1.  Peer Reviewed Title: Analysis of socio-political and health practices influencing sex ratio at birth in Viet Nam. Author: Pham BN; Hall W; Hill PS; Rao C Source: Reproductive Health Matters. 2008 Nov;16(32):176-84. Abstract: Viet Nam has experienced rapid social change over the last decade, with a remarkable decline in fertility to just below replacement level. The combination of fertility decline, son preference, antenatal sex determination using ultrasound and sex selective abortion are key factors driving increased sex ratios at birth in favour of boys in some Asian countries. Whether or not this is taking place in Viet Nam as well is the subject of heightened debate. In this paper, we analyse the nature and determinants of sex ratio at birth in Viet Nam, including a small family size norm, recent reinforcement by the Government of the "one-to-two child" family policy, traditional son preference, easy access to antenatal ultrasound screening and legal abortion, and an increase in the proportion of one-child families. In order to prevent an increased sex ratio at birth in Viet Nam, we argue for the relaxation of the one-to-two child family policy and a return to the policy of "small family size" as determined by families, in tandem with a comprehensive approach to promoting the value of women and girls in society, countering traditional gender roles, and raising public awareness of the negative social consequences of a high sex ratio at birth. Language: English Keywords: VIETNAM | RECOMMENDATIONS | SONS | SEX RATIO | SEX PREFERENCE | ANTINATALIST POLICY | FAMILY SIZE | SEX DETERMINATION | ULTRASONICS | SEX PRESELECTION | ABORTION | LEGISLATION | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Genetic Techniques | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Reproductive Technologies | Reproduction | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning Document Number: 342199 Notification |
2.  Title: Emergence of the family planning program in Turkey. Author: Akin A Source: In: The global family planning revolution: three decades of population policies and programs, edited by Warren C. Robinson and John A. Ross. Washington, D.C., World Bank, 2007. :85-102. Abstract: Turkey, a Middle Eastern country covering some 770,000 square kilometers, lies in both Asia and Europe. It has more than 70 million people, nearly all of them (98 percent) Muslim. Between 1927 and 2000, population growth was rapid and the population grew fivefold, though the rate of growth varied from a low of 1.06 percent per year in 1940-45 to a high of 2.85 percent per year in 1955-60. By 1990-2000, however, the rate was 1.83 percent per year. A comparison of population pyramids for 1955 and 2000 shows a remarkable shift in structure from one reflecting rapid growth at the base to one in which each cohort below the age of 15 is smaller than the one above. Indeed, the 2000 pyramid is similar in shape to those of many developed countries. During the same period, average household size declined from 5.7 to 4.5, a 21 percent reduction. Not surprisingly, the proportion of the population living in urban areas rose steeply between 1950 and 2000, from 25 to 65 percent of the total population. Literacy rose for both sexes. In 1935, it was 30 percent for males and 10 percent for females, but according to the 2000 census, by that time it had reached a remarkable 94 percent for males and 81 percent for females. Thus, profound demographic and social changes have taken place in Turkey in recent years. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | HISTORICAL REVIEW | CASE STUDIES | POLICYMAKERS | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL | GOVERNMENT | FAMILY PLANNING | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM EVALUATION | PRONATALIST POLICY | ANTINATALIST POLICY | LEGISLATION | POPULATION POLICY | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Policy | Policy | Planning Document Number: 321941 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: China's local and national fertility policies at the end of the twentieth century. Author: Gu B; Wang F; Guo Z; Zhang E Source: Population and Development Review. 2007 Mar;33(1):129-147. Abstract: In this article we survey variations in China's fertility policy as of the late 1990s, in an attempt to describe local policy and the implications of the aggregation of local policies for national policy. Following a brief discussion of the politics of population policymaking in contemporary China, we summarize fertility policy regulations within China's provinces. Our survey illustrates the intricacies and complexities of the population control process in China and serves as a background for our detailed analysis of the policy-stipulated fertility level in China based on local fertility policies. Using data collected on fertility policy for 420 prefecture-level units in China, the administrative level below the province, we estimate fertility levels that would obtain locally if all married couples had births at the levels permitted by local policy. Chinese birth control officials term this fertility level as "policy fertility" (zhengce shengyulu). We compute the average provincial and national policy fertility levels implied by policy fertility at the prefecture level and map the geographic and demographic distributions of policy fertility in China. This policy fertility level is a quantitative summary of China's current fertility policy, informing what is pursued in terms of population control nationally, on the basis of diverse local policies. Policy fertility serves as a reference for evaluating China's fertility policy implementation, and as a starting point in evaluating the necessity and feasibility of continuing China's current fertility policy. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | POPULATION | POLICYMAKERS | FERTILITY DECLINE | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | ONE CHILD POLICY | POPULATION CONTROL | POPULATION POLICY | POLITICAL FACTORS | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | ANTINATALIST POLICY | POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Social Policy | Policy | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning | Planning | Geographic Factors | Geography | Social Sciences | Science Document Number: 308468 |
| 4. Title: Birth-spacing patterns in Huaning County, Yunnan Province, PRC: Is the adoption of a small family norm sustainable? Author: Lofstedt P; Ghilagaber G; Johansson A Source: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. 2007;35(3):257-264. Abstract: China's family planning programs have emphasized delayed marriage and longer spacing between births. Since 1970, the fertility has declined from 6 to 1.8 births and the mean age at first marriage has gone up but the recommended spacing intervals have not been fully realized. Despite the fertility decline it is being debated among scholars whether China has completed a sustainable demographic transition or not, especially in rural areas. The aim of this study was to analyze trends in the timing and patterns of marriage and childbearing in relation to successive family planning policies. A cluster random sample of 1,336 women aged 15-64 at the time of the survey (2000) was selected in one rural county in Yunnan province. Life-table techniques were used to analyze the cumulative proportion of women marrying and having a certain number of births. Cox's hazard regression model was used to estimate the effects of various covariates on the "hazard" for a woman to have a second birth. Our findings demonstrate how childbearing patterns have changed in the direction of delayed marriage, a decreased interval between first marriage and first child, and significantly longer spacing between the first and second child. This transformation of childbearing patterns corresponds well with the requirements of the policies. Considering the characteristics of Yunnan, it seems likely that the changing fertility behavior has been more influenced by a strictly enforced family planning policy than by societal changes leading to the adoption of a new, smaller family norm. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | LIFE TABLE METHOD | RURAL POPULATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | BIRTH SPACING | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | ANTINATALIST POLICY | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | FERTILITY DECLINE | BIRTH RATE | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Demographic Analysis | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Family Planning | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Fertility Measurements Document Number: 313551 |
| 5. Title: Singapore: population policies and programs. Author: Yap Mui Teng Source: In: The global family planning revolution: three decades of population policies and programs, edited by Warren C. Robinson and John A. Ross. Washington, D.C., World Bank, 2007. :201-219. Abstract: Concerns since the mid-1980s have included issues of the growth of the labor force, the vibrancy of the work-force, and the country's ability to sustain economic growth in the face of persistent below-replacement-level fertility and population aging. A larger population is now considered desirable to provide the critical mass for future economic growth. Planners consider the constraint of geographic size to be less critical than in the past, because they believe that the country can comfortably accommodate a much larger population of more than 5 million people, compared with the 3 million thought desirable earlier. Cheung, however, cautions against too rapid population growth to reach the larger population size, citing the momentum generated by pro-natalist population policies and the difficulty of reversing them . Population planning has become a much more complex balancing act between the economy's needs for more and better qualified workers and such social and political considerations as the size of the dependent population and ethnic balance. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SINGAPORE | CASE STUDIES | HISTORICAL REVIEW | POPULATION POLICY | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | IEC | ANTINATALIST POLICY | PRONATALIST POLICY | BELOW REPLACEMENT FERTILITY | INCENTIVES | DISINCENTIVES | FERTILITY DECLINE | FUNDS | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning | Programs | Organization and Administration | Program Activities | Population Decrease | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Financial Activities | Economic Factors Document Number: 321948 |
| 6. Title: Where next for China? Birth ratio in India is also dwindling [letter] Author: Chanana C Source: BMJ. British Medical Journal. 2006 Sep 2;333(7566):500. Abstract: Similar to the Chinese government, the government of India also adopted a policy of two children per couple, which was later modified to the one child norm, to keep a check on the increasing population. But until now the population is nowhere near being controlled, and the ratio seems to be increasingly imbalanced as the time passes. In many villages, marriages occur much before the legal age of consent. Five to six children are born to each couple. The general feeling is more kids, more hands, and more income. The scenario is no different in cities, where the total number of children born to a couple may be less, but at the cost of female feticide (in spite of a law against prenatal determination). This scenario will not change for many years. The only hope seems to be women's education, because it is rightly said that by educating a man you educate a person but by educating a woman you educate an entire family. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | INDIA | CRITIQUE | BIRTH RATE | ANTINATALIST POLICY | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 304988 |
| 7. Title: AIDS and gender in India. Source: Serial Issue. Sanger File. 2003 Mar 14;(11):[4] p.. Abstract: When Bill Gates arrived in India in November 2002 bearing $100 million that he was prepared to give to help combat the nation's AIDS crisis, he was met with less than universal adulation by some government officials. The source of their irritation was that Mr. Gates quoted estimates from a report issued by the U.S. National Intelligence Council in September 2002 which predicted that the number of persons in India infected with HIV/AIDS (currently about 4 million officially) would rise by the year 2010 to be between 20 and 25 million, the highest number of any nation on the planet. For citing this report as an impetus for his gift, Gates was attacked by Health Minister Shatrughan Sinha for "spreading panic." Human Resources Development Minister Murli Manohar Joshi joined in: "In his enthusiasm to fight out a certain menace, Gates has overdone it." The Indian Government nevertheless indicated it would take Gates' check. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | CRITIQUE | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV PREVENTION | SEX RATIO | ANTINATALIST POLICY | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | FOREIGN AID | PRIVATE SECTOR | SEX PREFERENCE | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 309862 |
| 8. Title: Family planning impact evaluation: the evolution of techniques. Author: Hermalin AI Source: Población y Salud en Mesoamérica. 2003 Jul-Dec;1(1):1-37. Abstract: This paper is a slightly revised version of a paper prepared for the seminar on methods for impact evaluation of family planning programs held in Jaco, Costa Rica, May 14-16, 1997. The seminar was sponsored by the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population (IUSSP), the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the Carolina Population Center of the University of North Carolina, and the Central American Population Program of the University of Costa Rica. The goal of the seminar was to look at current methodological problems facing careful evaluation of the impact of programs, to examine some of the new methods that have been developed to address persistent issues, and to assess the methodological challenges posed by the expanded goals of many programs following the 1994 Cairo International Conference on Population and Development. This paper was designed to serve as the background to discussions of current methodologies and issues by tracing the development and nature of methods for assessing impact that started soon after the first programs were initiated in the 1950s. The techniques discussed include standardization and trend analysis, the analyses of acceptor data, experimental designs, multivariate areal analysis, population-based surveys, and multilevel strategies. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | HISTORICAL REVIEW | EVALUATION METHODOLOGY | POPULATION | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM EVALUATION | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | ANTINATALIST POLICY | FERTILITY | Evaluation | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors Document Number: 190073 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Revolution, war and modernization: population policy and fertility change in Iran. Author: Abbasi MJ; Mehryar A; Jones G; McDonald P Source: Journal of Population Research. 2002 May;19(1):25-46. Abstract: Fertility trends in Iran over recent decades can be plausibly related to a number of causal factors. Population policy shifts were quite marked, and were related to political upheaval and war, which influenced both official policy and popular perceptions of the nation's need for children. A range of developmental factors were also important. The key fertility trends to be explained include the rise to an exceptionally high level in the early 1980s (a TFR of just below 7), and the speed of the subsequent decline to a TFRof about 2.7 in 1996. As well as estimating the proximate determinants of these trends, the paper sets them in their political and developmental context. Iran's fertility trends are then compared with those of Islamic countries of North Africa and West Asia to gain additional insights into possible causal factors. An adequate explanation of fertility change in Iran needs to draw on elements of a number of theories of fertility transition. (author's) Language: English Keywords: IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | FERTILITY CHANGES | WAR | POPULATION POLICY | MODERNIZATION | ANTINATALIST POLICY | FERTILITY | FERTILITY DECLINE | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FAMILY PLANNING | Developing Countries | Middle East | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Political Factors | Social Policy | Policy | Social Change | Contraception Document Number: 178013 |
| 10. Title: Planning an Indian modernity: the gendered politics of fertility control. Author: Chatterjee N; Riley NE Source: Sign. 2001 Spring;26(3):811-845. Abstract: With a population estimated at over 971 million, India is expected to overtake China as the world's most populous country in the twenty-first century. Notwithstanding the growing debate among social scientists, activists, and policy makers about linkages between population, development, and the environment, in the public mind India continues to be associated with images of "teeming" and "exploding" masses mired in human degradation, ecological devastation, and civil strife. In this context, it bears pointing out that the Indian state was the first in the world to initiate an official population control program in 1952. Nearly fifty years later, assessments of the Indian family planning program's performance are mixed, but the Indian fertility rate is declining despite overall population growth. Our interest in this article is not to argue for or against population control, or to evaluate India's success or failure in this regard, but to address India's state-sponsored population control program-its history, ideology, and strategies-and to examine the contours of a nationalist, modernist project that is by definition gendered and classed and an ongoing product of struggles between multiple actors both beyond and within the state. We argue that Indian family planning intervention, which is part of a broad postcolonial developmental agenda, represents both an appropriation of, and resistance to, a hegemonic Western conception of the modern. We analyze the national fertility control program's domestication of modernity through a selective indigenization of modernity's core values, noting that at another level, this process-the linking of individual and family reproductive behavior to national welfare and the promotion of modernity as embodied practice-is itself an inherently modern project, as is the phenomenon of government planning. Furthermore, we draw attention to the overtly paternalistic and elitist character of the Indian fertility control program that targets women of all classes, and the poor in general. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | SUMMARY REPORT | CRITIQUE | LITERATURE REVIEW | POPULATION PROGRAMS | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | MODERNIZATION | WOMEN | FERTILITY RATE | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM ADMINISTRATION | INVOLUNTARY FERTILITY CONTROL | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | MOTIVATION | FAMILY PLANNING | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | IEC | INFORMATION | EDUCATION | COMMUNICATION | ANTINATALIST POLICY | POPULATION POLICY | FEMALE ROLE | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Population Control | Social Policy | Policy | Programs | Organization and Administration | Social Change | Demographic Factors | Population | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Program Activities | Social Behavior | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 180206 |
| 11. Title: Iranian miracle: How to raise contraceptive prevalence rate to above 70% and cut TFR by two-thirds in less than a decade? Author: Mehryar AH; Delavar B; Farjadi GA; Hosseini-Chavoshi M; Naghavi M Source: [Unpublished] 2001. Presented at the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population, IUSSP, 24th General Conference, Salvador, Brazil, August 18-24, 2001. 45 p. Abstract: The Islamic Republic of Iran pursued a frankly pronatalist policy during the first decade of her life. The result was a tremendous rise in fertility and the population rose at an annual rate of 3.9 percent between 1976-1986. Partly in response to this rapid growth, the government adopted an anti-natalist policy and the long suspended national family planning program was revived in 1989. The program has proven exceptionally successful both in terms of contraceptive prevalence rate and a sharp decline in fertility. The aim of this paper is to describe the development, organization, and achievements of Iranian family planning program and to identify some of the main factors that may have contributed to its remarkable success. To this end, the main findings of all censuses and surveys conducted by the Statistical Centre of Iran (SCI) and the Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOHME) between 1976-2000 are reviewed. The findings indicate a tremendous rise in contraceptive prevalence rate as well as a striking decline in fertility and population growth rates since late 1980s. Over 70% of eligible are found to be using a contraceptive. The traditional urban-rural gap has narrowed considerably. Although the large majority of couples are using modern methods, including male and female sterilization, a large proportion continue to rely on coitus interruptus. The use of the latter method is surprisingly more common in urban areas of the better-developed provinces with remarkable rates of fertility decline. By late 2000, 23 of the 29 provinces had CPRs above 70%. Even the two provinces with the lowest CPR level (Sistan-Baluchistan and Hormozgan provinces bordering Pakistan and the Persian Gulf) have higher contraceptive use rates (41.5 & 55%) than most neighboring countries. The fertility rate, which had declined from a TFR of to a TFR of 2.6 between 1986-1996, has continued to fall further. According to large-scale surveys conducted by the SCI (1998-9) and MOHME (2000) the TFR has dropped to below 2 in urban areas of the majority of provinces as well as the rural areas of several provinces. Government commitment, whole hearted support of the politically dominant religious leadership, and the integration of reproductive health services with the extensive primary health care network of Iran are identified as the main factors underlying the unexpected success of the revived family planning program in Iran. Official government promotion of birth control and the support of the politically dominant religious leaders has not only helped to legitimize contraceptive use but it has also eliminated most of the physical barriers to family planning, particularly among the rural and lower class urban couples. The present analysis also calls attention to the importance of such socio-economic factors as urbanization, modernization, expansion of educational opportunities, particularly for women, raised expectations regarding the future education and employment of children, improved general health and lower infant mortality rates, and access to modern means of communication and comfort. The importance of these factors is underlined by the fact that there were signs of rising contraceptive use and fertility decline even before the change in government policy in 1989. It is also noted that a striking rise in age at first marriage has taken place despite continuing government efforts to promote and reinforce early marriage as a religious value. Nevertheless, marriage remains more or less universal and there is strong evidence that the bulk of the observed decline in fertility is due to contraceptive use by married women. (author's) Language: English Keywords: IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | POPULATION STATISTICS | KAP SURVEYS | POPULATION | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | ANTINATALIST POLICY | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM EVALUATION | FERTILITY DECLINE | ISLAM | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | WITHDRAWAL | Developing Countries | Middle East | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Programs | Organization and Administration | Family Planning Programs | Fertility Changes | Religion | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods Document Number: 192660 |
| 12. Title: Justifying population control: the latest arguments. Author: Eberstadt N Source: In: Prosperous paupers and other population problems, [by] Nicholas Eberstadt. New Brunswick, New Jersey, Transaction Publishers, 2000. :175-185. Abstract: For convinced proponents of international policies to promote what was once known as "population control" and is currently called "stabilizing world population," the 1980s was a grim decade: a time not only of frustration, but of bitter and often unexpected reversals. The most public and publicized of the many setbacks for population activists during those years took place in Mexico City in 1984, when the Reagan administration's delegation to the International Conference on Population upstaged the assembled anti-natalist contingents and altered the rhetoric of the population debate with their assertion that "population growth is, by itself, a neutral phenomenon." The bad news for the population control movement, however, was not always carried live on CNN, or splashed over the front page of the New York Times. For, as sophisticated observers immediately recognized and rank-and-file population activists gradually came to understand, the movement suffered one of its severest blows in the 1980s from a slender summary report with a modest circulation: the 1986 National Academy of Sciences (NAS) reassessment of the population question. Population Growth and Economic Development: Policy Questions offered a cautious and highly qualified assessment of the potential risks posed by rapid population growth, substantially revising and toning down the warnings issued in the NAS's previous report on the topic fifteen years earlier. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | POPULATION CONTROL | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | POPULATION POLICY | POPULATION PROGRAMS | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | ANTINATALIST POLICY | UNWANTED BIRTHS | POLITICAL FACTORS | Economic Factors | Social Policy | Policy | Family Planning | Programs | Organization and Administration | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 287239 |
| 13. Title: Interweaving the public and the private: women's responses to population policy shifts in Singapore. Author: Teo P; Yeoh BS Source: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POPULATION GEOGRAPHY. 1999 Mar-Apr;5(2):79-96. Abstract: This study examined perceptions of the impacts of the antinatalist (OPP) and pronatalist (NPP) policies in Singapore. Data were obtained from a sample of 209 men and 280 women under 45 years old who lived in Ang Mo Kio New Town in the center of the island. Findings indicate that 53.4% of women said that fertility decisions were joint ones. 50% of women and 65% of men said that family size was jointly determined. Over 70% were aware of the OPP "stop at 2" policy. Those who gave accurate, detailed knowledge were mostly over 35 years old. Knowledge of OPP did not vary by education, but did vary by awareness of incentives and disincentives. 45.4% of women believed that OPP was a necessary state policy; 25.4% did not. 36.4% thought that OPP was fair; 28.3% did not. 60.3% of women said that OPP did influence family size in society, but 63.8% said it did not influence their individual family size. Finances, education, and child care were explanatory factors in individual planning. OPP is viewed as a successful policy not because of ideology, but because of the value placed on improved socioeconomic standards. 58.2% of women and 55.5% of men knew the details about the NPP. 51.9% of women said the NPP would encourage larger family size, but 87.8% said it would not affect them personally. Findings suggest that personal freedoms and public ideology are not binary, public-private concepts in fertility decision making. Language: English Keywords: SINGAPORE | RESEARCH REPORT | FAMILY PLANNING SURVEYS | URBAN POPULATION | PRONATALIST POLICY | ANTINATALIST POLICY | PERCEPTION | KNOWLEDGE | VALUE ORIENTATION | SOCIAL CHANGE | GENDER ISSUES | Developed Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Family Planning | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 141564 |
| 14. Title: [The persistence of population problems in China] Persistance des problemes demographiques en Chine. Author: Blayo Y Source: Paris, France, Institut National d'Etudes Demographiques [INED], 1998 Jan. 4 p. (Population et Societes No. 331) Abstract: Careful administrative control over households, each assigned to a place of residence in the agricultural or nonagricultural category, has been the decisive instrument of China's demographic control. Although assignment of residence was progressively implemented during the 1950s, the Great Leap Forward and early years of the Cultural Revolution interfered, and the policy became fully functional only in the early 1970s. In the early 1950s, urban underemployment and massive influx of peasants into the cities led to the interdiction of rural-urban migration and to forced migration of millions of Chinese, especially educated youth, to the countryside. China was able to keep the urban population at the low level of 18% through 1978, avoiding the uncontrolled urbanization experienced in most other developing countries. The policy eventually failed because of the rural economic reforms undertaken in 1978, which increased agricultural production and freed millions of workers who could not be absorbed into rural enterprises. Rural dwellers received permission to move to cities in 1984 on the condition of maintaining their rural registration. A "floating population" of about 100 million, beyond the control of the authorities, was thus created. 53.2% of China's population was urban in 1990, and the 3% average annual growth of the urban population during 1982-90 indicates that China succeeded only in postponing, not avoiding, its urban explosion. The system of birth quotas announced in 1971 and the one-child policy announced in 1978 met with great resistance. Coercive methods, especially forced sterilization and abortion, and an increase in the proportion of unregistered births from 8% in 1981 to 44% in 1987 were among the results. Contraceptive prevalence was extremely high, but the average efficiency of all methods, including sterilization, was lower than that in most developing countries. The traditional preference for sons and the absence of pensions have led to high rates of selective abortion of female fetuses, female infanticide, and abandonment of female infants. Disturbances of China's age and sex distribution resulting from its antinatalist policies will be felt for decades to come. French Abstract: Le contrôle administratif des ménages, chacun assigné à une place de résidence dans une catégorie soit agricole soit non agricole, est l'instrument principal de contrôle démographique en Chine. Mis en place progressivement pendant les années 1950, l'enregistrement des ménages à été frustré pendant le Grand bond en avant et les premières années de la Révolution culturelle. La politique n'a fonctionné vraiment qu'à partir du début de la décennie 1970. Au début des années 1950, le sous-emploi dans les villes et l'afflux massif de paysans aux villes ont mené à l'interdiction des migrations des ruraux vers les villes et aux mesures de désurbanisation pour de millions de Chinois, surtout les jeunes gens instruits. La Chine a pu maintenir la proportion de la population totale qui habitait en milieu urbain à 18% jusqu'à la fin de 1978, évitant l'urbanisation sauvage qui prévaut dans de nombreux pays en développement. Cette politique a été mise en échec par les réformes économiques à la campagne qui ont eu lieu en 1978, qui, en accroissant la productivité agricole, ont libéré une main d'oeuvre de millions de travailleurs qui n'ont pas pu être absorbés par les entreprises rurales. Ceux qui habitaient en milieux ruraux ont été autorisés en 1984 de s'installer en ville à condition de garder leur enregistrement agricole. Donc, une population flottante d'environ 100 millions d'habitants a été créée qui échappait le contrôle administratif. En 1990, 53,2% de la population de la Chine habitait en milieu urbain, et la croissance moyenne de la population urbaine de 3% entre 1982 et 1990 indique que la Chine a réussi seulement à renvoyer à plus tard, non éviter, son explosion urbaine. Le système de limites sur les naissances qui a été annoncé en 1971 et la politique d'un enfant qui a été annoncée en 1978 ont été fortement résistés. Des méthodes coercitives, surtout la stérilisation sexuelle forcée et l'avortement forcée, et une hausse de la proportion des naissances non enregistrées de 8% en 1981 à 44% en 1987 étaient parmi les résultats. La prévalence de l'usage de la contraception était extrêmement élevée, mais l'efficacité moyenne de toutes les méthodes, y compris la stérilisation, était plus basse que ce qu'on trouve dans la plupart des pays en développement. La préférence pour les fils et le manque des pensions ont produit des hauts taux de l'avortement sélectif des foetus féminins, l'infanticide des nouveau-nées, et les abandons des filles. Les dérangements à la distribution d'âge et de sexe en Chine dûs aux politiques antinatalistes resteront pendant des décennies. Language: French Keywords: CHINA | HISTORICAL REVIEW | CRITIQUE | POPULATION CONTROL | ANTINATALIST POLICY | ONE CHILD POLICY | INVOLUNTARY FERTILITY CONTROL | INTERNAL MIGRATION | MIGRATION POLICY | URBANIZATION | SEX RATIO | SEX PREFERENCE | SONS | AGE DISTRIBUTION | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Family Planning Policy | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Age Factors Document Number: 133120 |
| 15. Title: [Global population growth and the environment: a review of the issues] Croissance de la population mondiale et environnement: les enjeux. Author: Legrand T Source: CAHIERS QUEBECOIS DE DEMOGRAPHIE. 1998 Autumn;27(2):221-52, 336, 338-9. Abstract: "This article reviews the hypothesized effects of global population growth on the environment and considers their policy implications." The focus is on the ethical considerations of population growth; the complexity of environmental processes; the concentration of adverse effects of population growth on renewable, rather than nonrenewable, resources; the need for noncoercive efforts to slow population growth; and the impact of difficult-to-resolve political and administrative problems. (EXCERPT) (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA) French Abstract: Dans sa considération des enjeux de la croissance démographique mondiale et l'environnement, l'auteur discute les questions éthiques et théoriques, les limites de nos connaissances sur l'environnement, les effets environnementaux de la croissance démographique, et les politiques démographiques de l'environnement. A l'égard d'une stratégie mondiale de sauvegarde de l'environnement, il examine les souverainetés et la gestion planétaire des mesures de protection de l'environnement, la redistribution de la richesse entre le Nord et le Sud, et le rôle de l'incertitude. A moins d'une catastrophe imprévue, la taille de la population mondiale continuera d'augmenter rapidement au cours des décennies à venir. Maintenant, environ 800 millions de personnes s'y ajoutent à chaque décennie. Donc, compte tenu des effets de l'inertie de la croissance démographique, la plus grande partie de cet accroissement est inévitable. En plus, les projections nous annoncent une augmentation future du niveau des revenus par habitant, de sorte que l'échelle des activités humaines s'étendra d'une façon considérable dans les années à venir. La mise au point d'une stratégie viable pour protéger l'environnement est une des tâches les plus importantes auxquelles soit confrontée l'humanité pour le siècle à venir. Beaucoup des facteurs qui influent sur l'environnement ont un caractère cumulatif et permanent. Il s'agit surtout de la croissance démographique, de certains types de pollution, de l'érosion des sols, de la disparition des espèces et, du côté positif, de l'amélioration des connaissances et de la technologie. Bien que nous n'ayons pas encore atteint le seuil critique dont le dépassement entraînerait une détérioration grave et irréversible de l'environnement, le risque de l'atteindre est quand même réel. Language: French Keywords: GLOBAL | ENVIRONMENT | POPULATION GROWTH | ETHICS | NATURAL RESOURCES | ANTINATALIST POLICY | POLITICAL FACTORS | ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy Document Number: 144341 |
| 16. Title: Are the Chinese ready for liberty and self-government? Author: Mosher SW Source: American Enterprise. 1998 Jul;9(4):50-3. Abstract: In 1981, the Chinese government imposed on Chinese families the one-child-per- family population control program. Under the program, birth control-related surgeries, such as abortions, sterilization, and IUD insertion, are widely used, often by pressure or force. This constitutes an incredible expansion of raw state power, consequently inserting the Chinese Communist party into the bedrooms of every couple in China, expropriating their reproductive tracts, and dictating the number and spacing of their children. Although there is an evidence of moral outrage against the policy, China's government immobilizes most of its people by imposing severe punishment for those who oppose the policy. In addition, the Chinese people have accepted the trade-off between restrictions on childbearing and economic bounty. To this effect, it is noted that the democratic structures would not survive long in China unless they could rest securely on a Chinese historical and cultural foundation. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | SUMMARY REPORT | ONE CHILD POLICY | ANTINATALIST POLICY | POPULATION CONTROL | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | DEMOCRACY | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Programs | Organization and Administration | Political Systems Document Number: 163148 |
| 17. Title: Fertility policy in Israel: the politics of religion, gender, and nation. Author: Portugese J Source: Westport, Connecticut, Praeger, 1998. xv, 212 p. Abstract: "The aim of this book is twofold. Its first goal is to demonstrate that despite the lack of an official policy on national fertility, the Israeli government has introduced numerous measures that taken as a whole constitute an `unofficial' policy designed to increase the Jewish fertility rate and decrease that of the Arabs. These measures include the setting in place of socio-economic incentives for prospective mothers or parents; the deliberate obstruction of women's access to reproductive technologies that could be used to prevent or terminate a pregnancy, such as contraception and abortion; and the promotion of those technologies that treat infertility, such as in vitro fertilization (IVF). The book's second objective is to explain how the pronatalist orientation of successive Israeli governments has been shaped by the micro and macro political considerations mentioned above. In order to accomplish this talk, I will discuss the Zionist origins of the state and the `demographic war' legacy that they have left behind. The role of the religious establishment in the formal political sphere will also be taken into consideration as will the influence of familism and patriarchy. Finally, I will examine various demographic and economic forces that are relatively autonomous from the influence of the state." (EXCERPT) Language: English Keywords: ISRAEL | PRONATALIST POLICY | ANTINATALIST POLICY | JEWS | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | FERTILITY INCENTIVES | ABORTION | CONTRACEPTION | INFERTILITY | POLITICAL FACTORS | IN VITRO | ECONOMIC FACTORS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Middle East | Developed Countries | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Population | Family Policy | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Reproduction | Clinical Research | Research Methodology Document Number: 254938 Notification |
| 18. Title: The rapid reproducers paradox: population control and individual procreative rights. Author: Wissenburg M Source: ENVIRONMENTAL POLITICS. 1998 Summer;7(2):78-99. Abstract: This article argues that population policies need to be evaluated from macro and micro perspectives and to consider individual rights. Ecological arguments that are stringent conditions of liberal democracy are assessed against a moral standard. The moral standard is applied to a series of reasons for limiting procreative rights in the cause of sustainability. The focus is directly on legally enforced antinatalist measures and not on indirect policies with incentives and disincentives. The explicit assumption is that population policy violates the fairness to individuals for societal gain and that population policies are incompatible with stringent conditions of liberal democracy. The author identifies the individual-societal tradeoff as the "rapid reproducers paradox." The perfect sustainable population level is either not possible or is a repugnant alternative. 12 ecological arguments are presented, and none are found compatible with notions of a liberal democracy. Three alternative antinatalist options are the acceptance of less rigid and still coercive policies, amendments to the conception of liberal democracy, or loss of hope and choice of noncoercive solutions to sustainability, none of which is found viable. If voluntary abstinence and distributive solutions fail, then frugal demand options and technological supply options both will be necessary. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | THEORETICAL STUDIES | POPULATION CONTROL | HUMAN RIGHTS | FAMILY SIZE | POPULATION POLICY | ANTINATALIST POLICY | Social Policy | Policy | Family Characteristics | Family and Household Document Number: 142200 |
| 19. Title: [Population policies in China] Des politiques demographiques en Chine. Author: Blayo Y Source: Paris, France, Institut National d'Etudes Demographiques [INED], 1997. xviii, 409 p. (Travaux et Documents Cahier No. 137) Abstract: China's population policies since 1948 are described and their demographic effectiveness assessed. The author suggests that the policies aimed at controlling internal migration succeeded in postponing the impact of rapid urbanization until the mid-1980s, at a price that included restricting the free movement of the rural population and deporting illegal urban in-migrants. The birth control policies of 1971 probably accelerated a fertility decline that was already underway. The coercive measures adopted after 1979 had the negative effects of lowering the status of women by increasing induced abortion (particularly of female fetuses), and by encouraging the infanticide of female babies. In conclusion, the author notes that some of the measures designed to promote the Four Modernizations have in fact made reaching the demographic goals set for the year 2000 less likely. The recent increase in fertility and acceleration of uncontrolled urbanization indicate that Chinese efforts to control demographic trends have had only a temporary impact. Language: French Keywords: CHINA | POPULATION POLICY | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | MIGRATION POLICY | ANTINATALIST POLICY | PROGRAM EVALUATION | FERTILITY DECLINE | URBANIZATION | WOMEN'S STATUS | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Social Policy | Policy | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Programs | Organization and Administration | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 253258 |
| 20. Title: [World population policy] La politica demografica mundial. Author: Casas Torres JM Source: In: La explosion demografica y la regulacion de la natalidad, edited by Jose Botella Llusia and Salustiano del Campo Urbano. Madrid, Spain, Editorial Sintesis, 1997. :71-82. Abstract: This work expresses strong disapproval of the antinatalist policies of the UN system, the nongovernmental organizations with which it cooperates, and the developed countries which support them. World population has grown at an unprecedentedly rapid rate in the latter half of the 20th century, with the greatest growth occurring in the poorest regions. Projections of huge future populations in poor regions are the pretext for population policies which rich countries, acting through the UN system, impose on poor ones. The author suggests that the UN has accomplished much in maintaining peace and fostering international collaboration in data collection, but he sees the UN primarily as a political system controlled by a few wealthy countries, whose main demographic export is an implacable antinatalist policy. On the other side of the "war against population," allied with the Vatican, are "millions of persons of all races and creeds" who are faithful to pronatalist traditions but disorganized, dispersed, and unaware of the dangers to future generations. The author suggests that any difficulty caused by population growth can be conquered by the talent and effort of the affected population, which will enable it to find new ways of exploiting resources and utilizing space to support higher population densities. Spanish Abstract: Este trabajo expresa un fuerte desacuerdo con las políticas que tienen contra la natalidad las Naciones Unidas, las organizaciones no gubernamentales con las que esta coopera y los países desarrollados que las apoyan. La población mundial ha aumentado con una rapidez sin precedentes en la última mitad del siglo XX, y el mayor crecimiento ha ocurrido en las regiones más pobres. Las proyecciones de futuras poblaciones gigantescas en las regiones pobres son el pretexto de las políticas de población que los países ricos, mediante el sistema de las Naciones Unidas, imponen en los países pobres. El autor sugiere que las Naciones Unidas han logrado mucho en el mantenimiento de la paz y en el fomento de la colaboración internacional en recopilación de datos, pero ve a las Naciones Unidas esencialmente como un sistema político controlado por unos cuantos países ricos, cuya exportación principal es una política que se opone implacablemente a la natalidad. Al otro lado de la "guerra contra la población" se encuentran, aliados con el Vaticano, "millones de personas de todas las razas y los credos" que son fieles a las tradiciones que favorecen la natalidad pero que no están organizadas, están dispersas y no son conscientes de los peligros de las generaciones futuras. El autor sugiere que cualquier dificultad ocasionada por el crecimiento de la población puede resolverse con el talento y la labor de la población afectada, que le permitirán encontrar nuevas formas de aprovechar los recursos y usar el espacio para sostener densidades mayores de población. Language: Spanish Keywords: DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | ANTINATALIST POLICY | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | UN | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | POLITICAL FACTORS | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Family Planning | International Agencies | Organizations Document Number: 136987 |
| 21. Title: The politics of reproductive benefits: U.S. insurance coverage of contraceptive and infertility treatments. Author: King L; Meyer MH Source: GENDER AND SOCIETY. 1997 Feb;11(1):8-30. Abstract: "Recent changes in access to contraceptive and infertility treatments in the state of Illinois, and across the United States more generally, have heightened class cleavages in access to reproductive health care benefits in the United States. Using data gleaned from government testimonies, public documents, and telephone interviews, the authors found that poor women have broad access to contraceptive coverage but very little access to infertility treatments, while working- and middle-class women have increasingly broad coverage of infertility treatments but spare coverage of contraceptives. These findings suggest that while the extreme measures of the eugenics movement are less frequently in evidence, class differences in access to reproductive services lead to an equally dualistic, albeit unstated, fertility policy in the United States: encouraging births among working- and middle-class families and discouraging births along the poor, particularly those on Medicaid." (EXCERPT) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ILLINOIS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | FAMILY PLANNING | SOCIAL CLASS | HEALTH SERVICES | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | INEQUALITIES | HEALTH INSURANCE | PRONATALIST POLICY | ANTINATALIST POLICY | INFERTILITY | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Financial Activities | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Reproduction | Contraception Document Number: 254064 |
| 22. Title: [European family policies: the history of the French family policy] Europai csaladpolitikak: a Francia csaladpolitika tortente. Author: Tarkanyi A Source: DEMOGRAFIA. 1997;40(1):42-65. Abstract: Some sociologists attribute the division of land among heirs pursuant to the Code Napoleon to the decline of fertility in the 19th century, while others ascribe it to social upward mobility and the emancipation of women. Already in 1683, a pronatalist policy gave tax-free status to young couples to boost fertility. In contrast, the conservative Catholic view opposed any kind of state family policy. In 1896, an organization was founded whose aim was to curb fertility, while in the same year a pronatalist group sought to lobby in the national assembly for increasing the level of fertility. In 1913, a social allowance was introduced for needy families with 4 children, and the first family allowance credit union was set up in 1918. In the 1920s, large families received rent subsidies and, in 1939, a pronatalist law meant to counteract the threat of populous Nazi Germany. After World War II, up to the 1980s, the relative value of family allowances was steadily and significantly diminishing. The deterioration of the family policy may be explained by France's entry into the European Union, which dictated an economic race in which the role of family allowances became increasingly marginal. Consequently, the relative impoverishment of large families continued. After 1964, fertility started to decline again, a phenomenon which triggered a national debate. In 1972, family allowances were raised and a child care allowance was introduced for working women. From the mid-1960s, new phenomena emerged in French society: the increase in female employment and the increase in one-parent families as a result of the rising number of divorces. Language: Hungarian Keywords: FRANCE | HISTORICAL REVIEW | ANTINATALIST POLICY | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | FAMILY POLICY | POPULATION POLICY | PRONATALIST POLICY | SOCIAL POLICY | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Policy Document Number: 133123 |
| 23. Title: Child spacing and two child policy in practice in rural Vietnam: cross sectional survey. Author: Hoa HT; Toan NV; Johansson A; Hoa VT; Hojer B; Persson LA Source: BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.). 1996 Nov 2;313(7065):1113-6. Abstract: A 1988 decree on population and family planning issued by Viet Nam's Council of Ministers stipulated a maximum of 2 children per couple, with a spacing of 3-5 years. To assess adherence to this policy and changes in reproductive behavior associated with the transition to a market economy, a cross sectional survey was conducted in Tien Hai, a district in Red River Delta with one of the highest population densities in the country. Five communes representing different modes of production were randomly selected. The sample was comprised of 1120 households and 1132 mothers who were interviewed in their homes in 1992. 1662 pregnancies were reported between April 1987 and April 1992, 91% of which resulted in a live birth. The median age at marriage was 20.9 years, while median age at first birth was 22.2 years. The median spacing between first and second children was 2.6 years. The duration of birth spacing was significantly shorter among women whose first child died, Catholics, and younger women; it was significantly longer among women with a secondary or higher education. The sex of the first child exerted no effect on the spacing duration. 46% of the mothers interviewed had at least 3 children. Factors identified through multivariate analysis as predictive of having a third child were the death of a previous child, lack of a son, no formal maternal education, Catholicism, and involvement in farming. The widespread deviations recorded in this survey from official family policy suggest a need for greater consideration of the perceived needs of Vietnamese families. This may result in improved and more diverse contraceptive options, attention to gender issues in Vietnamese households, and social support for the elderly. Language: English Keywords: VIETNAM | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | RURAL POPULATION | BIRTH SPACING | MARRIAGE AGE | ANTINATALIST POLICY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy Document Number: 118121 |
| 24. Title: Ending the explosion. Population policies and ethics for a humane future. Author: Hollingsworth WG Source: Santa Ana, California, Seven Locks Press, 1996. xiv, 254 p. Abstract: The first part of this book examines the ethical aspects of the population crisis in six chapters which follow a "business as usual" and a "serious strategy" scenario to the year 2100, ask various questions to uncover the increased chance of insuring a humane future by following the "serious strategy" scenario, trace the history of population growth to the present population explosion, and couch discussion of these issues in a mock "Senate" debate of all of their aspects. The second part of the book presents ways to resolve the crisis in an ethical fashion. Chapters 7 and 8 cover the necessity of avoiding a fanciful strategy and consider whether the urgency is real. Then two direct means of enabling and encouraging low fertility are described as being found in family planning programs and population education efforts. The next three chapters propose the indirect means of 1) reducing infant and child mortality; 2) using legislation and policy to increase the marriage age, encourage breast feeding, restrict the use of child labor, and support education; and 3) improving the status of women. Chapter 15 summarizes the strategy proposed to that point and suggests appropriate sufficiency criteria to proceed. The sixteenth chapter considers whether other antinatalist means are also necessary. This leads into an ethical discussion in chapters 17-22 of further direct means such as incentives and disincentives. The last part of the book turns to the future and proposes a "global bargain" or "planetary partnership" between all people which is characterized by specific duties assigned to developed and developing nations. The outcome of implementing the proposals contained in the book is then presented, and the issues of timing, temporary subreplacement, age distribution, and support of the elderly are addressed. The book ends with a vision of a revolution that could create justice and well-being throughout the world. Language: English Keywords: CRITIQUE | POPULATION GROWTH | POPULATION POLICY | OVERPOPULATION | ETHICS | FAMILY PLANNING | POPULATION EDUCATION | ANTINATALIST POLICY | INCENTIVES | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Policy | Policy | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment | Education Document Number: 117098 |
| 25. Title: Family planning in Vietnam -- women's experiences and dilemma: a community study from the Red River delta. Author: Johansson A; Hoa HT; Nham Tuyet LT; Bich MH; Hojer B Source: JOURNAL OF PSYCHOSOMATIC OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY. 1996 Mar;17(1):59-67. Abstract: In traditional Vietnamese culture the expectation placed on women was to bear at least one son who could carry on the lineage. In the 1980s, a two-child population policy was introduced and family planning campaigns intensified. The aim of this study was to explore women's experience of family planning in relation to the potentially conflicting demands on their fertility. Data on reproductive histories and contraceptive use were collected in a random sample survey among 206 women of reproductive age in Thai Binh province, northern Vietnam. Qualitative data were obtained in interviews with a selected group of women. Over half of the women used modern contraception, mainly the intrauterine device (IUD). The perceived side-effects of the IUD were higher than those reported by local health workers or from clinical studies of the same IUD. Women's problems in fertility regulation are discussed in the broader context of a society in transition. The importance of male progeny was still strong. Many families with only daughters had a third child, contrary to the two-child policy. It is suggested that conflicting demands on women's fertility are reflected in the high rates of IUD complaints and psychosomatic side effects. Improved services and wider contraceptive choice are needed, as well as research on the interaction between population policies, sociocultural change, and women's health. (author's modified) Language: English Keywords: VIETNAM | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | RURAL POPULATION | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | ANTINATALIST POLICY | SEX PREFERENCE | CULTURE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | BIRTH HISTORY | IUD SIDE EFFECTS | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | WOMEN | SIDE EFFECTS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Programs | Organization and Administration | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Value Orientation | Behavior | Contraception | Pregnancy History | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | IUD | Contraceptive Methods | Treatment Document Number: 118210 |
| 26. Title: The social and economic context of fertility. Author: Joshi H; David P Source: In: Demographie: analyse et synthese. Causes et consequences des evolutions demographiques, edited by Graziella Caselli, Jacques Vallin, and Guillaume Wunsch. Paris, France, Centre Francais sur la Population et le Developpement [CEPED], 1996 Aug. :89-128. Abstract: "This chapter is mainly concerned with the social and economic explanations of deliberate actions whose cumulated outcome is the rate of human reproduction....Section 1 sketches a behavioural framework for the understanding of social reproduction....Sections 2 and 3 review some approaches from...economics and sociology....Section 4 considers some contemporary issues, in both developing and industrial countries....The questions selected are: Why does fertility decline with development? Can fertility decline in poor countries? Women's education--a materialist or ideational influence? Is childbearing for old age security? What makes fertility fluctuate in rich countries? Are state policies effective in accelerating fertility decline? [and] Are state policies effective in preventing sub-replacement fertility?" (EXCERPT) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | FERTILITY | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | REPRODUCTION | BEHAVIOR | THEORETICAL STUDIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | FERTILITY DECLINE | ANTINATALIST POLICY | PRONATALIST POLICY | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | OLD AGE SECURITY | POVERTY | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | WOMEN | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Fertility Changes | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Socioeconomic Status | Microeconomic Factors Document Number: 252641 |
| 27. Title: [Case studies in population policy: an overview] Iskustva populacione politike: u svetu. Author: Rasevic M; Petrovic M Source: Belgrade, Yugoslavia, Univerzitet u Beogradu, Institut Drustvenih Nauka, Centar za Demografska Istrazivanja, 1996. 171 p. Abstract: This is a general review of population policies and their effectiveness, particularly in developed countries. The primary focus is on policies that are designed to increase or decrease fertility. The authors consider both direct and indirect measures designed to raise fertility in developed countries, and the reasons for their relative ineffectiveness. They also examine policies designed to cope with the effects of demographic aging and to control international migration. The consensus achieved by governments at the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development concerning population policy issues is also described. The authors conclude by pointing out that population policy issues cannot be dealt with in isolation from related socioeconomic problems. (SUMMARY IN ENG) Language: Croatian Keywords: DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | POPULATION POLICY | PRONATALIST POLICY | ANTINATALIST POLICY | MIGRATION POLICY | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | WORLD POPULATION CONFERENCES | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | Social Policy | Policy | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Economic Factors Document Number: 252371 |
| 28. Title: [Demographic trends in Viet Nam] La situation demographique du Viet Nam. Author: Barbieri M; Allman J; Pham BS; Nguyen MT Source: POPULATION. 1995 May-Jun;50(3):621-51. Abstract: "The population of Vietnam was estimated at about 13 million at the beginning of the century. By 1955 it had doubled to 27 million, and it doubled again during the following 25 years to reach 53 million in 1980....The extraordinary population density in some areas...led to concern by the Vietnamese government, which adopted a series of measures designed to encourage Vietnamese women to limit their fertility. This policy was reinforced and extended to the entire country after reunification. Combined with a gradual change in attitudes, it reduced total fertility by more than one-third in less than one generation....This period coincided with an outflow of population, as more than two million fled from the communist regime, especially between 1978 and 1981. This trend continues to affect the age and sex distribution of the population, but recent projections suggest that the shape of the population pyramid will gradually revert to normal." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA) (EXCERPT) Language: French Keywords: VIETNAM | POPULATION DYNAMICS | POPULATION GROWTH | POPULATION DENSITY | ANTINATALIST POLICY | FERTILITY DECLINE | ATTITUDES | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | AGE DISTRIBUTION | SEX DISTRIBUTION | POPULATION PROJECTION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Migration | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Sex Factors | Estimation Techniques | Research Methodology Document Number: 224575 |
| 29. Title: A parity- and group-age-specific regression population development model. Author: Chen Y Source: CHINESE JOURNAL OF POPULATION SCIENCE. 1995;7(3):259-66. Abstract: A model of population dynamics in China is presented which takes into account available data on parity, age, and marital status. The author considers how the model can be applied to setting birth quota targets at the local level in the implementation of population policy. (ANNOTATION) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | THEORETICAL MODELS | POPULATION DYNAMICS | PARITY | AGE FACTORS | MARITAL STATUS | ANTINATALIST POLICY | GOALS | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Characteristics | Nuptiality | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Planning | Organization and Administration Document Number: 251311 |
| 30. Title: [Control of population growth in China] A nepessegnovekedes ellenorzese Kinaban. Author: Gyula J Source: STATISZTIKAI SZEMLE. 1995 Aug-Sep;73(8-9):726-34. Abstract: "By way of introduction the study outlines the serious problems caused by the huge mass of population, and the problems associated with the strict birth control introduced by [the] Chinese government. The prevailing administrative methods, previously applied under the conditions of centralised planned economy, have lost much of their effectiveness in the developing market economy. The author analyses what other methods might be applied, in addition to (sometimes instead of) those referred [to] above, being in line with the market and based on the interests of families and communities." (SUMMARY IN ENG) (EXCERPT) Language: Hungarian Keywords: CHINA | POPULATION PRESSURE | ANTINATALIST POLICY | DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECTIVENESS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | POPULATION CONTROL | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Economic Factors Document Number: 250642 |
 |
||
 |
Information & Knowledge for Optimal Health (INFO) Project 111 Market Place Suite 310, Baltimore, MD 21202 Phone: 410-659-6300 Fax: 410-659-6266 Security & Privacy Policy |  |