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Title: Recent and historic population trends in Bering Sea and Aleutian Island fishing communities: hubs and spokes, booms and busts.
Author: Poole A; Sepez J
Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 22 p.
Abstract: This report examines demographic change in Bering Sea and Aleutian Island (BSAI) fishing communities since 1920. We undertook this research in an attempt to begin introducing human population dynamics as an indicator for regional ecosystem analyses. As ocean temperatures rise in response to global climate change, ecosystems at the higher latitudes are expected to see the most dramatic effects. Since all of the communities in the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands are highly resource dependent, we expect to see effects on local populations. By examining past population trends in relation to ecosystem factors, we are laying the groundwork for tying population to ecosystem in a manner that can be used to predict the demographic effects of global climate change in the region. We focus here on human inhabitants of the Bering Sea coast, using total population by community and by Census area as the primary indicator, with some analysis of other population characteristics such as ethnicity. This approach is concordant with research on arctic communities that uses crude population growth or loss as a general measure to determine community viability, as this indicator is easy to understand, locally meaningful, and points to the capacity of people in these places to "dwell and prosper for some period, finding sources of income and meaningful lives". (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
ALASKA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | CENSUS METHODS | COMMUNITY | POPULATION | FISHING | POPULATION DYNAMICS | ISLANDS | ECOLOGY | CLIMATE | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | POPULATION GROWTH | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Census | Population Statistics | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Occupations | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Environment
Document Number: 317826

3.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Reproductive health, criminal activity, and abuse among 10- to 15-year-old females enrolled in Medicaid.
Author: Gessner BD
Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2006 Jul;108(1):111-118.
Abstract: The objective was to quantify the degree of abuse or criminal behavior among young females presenting for reproductive health care services. An evaluation was conducted among Alaskan females age 10 through 15 years enrolled in Medicaid. Subjects were identified who had experienced reproductive health outcomes. The Medicaid file was linked to a Child Protective Services database and a Juvenile Justice database to identify episodes of abuse by a caretaker and criminal behavior. Of 21,350 Alaskan females aged 10--15 years enrolled in Medicaid during 1999--2003, 841 (3.9%) presented for reproductive health care, 2,930 (14%) were referred to Child Protective Services and 1,858 (8.7%) were referred to Juvenile Justice for criminal activity. Among the subjects with a reproductive health-related claim, 39% were referred to Child Protective Services while 31% were referred to Juvenile Justice at some point during the study period. Reproductive health care was strongly associated with referral to Child Protective Services (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.5--3.4), substantiated sexual abuse (aOR 2.3, 95% CI 1.7--3.2), and referral to Juvenile Justice (aOR 2.9, 95% CI 2.5--3.4). These associations remained regardless of the type of reproductive health care, including contraceptive management. Females aged 10--15 years enrolled in Medicaid who present for any type of reproductive health care are at increased risk of abuse by a caretaker and criminal behavior. Clinicians caring for low-income females should consider routine screening for sexual activity and the experience of violence. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
ALASKA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | PHYSICAL ABUSE | CRIME | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | TITLE 19 MEDICAL ASSISTANCE | REFERRAL AND CONSULTATION | GROUP HOMES | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Violence | Behavior | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Public Assistance | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Housing | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors
Document Number: 302885

4.
Title: Inner circle.
Author: Heppinstall C
Source: Art'ishake. 2006 Summer;(3):7-9.
Abstract: As the stage director and coordinator for this project, I have seen for myself that Educational Theatre really works, because it causes youth to "look, listen and learn" related to life-saving messages delivered by their peers. The objective of this play is to increase awareness about and prevention of HIV and AIDS. It uses the strength of the visual to inform and change behavior, and thus save lives and decrease stigma. The project is rather simple in design. It is 45-minutes long and is followed by a question and answer period. The actors have received training in HIV and AIDS issues from the following agencies: Alaskan AIDS Assistance Association, Municipality of Anchorage Reproductive Health Clinic, Teen Clinic, and the Anchorage Neighborhood Health Clinic. The actors respectfully answer all of the myriad questions their teen peers will ask. The cast includes four players: two actors and two actresses. While the play can be performed with college-aged actors, I have found that teen actors are quite capable. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
ALASKA | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | ADOLESCENTS | DRAMA AND THEATER | HIV PREVENTION | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases
Document Number: 312166

Title: What if: How declines in teen births have improved poverty and child well-being in Alaska.
Author: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy
Source: Washington, D.C., National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, 2005 Apr. 3 p.
Abstract: Years of research have closely linked teen pregnancy and early childbearing to a host of other critical social issues, including overall child health and well-being, out-of-wedlock births, educational attainment and workforce readiness, responsible fatherhood, and poverty in particular -- especially child poverty. For example, young children born to a mother who is a teenager, is not married, and did not finish high school are nine times more likely to be poor than children born to mothers without these three risk factors. Adolescent pregnancy and childbearing cost taxpayers at least $7 billion annually and place a serious economic burden on schools and on health, welfare and social service systems. The U.S. teen birth rate declined by 30 percent between 1991 and 2002--a significant decrease that has made major contributions to American communities. Illustrating this very point, the U.S. Congress' Joint Economic Committee completed an analysis in April 2004 that the National Campaign in turn summarized. The congressional study posed an intriguing question: if the nation's teen birth rate had remained at its 1991 level through 2002 (rather than decreasing as it did), how many more children would have been born to teen mothers and to single mothers, and what would have been the effect on poverty and on the living arrangements of children? Findings included the following: if teen birth rates had not declined nationally by 30 percent during that time, there would have been an additional 1.2 million more children born to teen mothers, approximately 460,000 additional children in poverty and almost 700,000 more children living with a single mother. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ALASKA | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | ONE PARENT FAMILY | BIRTH RATE | POVERTY | CHILD HEALTH | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | CAMPAIGNS | FERTILITY DECLINE | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Measurements | Economic Factors | Health | Communication Programs | Communication | Fertility Changes
Document Number: 307044

6.
Title: "Here's what I'd do...": condom promotion strategies proposed by high-risk women in Anchorage, Alaska.
Author: Fenaughty AM; Namyniuk L
Source: Qualitative Health Research. 2004 Jan;14(1):23-38.
Abstract: Women drug users are at significant risk of sexually transmitted HIV; however, interventions aimed at increasing condom use by this population have been relatively ineffective. The authors conducted a series of focus groups with 17 current and former drug-using women to identify (a) reasons for using versus not using condoms, (b) intervention strategies they believed would be most effective at increasing condom use, and (c) previous ineffective intervention strategies. Risk of HIV, sexually transmitted diseases, and pregnancy was the main reason given for using condoms. Many factors were identified that limited condom use, including lack of availability, substance use, and cost. Participants enthusiastically endorsed condom availability and AIDS awareness interventions, and suggested that no intervention was a waste of money. The authors discuss the limitations of the suggested interventions and recommend additional research to evaluate the efficacy of these strategies. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
ALASKA | WOMEN | RISK FACTORS | CONDOM USE | PROMOTION | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | INTERVENTIONS | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | QUALITATIVE EVALUATION | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Biology | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Marketing | Economic Factors | Communication | Programs | Organization and Administration | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Evaluation
Document Number: 277521

10.

Title: Brief report on the effect of providing single versus assorted brand name condoms to hospital patients: a descriptive study. Research article.
Author: Williams JL; Christensen CJ; Cagle HH; Homan CE
Source: BMC Public Health. 2001 Jun 29;1(1):[4] p..
Abstract: Objectives: This study examined condom acquisition by persons in a hospital setting when single versus assorted brand name condoms were provided. Methods: Condom receptacles were placed in exam rooms of two clinics. During Phase 1, a single brand name was provided; for Phase 2, assorted brand names were added. Number of condoms taken was recorded for each phase. Results: For one clinic there was nearly a two-fold increase in number of condoms taken (Phase1 to Phase 2); for the second clinic there was negligible difference in number of condoms taken. Conclusions: The provision of assorted brand name condoms, over a single brand name, can serve to increase condom acquisition. Locations of condoms and target population characteristics are related factors. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
ALASKA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CONDOM USE | CLIENTS | CLINIC VISITS | HOSPITALS | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Service Statistics | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 172591

11.
Title: Parental notification laws.
Author: Kawadler W
Source: Reproductive Freedom News. 2000 Jan;:7.
Abstract: This article describes the current status and background of parental notification laws in Alaska and Florida.
Language: English
Keywords:
ALASKA | FLORIDA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LEGISLATION | PARENTAL CONSENT | ABORTION | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning
Document Number: 171397 Notification

12.
Title: Potential risk factors for adolescent pregnancy: a retrospective approach [abstract]
Author: Norris CC
Source: MASTERS ABSTRACTS. 1999;37(1):239. Master's thesis, University of Alaska, Anchorage, 1998. Order No. AAD13-91164.
Abstract: The adolescence of women who did and did not become pregnant prior to the age of 20 years was examined in this retrospective descriptive study. While recent studies suggest that a majority of pregnant adolescents report having experienced some form of sexual victimization, no published research concerning sexual victimization as a risk factor in adolescent pregnancy has been conducted in Alaska. The intent of the research was to gather information to help clarify what risk factors, including sexual victimization, are important in understanding adolescent pregnancy in order to help nurses identify potential high-risk teens. The 65 subjects in this study were women between the ages of 20 and 40 years who were interviewed at one of the two community-based clinics. A modified version of the Heart to Heart survey that was jointly developed by the Ounce of Prevention Fund and the Illinois Department of Children and Family Services was used as the data collection tool. The Nursing Model for Teen Pregnancy provided the conceptual framework for this study. Based on the model, the modified interview questions were designed to elicit demographic, family and individual variables as potential risk factors for adolescent pregnancy. Computer analysis of the data was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. The findings indicated that various risk factors might be implicated in adolescent pregnancy, including a history of sexual victimization. Implications for nursing and suggestions for future research are presented. (full text)
Language: English
Keywords:
ALASKA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | RISK FACTORS | SEXUAL ABUSE | WOMEN | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Biology | Crime | Social Problems
Document Number: 139256

13.
Title: Nearly 10% of teenage mothers experience violence while pregnant.
Author: Olenick I
Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 1999 Mar-Apr;31(2):106-7.
Abstract: Data collected in 1991-94 through Alaska's Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System indicate that a high proportion of young women experience violence during pregnancy. 67% of teen mothers 13-17 years of age at the time of the survey (about 4 months after delivery) and 61% of those 18-19 years were single compared with 33% of respondents aged 20 years and older. 83% of births to women under 18 years and 72% of those to mothers 18-19 years were unplanned compared with 46% of births to adults. 26% of the youngest teenagers, 23% of 18-19 year olds, and 12% of adults experienced violence before, during, or after pregnancy. Violence was more likely to occur immediately before or after pregnancy than during pregnancy. Nearly 10% of adolescents in both age groups reported violence during pregnancy compared with 4% of women 20 years of age and older. 10% of women 13-17 years, 6% of 18-19 year olds, and 3% of adult women said they had been subjected to violence since giving birth. The men who fathered children with women under 18 years old averaged 20.2 years in age. Among unmarried women younger than 16 years, an estimated 66% of births in which the father's age was known resulted from statutory rape. On the basis of these findings, it is recommended that both male and female teenagers be targeted for violence prevention programs.
Language: English
Keywords:
ALASKA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | WOMEN | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | RISK FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Crime | Social Problems | Biology
Document Number: 142091

14.
Title: Experience of violence among teenage mothers in Alaska.
Author: Gessner BD; Perham-Hester KA
Source: JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT HEALTH. 1998 May;22(5):383-8.
Abstract: Data collected in 1991-94 as part of the Alaska Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System were used to assess the experience of violence before, during, and after pregnancy among teenage mothers compared with older mothers and to identify the proportion of births to teenagers that result from statutory rape. A total of 7178 new mothers 13-45 years of age were included in this population-based data set. 9.7% of mothers under 18 years of age and 9.4% of those 18-19 years old reported having experienced domestic violence during pregnancy compared with 3.8% of mothers at least 20 years of age; violence after pregnancy was reported by 10%, 6%, and 2.9% of mothers, respectively. When potentially confounding factors (marital status, an unplanned pregnancy, enrollment in a medical assistance program) were controlled, however, age was associated with the experience of violence only for mothers under 18 years of age after pregnancy. The percentage of women who reported domestic violence each week increased after pregnancy for mothers of all ages. 66.2% of all births to unmarried teens under 16 years of age for which the age of the father was recorded resulted from second-degree statutory rape. Pediatricians and family practitioners should be aware of the increased risk of violence that occurs after pregnancy, especially in teen mothers. Recommended are violence prevention and intervention programs at school-based clinics, increased public awareness of the extent and consequences of violence against women, and identification of the specific reasons that teenage mothers experience an increased risk of violence.
Language: English
Keywords:
ALASKA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | MATERNAL AGE | MOTHERS | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | RAPE | PREVALENCE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Parental Age | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Crime | Social Problems | Measurement
Document Number: 133179

15.
Title: Expanding the provider pool to increase access to services.
Author: Knutson C
Source: AVSC NEWS. 1998 Spring;36(1):6-7.
Abstract: To meet the health care needs of low-income, uninsured, and underserved people in the US, mid-level health care personnel such as nurse practitioners (NPs) and physician assistants (PAs) are providing a range of services which used to be provided only by physicians. Greater access to services, high-quality provider-client interaction, and an emphasis upon health education and prevention have been cited by participants in many studies as reasons why clients are so satisfied with NP-provided services and why widespread support exists for using them to perform many types of procedures. One example of the use of mid-level health care personnel is a project launched in November 1996 in Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington which trains NPs and PAs how to perform no-scalpel vasectomies (NSVs). This project, a collaborative effort of AVSC, the US Public Health Services, and the National Association of Nurse Practitioners in Reproductive Health, was launched to improve access to vasectomy services among low-income and underserved men. The Center for Health Training in Seattle, WA, coordinated the training. 12 clinicians were trained to perform NSVs in 1997, and trainees' skills in performing NSVs will be evaluated during the 8- to 12-month period following training. Reactions to the project have thus far been very positive.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ALASKA | IDAHO | OREGON | WASHINGTON | TRAINING PROGRAMS | VASECTOMY | NURSES AND NURSING | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Education | Male Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Organizations
Document Number: 137831

16.
Title: Environment and sex ratios among Alaska natives: an historical perspective.
Author: Hamilton LC; Seyfrit CL; Bellinger C
Source: POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT. 1997 Jan;18(3):283-99.
Abstract: "Linkages are often seen between environment and basic demographic variables--birth rate, death rate, and migration flow. In this article we direct attention to some ways in which environmental variables can also have gender-specific effects on deaths and migration. Such effects alter a society's male-female balance, influencing both the life chances of individuals and the viability of their communities. Our analysis here concentrates on Alaska, but the patterns we describe appear to be more general." (EXCERPT)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ALASKA | ENVIRONMENT | SEX RATIO | NATIVE AMERICANS | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | ESKIMOS | MIGRATION | SEX FACTORS | HISTORICAL REVIEW | POPULATION DYNAMICS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sex Distribution | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background
Document Number: 252685

17.
Title: Reproductive attitudes and family planning among the aboriginal peoples of Alaska, Kamchatka, and Chukotka: the results of comparative research.
Author: Pika AI; Stern PR
Source: ARCTIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 1996;33(2):50-61.
Abstract: This study compares and examines family planning attitudes, fertility, and contraceptive use in two regions of Alaska in the US and in Chukotka and Kamchatka in the Russian Far East. Demographic transition differed between regions. The cultural survival was threatened in both populations, but for different reasons. This collaborative study between two government bodies includes a health survey conducted during 1993-95 in 18 native villages. The Alaskan sample included 189 Inupiat Eskimos in the communities of Kotzebue, Buckland, Diring, and Kivalina in Northwest Municipal Borough and 126 Aleuts in the Aleutian-Pribiloff Island villages of Unalaska, St. Paul, Sand Point, and Akutan. The Russian sample included 307 Itelmen, Kamchadal, Even, and Koryak aboriginal people from three administrative districts of Kamchatka Oblast and the Koryak Autonomous Okrug and 98 Chukchi and Siberian Eskimos from the Providenski district of Chukotka. Among this Bering Sea indigenous population, 75.4% identified themselves as members of an aboriginal group. 509 out of 720 adults were women. 123 lived outside the sample villages, of which 17.2% reported being born in Alaska or Kamchatka or Chukotka. 60.5% of the 205 newcomers were non-natives. 71 lived alone. 3.2% desired no children at all. Over 75% considered 1-3 children ideal. 14.9% of natives and 5% of non-natives considered 5 children ideal. 25% of 159 Alaskan women and 50% of 277 Siberian women reported never use of contraception. Consistent current contraceptive use was reported by 1 in 7 Siberian women and by almost 50% of Alaskan women. Contraceptive preference and use were unrelated to native or non-native status. The mean number of live births was 3.7 among native Alaskan women and 2.2 among Siberian women. The mean number of pregnancies was 4.5 among Siberian women, and abortion averaged 1.9 per woman.
Language: English
Keywords:
ALASKA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RUSSIA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | FAMILY PLANNING | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | ATTITUDES | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Asia, Northern | Asia | Health | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Fertility | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Contraception
Document Number: 119602

18.
Title: Linking public health data using geographic information system techniques: Alaskan community characteristics and infant mortality.
Author: Andes N; Davis JE
Source: STATISTICS IN MEDICINE. 1995 Mar 15-Apr 15;14(5-7):481-90.
Abstract: "This article identifies geographical contexts important in differentiating infant mortality in Alaska and uses spatial processing models to link and analyse multi-source data. Information characterizing geographical locations [is] collected from Alaska's vital statistics for the years 1982-91 and the 1990 Census. Geographic information system (GIS) techniques are applied to identify spatially homogeneous regions, assess spatial compatibility across databases, and allocate geographical units across boundaries." (EXCERPT)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ALASKA | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | INFANT MORTALITY | DATA LINKAGE | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Data Collection | Research Methodology
Document Number: 242819

19.
Title: The relationship between pregnancy intendedness and physical violence in mothers of newborns.
Author: Gazmararian JA; Adams MM; Saltzman LE; Johnson CH; Bruce FC; Marks JS; Zahniser SC
Source: OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY.. 1995 Jun;85(6):1031-8.
Abstract: The association between physical violence and unintended pregnancy was assessed in a questionnaire completed by 12,612 mothers of infants born during 1990-91 in Alaska, Maine, Oklahoma, and West Virginia (US). Respondents were asked if their husbands or partners hurt them during the 12 months preceding delivery. State-specific prevalence of physical violence ranged from 3.8 to 6.9%. In each state, higher rates of physical violence were reported by women who had less than 12 years of education, lived in crowded conditions, participated in the Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children, received no or delayed prenatal care, were non-White, were under 20 years of age, and were unmarried. The prevalence of unwanted or mistimed pregnancies ranged from 36.9 to 46.3%. Regardless of these attributes, women with mistimed or unwanted pregnancies reported higher rates of physical violence than their counterparts with intended pregnancies and accounted for 70% of physical abuse cases. Overall, women with unwanted pregnancies had 4.1 times the risk (95% confidence interval, 2.7-6.2) of experiencing physical violence than women with intended pregnancies. The odds for violence were greater among women with unwanted pregnancies who had greater social advantages (e.g., more education). Unintended pregnancies and domestic violence may be parts of the same problem of social disruption.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MAINE | ALASKA | OKLAHOMA | WEST VIRGINIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CORRELATION STUDIES | PREGNANT WOMEN | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | WOMEN | PREVALENCE | RISK FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Statistical Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Crime | Social Problems | Measurement | Biology | Economic Factors
Document Number: 142321

20.
Title: Paradise lost, or the conquest of the wilderness.
Author: Sarre P
Source: In: An overcrowded world? Population, resources and the environment, edited by Philip Sarre and John Blunden. Milton Keynes, England, Open University, 1995. :9-57. (Shape of the World: Explorations in Human Geography No. 3)
Abstract: This book chapter is divided into five sections that describe the significance, change, and concepts of wilderness and the pressures on wilderness. Examples are given of deforestation in the Philippines, and the last frontier in Alaska, in the US. The concepts of wilderness are described from the vantage point of hunter-gatherers, agricultural societies, and Europeans and modernity. The final section discusses the nature and extent of global impacts on nature. The capitalist world economy has become almost global in its penetration and extraction of resources. Pollution is present in the ground, air, and water. The global reach is both uneven and selective. Effects are contradictory and complex. International pressures dominate. Globalization of human society has left individuals with fragmented experiences. Environmental knowledge is widespread, but the range of diagnoses and solutions is "baffling." The author agrees with Evernden (1992) that humans are part of nature and dependent upon food, water, and air for survival, but nature also provides resources for human societies. Wilderness appears not to be a serious issue for most humans. People are most concerned about their quality of life in humanized areas. Human reproduction has exceeded social controls. Increased population size drains resources in short supply. The American conflict between exploiters and preservers of nature is being played out in an international context. Wilderness now needs to be valued because humans dominate the wilderness. The domination of the last wilderness areas is the final phase of a long term process.
Language: English
Keywords:
PHILIPPINES | ALASKA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | EUROPE | GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | NATURAL RESOURCES | POPULATION PRESSURE | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | MODERNIZATION | DEFORESTATION | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Environment | Carrying Capacity | Economic Factors | Social Change | Environmental Degradation
Document Number: 134748

21.
Title: Comparative analysis of violent deaths in American Indians and Alaska natives.
Author: Hisnanick JJ
Source: SOCIAL BIOLOGY. 1994 Spring-Summer;41(1-2):96-109.
Abstract: "Accidents, injuries, and outcomes from adverse effects have been identified as the second leading cause of death for American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/AN). However, no studies have been done which analyze violent deaths (homicides, suicides, and other accidents) for this population with a focus on time trends. For this study, overall and gender-specific mortality rates due to violent deaths were computed for 1973-88. The results indicate that overall and gender-specific mortality rates for violent deaths in AI/AN have been decreasing on average per year....Similarly, age-adjusted rates have been declining, and at faster rates than those of the U.S. general population....However, the male-female ratio for homicides and other accidents has remained unchanged, and the ratio for suicide has been increasing. While the gap between age-adjusted rates [has] been narrowing, the age-adjusted rates of AI/AN have remained consistently above those of the U.S. general population." (EXCERPT)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ALASKA | NATIVE AMERICANS | CAUSES OF DEATH | VIOLENT DEATHS | SEX FACTORS | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | ETHNIC GROUPS | AGE FACTORS | HOMICIDE | SUICIDE | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Crime | Social Problems | Studies | Research Methodology
Document Number: 241371

22.
Title: Alaska / Russian Far East women's health and family planning.
Author: Thomsen RJ
Source: ALASKA MEDICINE. 1994 Jul-Sep;36(3):148-9.
Abstract: An Alaskan physician visited Russia's Magadan Oblast in July and August of 1992 to observe the quality of care offered in women's health facilities and to demonstrate the insertion of Norplant systems. At the Magadan Maternity Hospital, good surgical technique, general intubation anesthesia, reusable gloves, a resharpened knife, and no electrocautery were used during an abdominal supracervical hysterectomy for a "14 week" myoma. Five abortions were performed in 20 minutes in 1 room by a doctor who does 3000 annually. Ketamine was injected intravenously from a syringe, rather than from a running intravenous line. Blood handling techniques were lacking with regard to the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The suction machine present in the room was seldom used. The patient was walked to the post-abortion ward a few minutes after her dilation and curettage procedure. The next woman in line was made to wait on a bench in the room, watching the other 2 patients present: the 1 having the procedure, and the 1 recovering from the ketamine. The Clinic of Marriage and the Family, which is funded by the Magadan Ministry of Health and the Magadan Executive Committee to deal with family planning, abortion, and sexuality issues, primarily treats infertility and sexual dysfunction. No ultrasound or laparoscopic capabilities were present; an Organon Multiload Cu-375 IUD with Russian language packaging was generally available. Four gynecologists deliver 250 babies a year at the district hospital in Ola without the use of ultrasound, monitors or doptones. Some Russian Multiload or Copper T IUDs were available, but no oral contraceptives; family planning was mostly by abortion. Motivated professionals, minimal supplies, and darkness were found at the district hospital at Ust-Omchug. The author spoke to representatives of Project Hope, and met with Magadan physicians, the Minister of Health for the Magadan Oblast, and his deputy to discuss funding of a cooperative agreement with Alaska regarding maternal and child health and family planning.
Language: English
Keywords:
RUSSIA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ALASKA | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | ABORTION | FAMILY PLANNING CENTERS | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | NEEDS | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | Asia, Northern | Asia | Developing Countries | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 102317 Notification

23.
Title: Physical violence during the 12 months preceding childbirth --Alaska, Maine, Oklahoma, and West Virginia, 1990-1991.
Author: VandeCastle M; Danna J; DeCoster E; Thomas T
Source: MMWR. MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT.. 1994 Mar 4;43(8):132-7.
Abstract: This study examined the prevalence of physical violence against women during the 12 months preceding childbirth and its relation to maternal characteristics in Alaska, Maine, Oklahoma, and West Virginia. Using the 1990 and the 1991 data from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, varied percentages of women reporting physical abuse among the four states were noted: from 3.8% in Maine to 6.9% in Oklahoma. Overall, the report indicated that in each state, higher rates of physical violence were associated with low educational attainment, race, marital status, age, living conditions, participation in prenatal care, and unintended pregnancy. In addition, this article cites recommendations for health care providers to be aware of the risk among all pregnant women; for efforts to effectively identify victims; for evaluations of intervention programs; and for further examinations of the patterns of violence during pregnancy.
Language: English
Keywords:
ALASKA | MAINE | OKLAHOMA | WEST VIRGINIA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | VIOLENCE | WOMEN | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | PREGNANT WOMEN | PREGNANCY | PREVALENCE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Behavior | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Population Characteristics | Reproduction | Measurement | Research Methodology
Document Number: 142790

25.
Title: Measurement errors in census counts and estimates of intercensal net migration.
Author: Kintner HJ; Swanson DA
Source: [Unpublished] 1993. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, Cincinnati, Ohio, April 1-3, 1993. 30 p. (GMR-7724)
Abstract: The authors present a method for generating confidence intervals around estimates of intercensal net migration, made using the life table survival method, that incorporate estimates of census measurement errors. The life table survival method applies a life table to a census count to project survivors at some past or future time points. Net migration is then estimated as the difference between the projected number of survivors and the enumerated population at that time. The authors present confidence intervals based on mean square error, the sum of the variance, and squared bias. It is assumed that random variation in the number of net migrants in an age-sex group is due to random variation in mortality rates and to measurement errors in census counts. The authors illustrate the technique using data from a small area in Alaska. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ALASKA | MIGRATION | LIFE TABLE METHOD | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | ERROR SOURCES | CENSUS METHODS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Measurement | Census | Population Statistics
Document Number: 083931

26.
Title: Towards measuring uncertainty in estimates of intercensal net migration.
Author: Kintner HJ; Swanson DA
Source: CANADIAN STUDIES IN POPULATION. 1993;20(2):153-91.
Abstract: "We present a system for generating confidence intervals around estimates of intercensal net migration made using the life table survival method. The life table survival method applies a life table to a census count to project survivors at some past or future time points. Net migration is the difference between the projected number of survivors and the enumerated population. Confidence intervals for net migrants in an age-sex group are based on the probability distribution of deaths. They can be adjusted when a life table is unavailable for the population in question. The technique is illustrated with data from Puerto Rico, New Jersey, and Alaska." (SUMMARY IN FRE) (EXCERPT)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NEW JERSEY | ALASKA | PUERTO RICO | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | INTERNAL MIGRATION | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | LIFE TABLE METHOD | SURVIVORSHIP | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Caribbean | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Demographic Analysis | Length of Life | Mortality
Document Number: 239841

27.
Title: An Act relating to employment rights based on pregnancy, childbirth, and related conditions, sick leave, and family leave [1992].
Author: United States. Alaska
Source: LAWS OF ALASKA. 1992;:1-8. Chapter 96.
Abstract: This Act is designed "to entitle public employees to take reasonable leave for the birth or adoption of a child, for the care of a child, spouse, or parent who has a serious health condition, and in case of their own serious health condition." The Act allows public employees in the state of Alaska to take unpaid leave of up to 18 work weeks in any 12-month period because of pregnancy and childbirth or adoption and up to 18 weeks in any 24-month period because of a serious health condition. The employee may substitute, or the employer require, that accrued paid leave to which the employee is entitled be used for the above leave. The employer is required to maintain the employee's coverage under a group health plan during leave, although he may require the employee to pay for the coverage. Unless business conditions have changed to make it impossible or unreasonable, the employer must, after the return of the employee, restore the employee to same position held before the leave or to a substantially similar position with similar pay and benefits. Exceptions are provided for small businesses. If the necessity for leave is foreseeable, the employee must provide prior notice to the employer in a reasonable and practicable manner.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ALASKA | LAWS AND STATUTES | FAMILY POLICY | HEALTH INSURANCE | MATERNITY BENEFITS | ADOPTION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Social Policy | Policy | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Child Rearing | Behavior
Document Number: 087258

28.
Title: An Act establishing the community-based teenage pregnancy reduction program; prescribing guidelines therefore and powers, duties and functions for the secretary of health and environment; authorizing rules and regulations [9 May 1991].
Author: United States. Kansas
Source: SESSION LAWS OF KANSAS. 1991;:705-7. Chapter 109.
Abstract: This Act provides that the Secretary of Health and Environment of Kansas shall establish a comprehensive community-based teenage pregnancy reduction program through the development of locally-controlled community-based educational interventions. These interventions are designed a) to bring about delay in the onset of sexual activity; b) to promote the value of sexual abstinence; and c) to train community members to assist minors in 1) recognizing the importance of postponing sexual intercourse; 2) developing attitudes that promote comfort in choosing not to participate in sexual intercourse; 3) preventing pregnancy by other means when the program has otherwise been unsuccessful, including providing a description of the risks and benefits of various forms of contraception; 4) recognizing the personal, parental, familial, religious, legal, social, and health consequences of irresponsible sexual decisions; 5) developing assertiveness skills to resist undue sexual pressure; 6) developing responsible behavior based on their family values; and 7) fostering communication within the family and an appreciation of the supportive role that families can play. The program is to be implemented by means of grants awarded to localities to develop their own programs. In 1991, the state of Alaska enacted legislation requiring the development of a comprehensive statewide plan to ensure the effectiveness of state programs that relate to the prevention of adolescent pregnancy and provision of services to adolescent parents and their children. See Alaska Statutes, 1993, Section 47.18.010.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | KANSAS | ALASKA | ADOLESCENTS | FAMILY POLICY | SEX BEHAVIOR | ABSTINENCE | SEX EDUCATION | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Policy | Policy | Behavior | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Education | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 086708

29.
Title: Fertility, mortality, and the mean age at death: a model of a population under stress.
Author: Dumond DE
Source: AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST. 1990 Mar;92(1):179-87.
Abstract: "This report presents the model of a population that is stable but under long-term stress from some of the diseases that afflicted many native populations of the world following their first contacts with expanding Western civilization....[The model] is based on the reconstructed demography of an Eskimo-speaking population of southwestern Alaska in the years around 1880...." It is found that the age distribution of mortality does not conform to the pattern of stable populations modeled by Coale and Demeney; although the highest age-specific death rates under age 50 occur at ages 0-4, and particularly in the first 12 months of life, death rates are lowest between ages 5 and 14 and rise steadily thereafter. (EXCERPT)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ALASKA | ESKIMOS | STABLE POPULATION | MORTALITY | THEORETICAL MODELS | COMMUNICABLE DISEASES | AGE FACTORS | AGE SPECIFIC DEATH RATE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Size | Population Dynamics | Research Methodology | Infections | Diseases | Death Rate
Document Number: 063505

30.
Title: Fertility, mortality, and the mean age at death: a model of a population under stress.
Author: Dumond DE
Source: AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST. 1990 Jun;92(2):179-87.
Abstract: A model of a stable, native population under long-term stress from diseases incurred in the wake of the expanding Western civilization is presented. The model is based on the reconstructed demography of an Eskimo-speaking population of southwestern Alaska around 1880. Statistics of the Alaskan Russian Church were used to reconstruct the mortality (16.3 deaths annually over 10 years) and fertility of a small population (319 persons) living at the Naknek River. Life expectancy was calculated at 20 years, and between ages 5 and 45 there was a noticeable upswing of deaths. A large percentage of mortality was caused by recently introduced respiratory diseases (including influenza and pneumonia) and by tuberculosis which affected mainly adults. Accordingly, life expectancy was corrected to 31 years after removal of the adult group. This population had been decreasing at a rate of 1.5% a year for some decades, although typhus, malaria, smallpox, and measles were absent. Respiratory diseases were probably contracted via contact with the Russian trading network starting in the late 18th century, and the Naknek people lost 2/3 of their population within a century. A pattern of mortality involving respiratory diseases as a result of expanding contracts also probably affected a prehistoric west-central Illinois population dating from the Middle Woodland to Mississippian times, although on a smaller scale than in the case of the Naknek people. A decrease in mean age of deaths over age 5 and an increase in mean age of deaths at age 1-9 reduced life expectancy for the Illinois indigenous people so the it resembled the fate of the Naknek population,
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ALASKA | ILLINOIS | HISTORICAL REVIEW | ESKIMOS | FERTILITY | LIFE EXPECTANCY | MORTALITY | COMMUNICABLE DISEASES | PREHISTORIC DEMOGRAPHY | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | MIGRATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Length of Life | Infections | Diseases | Demography | Social Sciences
Document Number: 063836


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