILITY | Europe, Central | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Diseases | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Program Evaluation
Document Number: 175529

23.
Title: Verifying the effectiveness of medical abortion; ultrasound versus hCG testing.
Author: Fiala C; Safar P; Bygdeman M; Gemzell-Danielsson K
Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 2003 Aug 15;109(2):190-195.
Abstract: Objectives: The combination of mifepristone and misoprostol is an established method for termination of pregnancy. However, there is no general agreement about how best to evaluate the treatment outcome. Study design: In 217 women with an unwanted pregnancy below 49 days of amenorrhoea, ultrasound examination and serum hCG test were performed before treatment and at follow-up. Results: Treatment was successful in 98.2%. At follow-up their hCG dropped to a mean of 3% (S.D. 3) of initial levels and the endometrium measured a mean of 10 mm (S.D. 4). Interpretation of endometrium was difficult in some cases because of inhomogeneous structure. Using hCG was reliable in 98.5% of successful abortions. For ultrasound the corresponding figure was 89.8% for the cases with a confirmed intrauterine pregnancy before treatment but only 66% if all pregnancies were included. Conclusion: Measuring serum hCG before treatment and at follow-up is more effective than ultrasound to confirm a successful medically induced abortion in early pregnancy. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
AUSTRIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | ULTRASONICS | CLIENTS | ABORTION | MISOPROSTOL | RU-486 | PREGNANCY, FIRST TRIMESTER | GESTATIONAL AGE | GONADOTROPINS, CHORIONIC | MEASUREMENT | COMPLICATIONS | Europe, Central | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Prostaglandins, Synthetic | Prostaglandins | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Hormone Antagonists | Hormones | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Fetus | Gonadotropins | Diseases
Document Number: 182089 Notification

25.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Influence of low-dose oral contraception on peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets at particular phases of the hormonal cycle.
Author: Auerbach L; Hafner T; Huber JC; Panzer S
Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 Jul;78(1):83-89.
Abstract: This prospective, nonrandomized, controlled study, in an academic setting investigates the effects of low-dose oral hormonal contraception on the immune system during certain phases of the hormonal cycle. Women with regular menstrual cycle using hormonal oral contraception (OC; Cileste, 250 mcg of norgestimat and 35 mcg of ethinyl estradiol, or Marvelon, 150 mcg of desogestrel and 30 mcg of ethinyl estradiol) and women not using hormonal or other forms of contraception. Peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets were determined by flow cytometry on the first day of menstruation (day 1), in the follicular phase (day 8), midcycle (day 15), and in the luteal phase (day 22). The mean outcome measure is the levels of lymphocyte subpopulations. Women using OC had significantly higher levels of CD3+CD8+ cells throughout their pill cycle compared controls. Furthermore, women taking Cileste had lower levels of natural killer cells during their cycle and also women taking Marvelon but only from days 8-15. Within the pill cycle of Cileste, the authors observed an increase in CD20+ and CD20+ CD5+ cells from days 1-8. Cytotoxic lymphocytes, which are responsible for first-line immune defense, and B cells, which are involved in autoimmune disorders, are affected by OC. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
AUSTRIA | BLOOD | CONTROL GROUPS | IMMUNE SYSTEM | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, LOW-DOSE | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | Europe, Central | Europe | Developed Countries | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | Research Methodology | Menstruation | Reproduction | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 171340

26.
Title: Sustaining fertility through public policy: The range of options.
Author: McDonald P
Source: Population-E. 2002;57(3):417-446.
Abstract: This article aims to describe a wide range of policies that might be used to support fertility rates at a moderate level, that is around an average of 1.7-1.9 births per woman. In advance, however, several points need to be made: Low fertility exists in countries with widely differing institutional structures. Policies to support fertility must work from these pre-existing structures. For example, if childcare provided by low-wage, undocumented immigrants is a factor related to higher fertility rates in the United States, this does not mean that this is a policy to be recommended for Sweden which has a long-established, high-quality, state-subsidized childcare system. In other words, there can be no single cross-national model for success. Each country must seek its own institutionally appropriate approach. Also, each country must deal with the realities of its own political economy. Strategies will not be accepted if they are not based upon a social consensus. For example, while I argue that changes in the level of gender equity within the family are an essential element of a fertility strategy in any country, family organization is fundamental to cultural identity and revolutionary change is rarely a possibility. As far possible, policies to support fertility should be based upon a theory or theories of why fertility has fallen to low levels in a particular setting. Given that fertility-support policies are likely to be expensive in one way or another, some understanding of the nature of low fertility will provide greater efficiency in policy implementation. Below, I review several possible general theories relating low to fertility. Countries should have some notion about what they are aiming to achieve. Inevitably, demographic sustainability (zero population growth, at least) is an ultimate aim for all countries. The question is: how far into the future is "ultimate"? Or expressed differently: how much of a decline in the size of its population or its labour force is the country willing to accept before demographic sustainability is achieved? The example of Italy is used to illustrate this point. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
ARMENIA | AUSTRIA | CZECH REPUBLIC | ITALY | LITHUANIA | POLAND | SPAIN | BELGIUM | NETHERLANDS | EUROPE, EASTERN | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | POPULATION POLICY | FERTILITY DECLINE | SOCIAL WELFARE | EXPENDITURES | SOCIAL CHANGE | CHILD CARE | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | Asia, Southwestern | Asia | Developing Countries | Developed Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Europe, Southern | Europe, Southwestern | Europe, Western | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Economic Factors | Financial Activities | Child Rearing | Behavior | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 312391

27.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Open, multicenter comparison of efficacy, cycle control, and tolerability of a 23-day oral contraceptive regimen with 20 micrograms ethinyl estradiol and 75 micrograms gestodene and a 21-day regimen with 20 micrograms ethinyl estradiol and 150 micrograms desogestrel.
Author: Endrikat J; Cronin M; Gerlinger C; Ruebig A; Schmidt W
Source: Contraception. 2001;64:201-207.
Abstract: This prospective, open, randomized study was conducted to compare the contraceptive reliability, cycle control, and tolerability of a 23-day regimen with 20 mcg ethinyl estradiol (EE) and 75 mcg gestodene (GSD) and a 21-day regimen with 20 mcg EE and 150 mcg desogestrel (DSG). Participants took either 23 tablets with active substances plus 5 placebo tablets (23-day EE/GSD) or 21 tablets with active substances followed by 7 days without pill-taking (21-day EE/DSG). Contraceptive efficacy, cycle control, and tolerability were evaluated over a period of seven cycles. Efficacy data gathered from 5967 treatment cycles (23-day EE/GSD: 2975 cycles; 21-day EE/DSG: 2992 cycles) were obtained from 890 participants (445 in each group). Both preparations proved to be effective contraceptives and provided good cycle control. No pregnancy during treatment was recorded. This resulted in a study Pearl Index of 0.0 for both treatments. For 23-day EE/GSD, 32.4% of participants reported at least one intracyclic bleeding episode during Cycles 2-4 (primary target) compared to 31.5% for 21-day EE/DSG. In the 23-day EE/DSG group, intracyclic bleeding episodes were reported by 48.8% of the participants in Cycle 1 but in only 15.1% in Cycle 7, and in the 21-day regimen group by 43.4% in Cycle 1 and only 14.2% in Cycle 7. Overall, intracyclic bleeding was reported in 20.9% of cycles fro both treatments. A greater number of 23-day EE/GSD group participants had shorter withdrawal periods than with 21-day EE/DSG. In significantly (p < 0.0001) more cycles in the 23-day EE/GSD group participants reported withdrawal bleeding periods that lasted only 1-4 days compared to the 21-day EE/DSG group. For the majority of the treatment cycles, the median number of bleeding days in the 23-day (EE/GSD) group was 4 days and in the 21-day EE/DSG group 5 days. Both preparations were well tolerated and showed a similar adverse events pattern. The discontinuation rate because of adverse events was low (23-day EE/GSD: 6.1%; 21-day EE/DSG: 5.6%). No serious vascular adverse events were reported. More than 82% in the 23-day EE/GSD group and 79% in the 21-day EE/DSG group either lost more than 2 kg of weight or did not gain weight during the study. The treatment effect on the blood pressure was negligible. There were no appreciable changes in mean laboratory values over the course of the study compared to baseline. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
AUSTRIA | BELGIUM | FRANCE | ITALY | SWITZERLAND | UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | CLINICAL RESEARCH | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | GESTODENE | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | Europe, Central | Europe | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe, Southern | Studies | Research Methodology | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin
Document Number: 172379

28.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Regulatory interactions between iron and nitric oxide metabolism for immune defense against Plasmodium falciparum infection.
Author: Fritsche G; Larcher C; Schennach H; Weiss G
Source: Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001 May 1;183(9):1388-94.
Abstract: Iron chelation therapy of Plasmodium falciparum infection alleviates the clinical course of cerebral malaria in children. This study assessed the underlying mechanisms of this therapy. Cytokine stimulation of human (intestinal cell line DLD-1) or murine cells (murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7) resulted in increased nitric oxide (NO) formation and decreased survival of plasmodia within co-cultured human erythrocytes. The addition of desferrioxamine (DFO) before cytokine treatment increased both NO formation and parasite killing but had no effect in the presence of the inhibitor of NO formation, L-N6-(1-iminoethyl)-lysine. Moreover, peroxynitrite, which is formed after chemical reaction of NO with superoxide, appears to be the principal effector molecule for macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity toward P. falciparum, and interferon-gamma is a major regulatory cytokine for this process. The effect of DFO on the clearance of plasmodia appears to be due to enhance generation of NO, rather than to limitation of iron availability to the parasite. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
AUSTRIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | MALARIA | PARASITE CONTROL | INFECTIONS | CYTOCHEMICAL EFFECTS | Europe, Central | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Public Health | Health | Cytologic Effects | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 163012

29.
Title: Ecological comparison of the risks of mother-to-child transmission and clinical manifestations of congenital toxoplasmosis according to prenatal treatment protocol.
Author: Gilbert R; Dunn D; Wallon M; Hayde M; Prusa A
Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2001 Aug;127(1):113-20.
Abstract: The authors compared the relative risks of mother-to-child transmission of Toxoplasma gondii and clinical manifestations due to congenital toxoplasmosis associated with intensive prenatal treatment in Lyon and Austria, short term treatment in 51% of Dutch women, and no treatment in Danish women. For each cohort, relative risks were standardized for gestation at seroconversion. In total 856 mother-child pairs were studied: 549 in Lyon, 133 in Austria, 123 in Denmark and 51 in The Netherlands. The relative risk for mother-to-child transmission compared to Lyon was 1.24 (95% confidence interval: 0.88, 1.59) in Austria; 0.59 (0.04, 0.81) in Denmark; and 0.65 (0.37, 1.01) in The Netherlands. Relative risks for clinical manifestations compared with Lyon (adjusted for follow-up to age 3 years) were: Austria 0.19 (0.04, 0.51); Denmark 0.60 (0.13, 1.08); and The Netherlands 1.46 (0.51, 2.72). There was no clear evidence that the risk of transmission or of clinical manifestations was lowest in centers with the most intensive prenatal treatment. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
AUSTRIA | DENMARK | NETHERLANDS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | COHORT ANALYSIS | MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES | RISK FACTORS | ANTENATAL CARE | GESTATIONAL AGE | Europe, Central | Europe | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe, Western | Studies | Research Methodology | Diseases | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Biology | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Fetus | Pregnancy | Reproduction
Document Number: 162731

30.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Dose finding in a low-dose 21-day combined oral contraceptive containing gestodene. [Determinaci�n de la dosis en un anticonceptivo oral combinado de 21 d�as y dosis baja con contenido de gestodeno]
Author: Ludicke F; Sullivan H; Spona J; Elstein M
Source: Contraception. 2001;64:243-8.
Abstract: An open label, non-comparative study was carried out in 22 women over a total of 5 cycles. After an untreated cycle, oral administration of 20 mcg ethinyl estradiol (EE) with 50 mcg gestodene (GST) (tablets taken daily for 21 days with a break of 7 days) was commenced, and 3 treatment cycles were followed by an untreated follow-up control cycle. The ability of this formulation to inhibit ovulation and suppress ovarian activity was assessed by using hormonal parameters and ultrasound. 1 ovulation occurred during treatment. Luteinized unruptured follicles were observed in 3 cases in the second treatment cycle and in 1 case during the third treatment cycle. Follicle-like structures larger than 13 mm associated with a serum estradiol level of more than 30 pg/mL were noted in 19% of the women in the first treatment cycle. The rate of active follicle-like structures was 43% in the second treatment cycle and 28% in the third treatment cycle. The results were compared with previously reported findings of a preparation containing 20 mcg EE and 75 mcg GST. With regard to ovarian grading and endogenous hormone secretion, considerably more residual ovarian activity, with all parameters examined, was found in the 20 mcg EE and 50 mcg GST preparation compared to the 20 mcg EE and 75 mcg GST preparation. It was concluded that the 20 mcg EE and 50 mcg GST preparation administered for 21 days does not meet the requirements of a combined oral contraceptive with respect to ovulation inhibition. (author's)
Spanish Abstract: El objetivo de este estudio fu� la evaluaci�n retrospectiva de la variaci�n de peso en usuarias a largo plazo del acetato de medroxiprogesterona de dep�sito (AMPD) comparada con las usuarias de del DIU T de cobre 380A. Una cohorte de 206 mujeres saludables distribuidas en 2 grupos de 103 de acuerdo al m�todo anticonceptivo usado fu� evaluado durante 5 a�os. Cada usuaria des AMPD fu� pareada con una usuaria del DIU por edad (+/- 1 a�o) y peso (+/- 1 Kg) al principio del estudio. El peso fu� evaluado anualmente durante 5 a�os. La edad promedio al principio del estudio fu� de 33.1 a�os en ambos grupos, y el peso promedio fu� de 59.4 Kg para las usuarias del DIU y de 60.4 Kg para las usuarias del AMPD. Ambas cohortes de mujeres presentaron un aumento de peso significativo al final de los 5 a�os (p<0.001). Sin embargo, las usuarias del AMPD presentaron un mayor aumento de peso al compararlas con las usuarias del DIU, del segundo al quinto a�o del estudio. Las usuarias del AMPD aumentaron 4.3 Kg durante los 5 a�os, y las usuarias del DIU aumentaron 1.8 Kg. En conclusi�n, las usuarias del AMPD tuvieron un aumento de peso significativamente mayor que las usuarias del DIU. Adem�s, esta cohorte de mujeres aument� de peso durante los 5 a�os con el uso del AMPD o del DIU. (del autor)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | AUSTRIA | RESEARCH REPORT | ADULTS | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, LOW-DOSE | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | GESTODENE | OVULATION | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Europe, Central | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Reproduction
Document Number: 162758


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