1.  Title: Traveling child-sex offenders in South East Asia: a regional review. Author: Child Wise Source: South Melbourne, Australia, Child Wise, 2009 Mar. 39 p. Abstract: This is the third edition of this compendium of information about the sexual exploitation of children in tourism destinations throughout South East Asia. The report provides a regional overview of child sex tourism in South East Asia along with national reports from all 10 countries in the region. It also provides an update on the successful ASEAN Regional Education Campaign and a brief summary of the key findings from a situational analysis of hotline reporting numbers in the region. Language: English Keywords: ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN | SUMMARY REPORT | TRAVELERS | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | STREET KIDS | SEXUAL EXPLOITATION | TRAVEL AND TOURISM | CRIME | SEXUAL ABUSE | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Asia | Developing Countries | Behavior | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Homeless Persons | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Social Problems | Diseases Document Number: 342036 |
2.  Peer Reviewed Title: A comparison of HIV stigma and discrimination in five international sites: the influence of care and treatment resources in high prevalence settings. Author: Maman S; Abler L; Parker L; Lane T; Chirowodza A; Ntogwisangu J; Srirak N; Modiba P; Murima O; Fritz K Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009 Jun;68(12):2271-8. Abstract: What accounts for differences in HIV stigma across different high prevalence settings? This study was designed to examine HIV stigma and discrimination in five high prevalence settings. Qualitative data were collected as part of the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Project Accept, a multi-site community randomized trial of community-based HIV voluntary counseling and testing. In-depth interviews were conducted with 655 participants in five sites, four in Sub-Saharan Africa and one in Southeast Asia. Interviews were conducted in the local languages by trained research staff. Data were audiotaped, transcribed, translated, coded and computerized for thematic data analysis. Participants described the stigmatizing attitudes and behaviors perpetuated against people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). The factors that contribute to HIV stigma and discrimination include fear of transmission, fear of suffering and death, and the burden of caring for PLWHA. The family, access to antiretrovirals and other resources, and self-protective behaviors of PLWHA protected against HIV stigma and discrimination. Variation in the availability of health and socioeconomic resources designed to mitigate the impact of HIV/AIDS helps explain differences in HIV stigma and discrimination across the settings. Increasing access to treatment and care resources may function to lower HIV stigma, however, providing services is not enough. We need effective strategies to reduce HIV stigma as treatment and care resources are scaled up in the settings that are most heavily impacted by the HIV epidemic. Language: English Keywords: ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | STIGMA | COUNSELING | HEALTH SERVICES | HIV INFECTIONS | FEAR | ATTITUDES | DEATH | TREATMENT | Asia | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Emotions | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Medical Procedures | Medicine Document Number: 342739 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings 1996 to 2006: Patient characteristics, treatment regimens and monitoring in sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and Latin America. Author: ART-LINC Collaboration of the International Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2008 Jul;13(7):[10] p. Abstract: The objectives were to describe temporal trends in baseline clinical characteristics, initial treatment regimens and monitoring of patients starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) in resource-limited settings. We analysed data from 17 ART programmes in 12 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, South America and Asia. Patients aged 16 years or older with documented date of start of highly active ART (HAART) were included. Data were analysed by calculating medians, interquartile ranges (IQR) and percentages by regions and time periods. Not all centres provided data for 2006 and 2005 and 2006 were therefore combined. A total of 36 715 patients who started ART 1996-2006 were included in the analysis. Patient numbers increased substantially in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, and the number of initial regimens declined, to four and five, respectively, in 2005-2006. In South America 20 regimes were used in 2005-2006. A combination of 3TC/D4T/NVP was used for 56% of African patients and 42% of Asian patients; AZT/3TC/ EFV was used in 33% of patients in South America. The median baseline CD4 count increased in recent years, to 122 cells/microl (IQR 53-194) in 2005-2006 in Africa, 134 cells/microl (IQR 72-191) in Asia, and 197 cells/microl (IQR 61-277) in South America, but 77%, 78% and 51%, respectively, started with less than 200 cells/microl in 2005-2006. In all regions baseline CD4 cell counts were higher in women than men: differences were 22cells/microl in Africa, 65 cells/microl in Asia and 10 cells/microl in South America. In 2005-2006 a viral load at 6 months was available in 21% of patients Africa, 8% of Asian patients and 73% of patients in South America. Corresponding figures for 6-month CD4 cell counts were 74%, 77% and 81%. The public health approach to providing ART proposed by the World Health Organization has been implemented in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. Although CD4 cell counts at the start of ART have increased in recent years, most patients continue to start with counts well below the recommended threshold. Particular attention should be paid to more timely initiation of ART in HIV-infected men. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | SOUTH AMERICA | ASIA, SOUTHERN | ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | CLIENTS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | HIV | AIDS | TREATMENT | SEX FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa | Latin America | Americas | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 325423 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Migrant seafarers and HIV risk in Thai communities. Author: Ford K; Chamratrithirong A Source: AIDS Education and Prevention. 2008 Oct;20(5):454-463. Abstract: Migrant workers, particularly seafarers, have been identified as a group at risk for HIV infection. Using an environmental model of health behavior, the objective of this study was to investigate the context and motivation for sexual risk taking among these men. Qualitative data were collected in focus groups and in-depth interviews on the organization of sex work in their communities, perceived vulnerability to HIV infection, pressure to visit sex workers, motivation for condom use, alcohol use, HIV testing and stigma. Although migrants do feel susceptible to HIV infection, peer pressure and alcohol use remain important factors in risky sexual behavior. Condoms were usually used with sex workers in brothels but irregularly used in other situations. Intervention programs for these men should include the development of peer education programs. These programs need to stress the importance of using condoms with all partners and awareness of the consequences of alcohol use. Language: English Keywords: ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN | RESEARCH REPORT | THEORETICAL MODELS | FOCUS GROUPS | KAP SURVEYS | MIGRANT WORKERS | MEN | SEX WORKERS | HIV TRANSMISSION | MOTIVATION | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | PEER PRESSURE | Developing Countries | Asia | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Psychosocial Factors Document Number: 322750 |
| 5. Title: Tuberculosis-HIV co-infection: Policy and epidemiology in 25 countries in the WHO European region. Author: Lazarus JV; Olsen M; Ditiu L; Matic S Source: HIV Medicine. 2008;:[9] p. Abstract: The aims of this study were to collect and review tuberculosis (TB)-HIV data for Europe and to provide an overview of current health policies addressing co-infection. We collected reported cases of TB-HIV from the 25 most affected member states of the World Health Organization (WHO) European region. Countries were also asked whether they had implemented health policies covering collaborative TB-HIV activities and what their main achievements, obstacles and needs were in addressing TB-HIV. Twenty countries reported registering a total of 6925 TB-HIV cases in 2005. Among TB patients tested, 3.3% were found to be HIV-positive, up from 2.1% in 2004. The male-to-female ratio was 2.7:1. The largest percentage of co-infections were reported in people aged 25-34 years (47.8%). Recommended TB-HIV policies have been implemented in many of the countries. Case-finding has improved in many countries and the reported incidence of TB-HIV is increasing in the European region, particularly among young adults, although it remains low compared to other parts of the world. Strengthened coordination of existing TB and HIV services is still needed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EUROPE | ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN | ASIA, CENTRAL | RUSSIA | RESEARCH REPORT | HIV INFECTIONS | TUBERCULOSIS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | HEALTH POLICY | EPIDEMIOLOGY | OBSTACLES | DRUG RESISTANCE | Developed Countries | Developing Countries | Asia | Asia, Northern | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Programs | Organization and Administration | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Public Health | Health | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 325976 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women in Taiwan: comparison between women born in Taiwan and other southeast countries Author: Lin CC; Hsieh HS; Huang YJ; Huang YL; Ku MK Source: BMC Public Health. 2008 Feb 7;8(49):[21] p. Abstract: Taiwan's national vaccination program has successfully decreased the prevalence of hepatitis B infection after twenty years of implementation and might be indirectly beneficial to the second generation. In this study, we compared the hepatitis B infection status of two groups: pregnant Taiwanese women and other Southeast Asian women, who because they had immigrated later in life to Taiwan by marriage to a Taiwanese man, had not been exposed to that vaccination program to evaluate the effect of hepatitis vaccination program on women of child-bearing age and further explored the potential impact of immigration on the hepatitis B public health policy in Taiwan. Data was collected from 10,327 women born in Taiwan and 1,418 women born in other Southeast Asian countries, both groups receiving prenatal examinations at Fooyin University Hospital between 1996 and 2005. The results of serum hepatitis B s-Antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B e-Antigen (HBeAg) tests and other demographic data were obtained by medical chart review. The pregnant women from Taiwan had a higher HBsAg positive rate (15.5%) but lower HBeAg(+)/HBsAg(+) ratio (32.1%) than the women from other countries (8.9% and 52.4%). For those born before July, 1984, the period of no national vaccination program, Taiwanese women had a higher HBsAg positive rate than other Southeast Asian women (15.7% vs. 8.4%), but for women born after that day and before June 1986, the period of vaccination for high risk newborns, the HBsAg positive rates found to be slightly lower for Taiwanese women than for other Southeast Asian women (11.4% vs. 12.3%) and the difference was more significant (3.1% vs. 28.6%) after June 1986, the period of vaccination for all newborns. While the HBeAg(+)/HBsAg(+) ratios decreased with age in both groups, they were consistently higher in women from other Southeast Asian countries than in women born in Taiwan after age 20. In Taiwan, the neonatal vaccination program that was implemented in 1984 has successfully reduced hepatitis B infection among pregnant women in present day, and is likely to indirectly prevent hepatitis B infection in the next generation. However, the increasing number of pregnant women from other Southeast Asian countries without a national neonatal vaccination program or with a program that was introduced later than the one in Taiwan will likely lessen the positive impact of this program and should be further assessed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TAIWAN | ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | HEPATITIS | VACCINATION | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | IMPACT | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Immunization | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | Communication Document Number: 324353 |
| 7. Title: Lessons learned about opportunistic infections in southeast Asia. Author: Nissapatorn V Source: Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. 2008 Jul;39(4):625-41. Abstract: Southeast Asia is a region where the number of people infected with HIV/AIDS is one of the fastest growing in the world. Tuberculosis (TB) has grown along with the HIV epidemic. TB is not only the most common AIDS-defining illness but is also the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in AIDS patients. Cryptococcosis (meningitis or disseminated) is one of the most common opportunistic infections in AIDS patients. Cryptococcal meningitis is the first in the differential diagnosis considered with meningeal irritation. Penicillosis, a unique systemic mycosis, is an important emerging public health problem and has been classified as an AIDS defining illness in endemic areas like Thailand. Pneumocystis carinii (jiroveci) pneumonia has been one of the most important opportunistic infections in AIDS patients. Among parasitic infections, cryptosporidiosis is the most common intestinal protozoan infection relating to diarrhea in AIDS patients and toxoplasmosis is the only parasitic infection of the nervous system with a substantial incidence, up to 14.8%. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis has a lower prevalence compared to other opportunistic infections. In the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the incidence of opportunistic infections has significantly reduced in the past few years. Subsequently, the phenomena of immune restoration inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) in AIDS patients has been reported in this region as a result of HAART. Language: English Keywords: ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN | LITERATURE REVIEW | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | PREVALENCE | TUBERCULOSIS | CAUSES OF DEATH | AIDS | COMPLICATIONS | MENINGITIS | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | PNEUMONIA | PARASITIC DISEASES | CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM EFFECTS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Infections | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Central Nervous System | Physiology | Biology | Pulmonary Effects | HIV Document Number: 330585 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Clinical features and etiology of pneumonia in acid-fast bacillus sputum smear-negative HIV-infected patients hospitalized in Asia and Africa. Author: Vray M; Germani Y; Chan S; Duc NH; Sar B Source: AIDS. 2008 Jul;22(11):1323-1332. Abstract: Objectives: To determine the main causes of acid-fast bacillus sputum smear-negative pneumonia in Asian and African HIV-infected patients Design and setting: A prospective multicenter study (ANRS 1260) of consecutive hospitalized patients in tertiary hospitals in Phnom Penh, Ho Chi Minh City, Bangui and Dakar. Intervention: Use of the same clinical, radiological and biological methods at the four sites; regular quality controls of participating laboratories; final review of medical records by experts. Similar criteria used to establish diagnoses. Results: In all 462 patients were enrolled, 291 in Asia and 171 in Africa. The median CD4 cell count was 25 cells/microl. Radiological opacities were diffuse in 42% of patients and localized in 45%. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy was performed in 354 patients, at similar rates in the four sites. A definite and/or probable diagnosis was obtained in 375 patients (81%). Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, bacterial pneumonia, AFB sputum smear-negative tuberculosis andother infections (fungi, parasites, atypical mycobacteria) were diagnosed in respectively 47, 30, 17 and 12% of Asian patients and 3, 48, 26 and 5% of African patients. Conclusion: In South-east Asia, acid-fast bacillus smear-negative pneumonia is caused by a wide variety of pathogens. When possible, fiberoptic bronchoscopy must be performed rapidly if clinical data are not highly suggestive of bacterial pneumonia, Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia or tuberculosis. In contrast, in Africa, bacterial pneumonia and tuberculosis are responsible for the large majority of cases. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy should be restricted to patients with clinical and/or radiological findings not suggestive of bacterial pneumonia or tuberculosis, antibiotic failure, and three consecutive negative sputum smears. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | PNEUMONIA | HIV INFECTIONS | COMPLICATIONS | PREVALENCE | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | PARASITIC DISEASES | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | Developing Countries | Asia | Africa | Research Methodology | Studies | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Pulmonary Effects | Physiology | Biology | Measurement | Infections | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 327401 |
| 9. Title: Heterosexuality and migration in Asia. Author: Walsh K; Shen HH; Willis K Source: Gender, Place and Culture. 2008 Dec;15(6):575-579. Abstract: There have been few analyses of heterosexuality in the context of migration, particularly within Asia. As a corrective, in this themed issue we bring together four articles to contribute to debates on the fluidity of heterosexuality and how the performance of heterosexuality has particular spatialities within East and South-East Asia. Each article uses ethnographic methods to produce nuanced analyses of specific and spatially contingent performances of heterosexuality. A migration focus illuminates how spatial dislocation provides opportunities for both men and women to play out different heterosexual identities. At the same time, migrants come across challenges and obstacles to their performances of heterosexuality, such as the state regulation of the migrant body, economic necessity, and gendered and ethnicised behavioural norms. Language: English Keywords: ASIA, EASTERN | ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN | CRITIQUE | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | HETEROSEXUALS | MIGRANTS | MIGRATION | SEXUALITY | GENDER RELATIONS | SEX BEHAVIOR | Developing Countries | Asia | Behavior | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Personality | Psychological Factors | Gender Issues | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 341977 |
| 10. Title: Socioeconomic impacts of and resource requirements for HIV and AIDS. Author: Association of Southeast Asian Nations [ASEAN]; Constella Futures. Health Policy Initiative Source: Jakarta, Indonesia, ASEAN, 2007 Jun. 96 p. (Contract No. HRN-C-00-00-00006-00Contract No. GPO-I-01-05-00040-00) Abstract: The Assessment of the Socioeconomic Impact of HIV and AIDS is the second activity under the UDAID Cooperation with ASEAN through the Operational Framework for the ASEAN Work Programme on HIV/AIDS. The work programme identifies the need to understand the socioeconomic impact of HIV and AIDS on the region in order to inform advocacy for increased political commitment and leadership and, thus, increased financial, human, and institutional resources for HIV and AIDS. This overview addresses several key questions: Why is it important to know the impacts of HIV and AIDS in low-prevalence countries and how significant at the impacts? What can be done and what will it cost? What are the important implications for action? (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | IMPACT | EXPENDITURES | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | HEALTH POLICY | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | Developing Countries | Asia | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | Financial Activities | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Communication | Programs | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 322895 |
| 11. Title: Young adolescents' sexual and reproductive health and rights: South and Southeast Asia. Author: International Women's Health Coalition [IWHC] Source: New York, New York, IWHC, 2007 Oct. 4 p. (On Health and Rights) Abstract: International agreements affirm that adolescents have a right to age-appropriate sexual and reproductive health information, education, and services that enable them to deal in a positive and responsible way with their sexuality. Programs and policies are typically designed for older adolescents, however. This brief-part of the International Women's Health Coalition's series on young adolescents-uses evidence on their sexual and reproductive knowledge and behaviors to argue for more responsive policies and programs in South and Southeast Asia as well as globally. We define all boys and girls between the ages of 10 and 14 as young adolescents. The countries of South and Southeast Asia encompass a richly layered mix of cultures, religions, languages, racial and ethnic groups, and economic and political systems. Although South and Southeast Asia are very different settings with regard to many aspects of adolescent sexual and reproductive health, there are also important commonalities. Most young adolescents throughout the region have little if any accurate information about their bodies and their sexual and reproductive health. Known or suspected sexual contact of any kind by unmarried girls and women in some parts of South and Southeast Asia may result in personal censure, loss of family honor, or forced marriage. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ASIA, SOUTHERN | ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN | PROGRESS REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | SEX BEHAVIOR | HEALTH POLICY | FIRST INTERCOURSE | AGE FACTORS | CHILD MARRIAGE | SEX EDUCATION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | ADOLESCENT HEALTH SERVICES | Developing Countries | Asia | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Human Rights | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Behavior | Policy | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Education | Health | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 322592 |
| 12. Title: Efficacy and safety of sildenafil in Asian males with erectile dysfunction and cardiovascular risk. Author: Buranakitjaroen P; Mangklabruks A; Leungwattanakij S; Ngaothamatasn W; Malhotra C Source: Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand. 2007 Jun;90(6):1100-1108. Abstract: The objective was to assess the effectiveness of sildenafil in Asian males with erectile dysfunction (ED) and one or more of the co-morbidities, mild-to-moderate hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes. A six-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter study was carried out in Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore One hundred and fifty five male subjects were randomized (2:1) to sildenafil (n = 104) or placebo (n = 51). Sildenafil was started at 50mg and increased (100 mg) or decreased (25mg) at week 2 if necessary. On the primary efficacy endpoint, sildenafil-treated subjects had significantly better scores on the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) questions 3 and 4 than placebo (p < 0.001, both questions). When accumulated into IIEF domains, all five domains were significant in favor of sildenafil. In addition, sildenafil-treated subjects were more satisfied with treatment and had a higher intercourse success rate. The majority of adverse events were mild in severity; the most commonly reported treatment-related events were dizziness (7.7%) and tinnitus (2.9%). Sildenafil (25, 50, and 100 mg) was found to be an effective, safe, and well-tolerated treatment for ED in the present study population of Thai, Malaysian, and Singaporean males who also had increased cardiovascular risk. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN | RESEARCH REPORT | DOUBLE-BLIND STUDIES | MEN | DRUGS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | IMPOTENCE | TREATMENT | SAFETY | CONTRACEPTIVE USE-EFFECTIVENESS | RISK FACTORS | CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS | Developing Countries | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Genital Effects, Male | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Public Health | Contraceptive Effectiveness | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 320203 |
| 13. Title: Sexuality, young people and rights in South and South East Asia. Author: Das A Source: Exchange on HIV / AIDS, Sexuality and Gender. 2007;(3):10-12. Abstract: The South and Southeast Asia Resource Centre on Sexuality, hosted by TARSHI, aims to increase knowledge on sexuality, sexual health and sexual well-being in this region. In an attempt to create a platform for people to voice divergent views and challenge existing ones, the resource centre has been hosting a series of electronic discussion forums, which offer bi-monthly, structured and moderated discussions on a variety of topics. One of these was the E-Discussion Forum on 'Sexuality, Young People and Rights', which was held between April 3 and June 6, 2006. The E-discussion was an effort in creating a space to engage in and explore issues of young people. Topics discussed were: 1) the definitions that various people, laws and policies accord to the term 'young people', 2) the range of information and services on sexuality available and accessible to young people, 3) what constitutes 'sexual rights' for young people and 4) current practices, strategies and interventions targeting young people's sexuality issues. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ASIA, SOUTHERN | ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | ADOLESCENTS | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | SEXUALITY | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | INTERNET | HEALTH POLICY | SOCIAL POLICY | HUMAN RIGHTS | GROUP PROCESSES | Developing Countries | Asia | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Information Networks | Communication | Policy | Social Behavior Document Number: 323943 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Gender inequality, poverty and human development in South East Asia. Author: Francisco JS Source: Development. 2007 Jun;50(2):103-114. Abstract: Based on a survey of different forms of inequalities in South East Asia, Josefa S. Francisco looks at how gender inequality not only erodes human security, but also deepens festering structural conflicts, vulnerabilities, and exclusions in society. She argues that there are systemic barriers to a more equitable distribution of opportunities in education, income, health, and wider life chances in society, which are reinforced by stark inequalities in access to and benefits from resources, capacities, and potentials. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN | CRITIQUE | GENDER ISSUES | INEQUALITIES | POVERTY | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | SEX DISCRIMINATION | Developing Countries | Asia | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Social Discrimination | Social Problems Document Number: 319942 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Immune Restoration Syndrome with disseminated Penicillium marneffei and Cytomegalovirus co-infections in an AIDS patient. Author: Gupta S; Mathur P; Maskey D; Wig N; Singh S Source: AIDS Research and Therapy. 2007 Oct 8;4(1):21. Abstract: Penicillium marneffei is a dimorphic fungus, endemic in South-east Asia. The fungus causes severe disease in immunocompromised patients such as AIDS. However, no case of immune restoration disease of Penicillium marneffei is reported in literature from a non-endemic area. We report the first case of Penicillium marneffei and Cytomegalovirus infection manifesting as a result of immune restoration one month after initiating HAART. This severely immunocompromised patient had presented with multiple lymphadenopathy, massive hepatosplenomegaly, visual impairment and mild icterus, but no skin lesions. Penicillium marneffei was isolated from lymph node fine-needle aspirates and blood cultures. In order to diagnose such rare cases, the clinicians, histopathologists and microbiologists alike need to maintain a strong index of suspicion for making initial diagnosis as well as for suspecting immune reconstitution syndrome (IRS) with Penicillium marneffei. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | CLIENTS | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | AIDS | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | Developing Countries | Asia | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Infections | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 321391 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Delayed marriage and very low fertility in Pacific Asia. Author: Jones GW Source: Population and Development Review. 2007 Sep;33(3):453-478. Abstract: The retreat from universal marriage in Pacific Asia is an important phenomenon in its own right, signifying major changes in family relationships and roles of women and posing serious challenges to official and social attitudes to sexuality in the region. It is also likely to be related to the sharp declines in fertility already noted. This article focuses on the causes of delayed marriage rather than on its ramifications for familial relationships, and will emphasize the interrelatedness between trends in marriage and fertility. The article has four objectives. First, it sets the regional trends in nonmarriage in context by comparing them with trends in European countries, where delayed marriage, as well as increased cohabitation, has been strongly in evidence. It then considers the implications of the long and increasing post-puberty premarriage periods for sexuality among the unmarried and the incidence of cohabitation. The article then examines possible reasons for rising singlehood and for the sharp differences observed between different Pacific Asian populations. It considers the role of delayed marriage in the fertility decline from two perspectives: first, the disaggregation of fertility declines into their component parts, and second, behavioral and motivational relationships between delays in marriage and decline of childbearing within marriage. The concluding section draws out some unanswered questions and issues for further research. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN | ASIA, EASTERN | CRITIQUE | LITERATURE REVIEW | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | FERTILITY DECLINE | UNMARRIED | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | Developing Countries | Asia | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Marital Status | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Reproductive Behavior | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology Document Number: 314206 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Effect of the maternal betaE-globin gene on hematologic responses to iron supplementation during pregnancy. Author: Sanchaisuriya K; Fucharoen S; Ratanasiri T; Sanchaisuriya P; Fucharoen G Source: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2007 Feb;85(2):474-479. Abstract: It is customary in Southeast Asia to treat pregnant anemic women with iron supplements, but anemia in this region may be complicated by thalassemia and hemoglobinopathies, which lead to an ineffective response. The aim was to determine whether routine iron supplementation during pregnancy in this area, which has a high prevalence of thalassemia and hemoglobinopathies, is an effective control strategy for iron deficiency anemia. A prospective study was conducted. Seventy-six pregnant women, including 43 who were heterozygous for the hemoglobin E (Hb E) gene, 20 who were heterozygous for Hb E and had a-thalassemia, and 13 who were homozygous Hb E, as well as 77 pregnant women who had no thalassemia gene, participated in this investigation. All pregnant women received a daily dose of 120 mg elemental Fe for an average of 133.5 d. Hematologic variables and serum ferritin concentrations were measured before supplementation and after supplementation at the gestational age of 28-32 wk. Differences in hematologic variables and serum ferritin were assessed. Significant differences in hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin responses were found between the nonthalassemia group and the 3 groups with the Hb E gene after adjustment for the following baseline values: age, body mass index, duration of iron supplementation, and ferritin concentration. Significant differences in the improvements in mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin values between the 3 groups indicate a poorer response at the cellular level in the pregnant women with the Hb E gene. Further analysis showed a significant difference in the hemoglobin response only for women who were homozygous for Hb E. Iron supplementation during pregnancy is not beneficial for pregnant women who are homozygous for Hb E, but a routine intervention should not cause iron overload, as judged from this short observation period. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | PREGNANCY | ANEMIA | IRON | NUTRITION DISORDERS | HEMOGLOBIN LEVEL | VITAMINS AND MINERALS | TREATMENT | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Reproduction | Diseases | Metals | Physiology | Biology | Hemic System | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 312066 |
| 18. Title: Impact of drug-resistant tuberculosis on the survival of HIV-infected patients. Author: Sungkanuparph S; Eampokalap B; Chottanapund S; Thongyen S; Manosuthi W Source: International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2007 Mar;11(3):325-330. Abstract: The objective was to determine the effect of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) on the survival of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients in an area with a high prevalence of TB. The design used was a retrospective cohort study. Of 225 HIV-TB patients with a mean age of 35.8 years, 72.4% were male. The median CD4 cell count at TB diagnosis was 44 cells/mm3. Sixty per cent presented with extra-pulmonary TB (EPTB). Sixty-three (28%) patients were infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistant to at least one drug; respectively 16.4%, 9.3%, 5.3% and 12.9% were resistant to isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RMP), ethambutol and streptomycin, and 14 (6.2%) had multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB). During a median follow-up of 11.5 months, 4% died. From Kaplan-Meier analysis, INH resistance, RMP resistance and MDR-TB were associated with shorter survival (logrank test, P < 0.005). Cox's proportional hazard model showed that MDR-TB (hazard ratio [HR] 11.7; 95% CI 2.1-64.9), not receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) (HR 7.9; 95% CI 1.5-43.1) and EPTB (HR 5.1; 95% CI 1.9-25.9) were significant risk factors for death. MDR-TB and EPTB substantially reduce survival among patients co-infected with HIV and TB. Early detection and optimal treatment of MDR-TB are crucial. ART significantly prolongs survival and should be initiated in HIV-TB co-infected patients. (author's) Language: English Keywords: THAILAND | AFRICA | ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | CLIENTS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | TUBERCULOSIS | DRUG RESISTANCE | HIV | AIDS | IMPACT | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Communication Document Number: 320034 |
| 19. Title: Combined iron and zinc supplementation in infants improved iron and zinc status, but interactions reduced efficacy in a multicountry trial in Southeast Asia. Author: Wieringa FT; Berger J; Dijkhuizen MA; Hidayat A; Ninh NX Source: Journal of Nutrition. 2007 Feb;137(2):466-471. Abstract: Deficiencies of iron and zinc are prevalent worldwide. Interactions between these micronutrients therefore have important consequences, also for supplementation. To investigate effects on hemoglobin and zinc concentrations and interactions of iron and zinc supplementation in infants, data from 4 parallel, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trials in Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam were pooled. Infants (n = 2468), aged 4--6 mo, were supplemented daily with iron (10 mg) and/or zinc (10 mg) for 6 mo. At 3 sites, infants were given vitamin A capsules (VAC) at recruitment. Combined supplementation reduced prevalences of anemia by 21% (P < 0.01) and zinc deficiency by 10% (P < 0.05) but was less effective (P < 0.05) than supplementation with either iron (28% reduction in anemia) or zinc alone (18% reduction in zinc deficiency). Iron reduced the effect of zinc supplementation (interaction P < 0.01), but had no separate effect on zinc status, whereas zinc supplementation had a negative effect on hemoglobin concentrations (22.5 g/L, P < 0.001), independent of iron supplementation (P/interaction = 0.25). The effect of iron supplementation on hemoglobin concentrations was almost twice as large in boys than in girls (effect size 12.0 vs. 6.8 g/L, respectively). In infants not receiving iron, VAC administration tended to be associated with lower (3.2%, P = 0.07) hemoglobin concentrations. Combined supplementation of iron and zinc was safe and effective in reducing the high prevalences of anemia and iron and zinc deficiencies. Zinc supplementation may negatively affect iron status but iron supplementation does not seem to affect zinc status. Furthermore, VAC administration in the absence of iron supplementation may increase the incidence of anemia. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL TRIALS | INFANT | SERUM ZINC LEVEL | SERUM IRON LEVEL | FOOD SUPPLEMENTATION | INFANT NUTRITION | HEMOGLOBIN LEVEL | SEX FACTORS | ANEMIA | PREVALENCE | DEFICIENCY DISEASES | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Clinical Research | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | Nutrition Programs | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Nutrition | Diseases | Measurement | Nutrition Disorders Document Number: 312502 |
| 20. Title: Socioeconomic impacts of and resource requirements for HIV and AIDS. Author: Constella Futures. Health Policy Initiative Source: Jakarta, Indonesia, Association of Southeast Asian Nations [ASEAN], 2006 Nov. 8 p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-I-01-05-00040-00) Abstract: The assessment of the Socioeconomic Impact of HIV and AIDS is the second activity under the USAID Cooperation with ASEAN through the Operational Framework for the Second ASEAN Work Program on HIV/AIDS. The work program identifies the need to understand the socioeconomic impact of HIV and AIDS on the region in order to inform advocacy for increased political commitment and leadership and, thus, increased financial, human, and institutional resources for HIV and AIDS. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | POLICYMAKERS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | HIV PREVENTION | USAID | ADVOCACY | PREVALENCE | POVERTY | RESOURCES | FOREIGN AID | Developing Countries | Asia | Research Methodology | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | Financial Activities | Evaluation | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Communication | Measurement Document Number: 323265 |
| 21. Title: UNICEF annual report 2005, covering 1 January 2005 through 31 December 2005. Author: UNICEF Source: New York, New York, UNICEF, 2006 Jun. 39 p. Abstract: This is important to keep in mind while reflecting on the achievements and challenges of 2005, a year focused on assessing progress towards the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). By many yardsticks, the prognosis is grim. Only 125 countries were on track to achieve the 2005 target of gender parity in education, a necessary step towards establishing universal primary education by 2015. The State of the World's Children 2006: Excluded and Invisible, published by UNICEF in late 2005, illuminated the plight of the children who have largely been left outside of progress. Another UNICEF report, A call to action: Children, the missing face of AIDS, revealed the heavy toll HIV/AIDS is taking on children, and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) year-end update showed more people than ever infected and affected, a millstone around progress achieved in other areas. The UN Millennium Project reports on all the Goals, prepared for the UN Secretary-General in 2005, showed that much more has to be done before the world is truly on track to fulfill the aims of the Millennium Declaration and meet the Goals. There are no magic bullets for achieving sustainable gains. But there are newfound commitments to partnership, positive trends and real results in various places, and programmes that can and must be replicated. There is creative thinking all around, in small villages and world capitals and many places in between. There are technological innovations at the ready. There are reforms at the United Nations, an increase in aid levels and momentum in the aid process, leading to more effective work towards common development goals. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | AFRICA, NORTH | INDIA | ASIA, SOUTHERN | ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN | PAKISTAN | MIDDLE EAST | SUMMARY REPORT | RURAL POPULATION | PREGNANT WOMEN | STREET KIDS | INFANT HEALTH | CHILD HEALTH | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | VOLUNTEERS AND VOLUNTARISM | NATURAL DISASTERS | SOCIAL PROTECTION | FUNDS | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | EXPENDITURES | Developing Countries | Asia | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Homeless Persons | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Health | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Organization and Administration | Environment | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 311216 |
| 22. Title: Malaria. Malaria kills up to 3 million people each year. Author: World Bank. Disease Control Priorities Project Source: [Washington, D.C.], World Bank, Disease Control Priorities Project, 2006 Apr. [2] p. Abstract: Malaria threatens close to one-half of the world's population, and more than 1 million children die each year of malaria-related complications. The disease is transmitted when mosquitoes carrying the malaria parasite bite and infect humans. If left untreated in pregnant women, malaria causes low birthweight, which can lead to a range of impairments including cerebral palsy, mental retardation, and cognitive deficits. In Sub-Saharan Africa, nearly 4 percent of all maternal deaths annually are the result of malaria-associated anemia. The battle against malaria, ranked the eighth-highest contributor to the global disease burden and second highest in Africa, is being fought using a combination of traditional low-cost methods and promising new drugs. Eliminating malaria from most endemic areas is an important global health priority. It also presents a significant challenge, in part because of the large numbers of people infected and inadequate infrastructure and resources in many countries. Efforts to reduce the burden of malaria involve early diagnosis and treatment; proper use of drugs, including new therapies called artemisinins; preventive therapy during pregnancy and infancy; use of insecticide-treated nets; and mosquito control. Studies have shown a significant negative association between malaria and economic growth. In terms of economic growth alone, malaria control is extremely cost beneficial. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | EUROPE | ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN | AMERICAS | GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | MALARIA | MORTALITY | DEATH RATE | MALARIA PREVENTION | TREATMENT | Developing Countries | Developed Countries | Asia | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 311390 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: Classifying dengue: a review of the difficulties in using the WHO case classification for dengue haemorrhagic fever. Author: Bandyopadhyay S; Lum LC; Kroeger A Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2006 Aug;11(8):1238-1255. Abstract: The current World Health Organisation (WHO) classification of dengue includes two distinct entities: dengue fever (DF) and dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF)/dengue shock syndrome; it is largely based on pediatric cases in Southeast Asia. Dengue has extended to different tropical areas and older age groups. Variations from the original description of dengue manifestations are being reported. The objectives were to analyse the experience of clinicians in using the dengue case classification and identify challenges in applying the criteria in routine clinical practice. Systematic literature review of post-1975 English-language publications on dengue classification. Thirty-seven papers were reviewed. Several studies had strictly applied all four WHO criteria in DHF cases; however, most clinicians reported difficulties in meeting all four criteria and used a modified classification. The positive tourniquet test representing the minimum requirement of a haemorrhagic manifestation did not distinguish between DHF and DF. In cases of DHF thrombocytopenia was observed in 8.6--96%, plasma leakage in 6--95% and haemorrhagic manifestations in 22--93%. The low sensitivity of classifying DHF could be due to failure to repeat the tests or physical examinations at the appropriate time, early intravenous fluid therapy, and lack of adequate resources in an epidemic situation and perhaps a considerable overlap of clinical manifestations in the different dengue entities. A prospective multi-centre study across dengue endemic regions, age groups and the health care system is required which describes the clinical presentation of dengue including simple laboratory parameters in order to review and if necessary modify the current dengue classification. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLASSIFICATION | WHO | DENGUE | FEVER | DATA COLLECTION | Developing Countries | Asia | Research Methodology | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Body Temperature | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 302865 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: Gendered paths of industrialization: a cross-regional comparative analysis. Author: Caraway TL Source: Studies in Comparative International Development. 2006 Spring;41(1):26-52. Abstract: This article both describes and explains gendered patterns of industrialization across 27 sectors and 10 countries in three regions. Contrary to common perceptions that women's participation in manufacturing work is to be explained primarily by economic or cultural variables, I demonstrate the central role of an additional variable-- the strength of unions--in delaying the entry of women into the manufacturing workforce. I argue that cross-national differences in gendered patterns of industrialization are intimately tied to the balance of employment in labor-intensive versus capital-intensive sectors, employment growth, fertility, and the strength of labor unions. Surprisingly, this study finds that supply variables have weak effects on feminization. Demand-side factors and the power of unions have stronger and more consistent effects on feminization than cultural factors that shape the supply characteristics of female labor. (author's) Language: English Keywords: LATIN AMERICA | ASIA, EASTERN | ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | WOMEN | LABOR FORCE | GENDER ISSUES | INEQUALITIES | LABOR UNIONS | INDUSTRIALIZATION | INDUSTRY | Americas | Developing Countries | Asia | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Organizations | Political Factors | Economic Development | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 305124 |
| 25. Title: Ophthalmic complications of dengue. Author: Chan DP; Teoh SC; Tan CS; Nah GK; Rajagopalan R Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2006 Feb;12(2):285-289. Abstract: We report 13 cases of ophthalmic complications resulting from dengue infection in Singapore. We performed a retrospective analysis of a series of 13 patients with dengue fever who had visual impairment. Investigations included Humphrey automated visual field analyzer, Amsler charting, fundus fluorescein angiography, and optical coherence tomography. Twenty-two eyes of 13 patients were affected. The mean age of patients was 31.7 years. Visual acuity varied from 20/25 to counting fingers only. Twelve patients (92.3%) noted central vision impairment. Onset of visual impairment coincided with the nadir of serum thrombocytopenia. Ophthalmologic findings include macular edema and blot hemorrhages (10), cotton wool spots (1), retinal vasculitis (4), exudative retinal detachment (2), and anterior uveitis (1). All patients recovered visual acuity to 20/30 or better with residual central scotoma by 12 weeks. These new complications suggest a widening spectrum of ophthalmic complications in dengue infection. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN | INDIA | AMERICAS | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | DENGUE | FEVER | DEATH RATE | OPHTHALMOLOGICAL EFFECTS | Developing Countries | Asia | Asia, Southern | Developed Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Body Temperature | Physiology | Biology | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 296872 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: International labour recruitment: channelling Bangladeshi labour to East and South-East Asia. Author: Fee LK; Rahman MM Source: Asia-Pacific Population Journal. 2006 Apr;21(1):85-107. Abstract: While this paper largely discusses the role of migration institutions in channelling Bangladeshi migrants under different migrant worker programmes, it also focuses on the general consequences of such programmes and the policy principles that can be pursued by these host countries to meet the demand for migrant labour in order to minimize negative consequences. The paper is divided into four sections: the first deals briefly with the significance of institutional theory to labour migration; the second deals with various labour recruitment institutions in Bangladesh; the third focuses on the role of different institutional actors in the Bangladeshi labour migration to East and South-East Asia; and, finally, the conclusion suggests policy recommendations. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | ASIA, EASTERN | ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | MIGRANT WORKERS | ILLEGAL MIGRANTS | GOVERNMENT | LABOR MIGRATION | TEMPORARY MIGRATION | LEGISLATION | ECONOMIC POLICY | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Policy Document Number: 303093 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: Population ageing in East and South-East Asia, 1950 - 2050: Implications for elderly care. Author: Mujahid G Source: Asia-Pacific Population Journal. 2006 Aug;21(2):25-44. Abstract: This paper presents an overview of how the ageing situation is expected to evolve in East and South-East Asia during the first half of this century, focusing on its implications in terms of the provision of care for the growing elderly population. The paper is divided into five sections. The first section provides a regional perspective of population ageing in view of the global situation. The second section discusses the demographic impact of population ageing that underlies the erosion in the support base for the elderly. The third section highlights two characteristic features of the emerging profile of the older population - its ageing and its feminization - that add to the complexity of care provision for the elderly. A comparison of the projected changes compared with past trends brings out the relative enormity and novelty of the emerging challenges. The fourth section examines the implications of the changes outlined in the second and third sections in terms of care for the elderly. Finally, the fifth section summarizes the main findings and policy recommendations. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN | ASIA, EASTERN | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | OLDER ADULTS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | OLDER ADULTS, 80 AND OVER | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | POPULATION PROJECTION | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | POPULATION GROWTH | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | GENDER ISSUES | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Adults | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Estimation Techniques | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 315587 |
| 28. Title: Demographics and security in maritime Southeast Asia. Author: Nichiporuk B; Grammich C; Rabasa A; DaVanzo J Source: Georgetown Journal of International Affairs. 2006 Winter-Spring;7(1):83-91. Abstract: With a population of about 325 million, Maritime Southeast Asia - Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Singapore - is an area of significant economic and security interests for the United States. These interests are four fold. First, the United States seeks to maintain open sea lanes through the region, especially through the Straits of Malacca, through which much Persian Gulf oil is shipped to East Asia. Second, the moderate Islam practiced in the region can help offset radical Islamist movements elsewhere. Third, Washington seeks to prevent terrorist infrastructure from developing in the dense jungles of the region. And fourth, the United States needs to build strong strategic relationships in the region to assure access for American air and naval forces. This article analyzes how demographic factors are affecting the security environment of Southeast Asia and examines the resulting security implications for the United States. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | POPULATION | ETHNIC GROUPS | NATIONAL SECURITY | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | POPULATION DYNAMICS | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | POPULATION GROWTH | URBANIZATION | AGE DISTRIBUTION | POPULATION DENSITY | MIGRATION | Developing Countries | Asia | Research Methodology | Comparative Studies | Studies | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Age Factors Document Number: 325660 |
| 29. Title: A case for passive immunoprophylaxis against tuberculosis. Author: Reljic R; Ivanyi J Source: Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2006 Dec;6(12):813-818. Abstract: HIV-associated tuberculosis is escalating ominously in Africa and southeast Asia despite existing control measures. Therefore, new approaches to tuberculosis control need to be explored. We discuss the potential use of passive immunoprophylaxis with antibodies in tuberculosis control. Although the predominant type of active host resistance is T-cell mediated, recent results in mouse experimental models suggest that monoclonal antibodies to certain antigens (eg, Acr or lipoarabinomannan) can impart substantial passive protection against tuberculous infection. These results are corroborated by data from other laboratories on passive vaccination against a number of intracellular microbial pathogens. Further work is needed to develop human (or humanised) antibody reagents, to increase their protective efficacy, and to expand our understanding of the mechanisms of antibody action. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGY | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | HIV | TUBERCULOSIS | DRUG RESISTANCE | ANTIBODIES | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | TREATMENT | Developing Countries | Asia | Public Health | Health | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 309674 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Prospects for advancing tuberculosis control efforts through novel therapies. Author: Salomon JA; Lloyd-Smith JO; Getz WM; Resch S; Sanchez MS Source: PLoS Medicine. 2006 Aug;3(8):e273. Abstract: Development of new, effective, and affordable tuberculosis (TB) therapies has been identified as a critical priority for global TB control. As new candidates emerge from the global TB drug pipeline, the potential impacts of novel, shorter regimens on TB incidence and mortality have not yet been examined. We used a mathematical model of TB to evaluate the expected benefits of shortening the duration of effective chemotherapy for active pulmonary TB. First, we considered general relationships between treatment duration and TB dynamics. Next, as a specific example, we calibrated the model to reflect the current situation in the South-East Asia region. We found that even with continued and rapid progress in scaling up the World Health Organization's DOTS strategy of directly observed, short-course chemotherapy, the benefits of reducing treatment duration would be substantial. Compared to a baseline of continuing DOTS coverage at current levels, and with currently available tools, a 2-mo regimen introduced by 2012 could prevent around 20% (range 13%-28%) of new cases and 25% (range 19%-29%) of TB deaths in South-East Asia between 2012 and 2030. If effective treatment with existing drugs expands rapidly, overall incremental benefits of shorter regimens would be lower, but would remain considerable (13% [range 8%-19%] and 19% [range 15%-23%] reductions in incidence and mortality, respectively, between 2012 and 2030). A ten-year delay in the introduction of new drugs would erase nearly three-fourths of the total expected benefits in this region through 2030. The introduction of new, shorter treatment regimens could dramatically accelerate the reductions in TB incidence and mortality that are expected under current regimens--with up to 2- or 3-fold increases in rates of decline if shorter regimens are accompanied by enhanced case detection. Continued progress in reducing the global TB burden will require a balanced approach to pursuing new technologies while promoting wider implementation of proven strategies. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN | RESEARCH REPORT | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | POPULATION AT RISK | CLIENTS | TUBERCULOSIS | TREATMENT | DRUGS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | DISEASE TRANSMISSION CONTROL | DIRECTLY OBSERVED THERAPY SHORT-COURSE (DOTS) | Asia | Developing Countries | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Infections | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Prevention and Control Document Number: 311954 |
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