1.  Peer Reviewed Title: A 15-Minute Interactive, Computerized Condom Use Intervention With Biological Endpoints. Author: Grimley DM; Hook EW 3rd Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2009 Feb;36(2):73-78. Abstract: BACKGROUND:: Brief face-to-face-behavioral interventions have been shown to be efficacious, but are costly to sustain and to widely disseminate. This study evaluated the efficacy of a 15-minute theory-based behavioral intervention designed to increase condom use and reduce new cases of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. METHODS:: Participants were randomly assigned via the computer to the intervention or the comparison group stratified by gender and their baseline stage of change (motivational readiness) for using condoms consistently (100%) with their main partners. Behavioral data and biologic specimens for testing of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis were obtained at baseline and at 6 months post intervention. The intervention was delivered via an audio, multimedia, computerized application that provided individualized interventions to patients based on their responses to assessment items; comparison patients interacted with a 15-minute, computerized, multiple health risk assessment with no intervention. RESULTS:: The majority of the sample (N = 430) was black (88%); 54.5% women; with a mean age = 24.5. Assuming all participants who did not return to the clinic at 6 months were not using condoms consistently, 32% of the treatment group versus 23% in the comparison group reported consistent condom use (P = 0.03). The combined Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis incidence declined to 6% in the intervention group versus 13% in the comparison group (P = 0.04). Results from a regression analysis revealed that the only statically significant predictor of sexually transmitted diseases infection at the follow-up was group assignment (OR = 1.91, 95% confidence index = 1.09-3.34; P = 0.043). CONCLUSIONS:: These findings suggest that brief, interactive, computer-delivered interventions provided at the evaluation visit increase condom use and reduce sexually transmitted diseases without putting additional burden on clinicians or staff. Language: English Keywords: ALABAMA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | THEORETICAL MODELS | BLACKS | COMPUTER PROGRAMS AND PROGRAMMING | GONORRHEA | CHLAMYDIA | CONDOM USE | AUDIOVISUAL AIDS | TIME FACTORS | RISK ASSESSMENT | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Information Processing | Information | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Educational Methods | Educational Activities | Education | Population Dynamics | Evaluation | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 329674 |
| 2. Title: Partnership concurrency status and condom use among women diagnosed with Trichomonas vaginalis. Author: Lichtenstein B; Desmond RA; Schwebke JR Source: Women's Health Issues. 2008 Sep-Oct;18(5):369-74. Abstract: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND: Partner concurrency increases the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as Trichomonas vaginalis. Women diagnosed with T. vaginalis have a 2- to 3-fold higher risk of acquiring the human immunodeficiency virus and developing the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. GOALS: We sought to describe partnership concurrency (multiple sexual partners during the same time period) and condom use among women diagnosed with T. vaginalis, and to compare reports of concurrency between matched female and male dyads. METHODS: A baseline interview on partnership status and condom use was administered to women diagnosed with T. vaginalis at a public sexually transmitted infections (STI) clinic. A male partner substudy was also conducted. Seventy-three dyads were matched by unique identifier and female and male responses were compared. RESULTS: The participants were 319 African American women and 10 white women aged 15-40 years (N = 329). Almost three fourths (72.3%) had only 1 partner over a 3-month period, compared with more than one fourth (27.7%) with > or =2 partners. Regular condom use was low (16.4%), especially with regular partners (9.1%). In the matched substudy, men reported significantly higher rates of concurrency than women (47.3% vs. 23.0%; p < or = .002). Men who practiced concurrency were not significantly more likely than other men to use condoms with regular partners. CONCLUSIONS: Women seldom used condoms with their regular male partners and these partners had significantly higher rates of concurrency and low rates of condom use. Women may underestimate the risk of acquiring STI from regular partners. Counseling strategies should include the risk of being infected with STDs such as trichomonas by regular partners as well as by casual partners in the absence of condom use. Language: English Keywords: ALABAMA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE SURVEYS | WOMEN | BLACKS | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | CONDOM USE | TRICHOMONIASIS | VAGINAL ABNORMALITIES | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | HIV TRANSMISSION | SEX FACTORS | PERCEPTION | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Planning Surveys | Family Planning | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Sexual Partners | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Psychological Factors Document Number: 329291 |
3.  Peer Reviewed Title: Extending Medicaid coverage for family planning services: Alabama's first four years. Author: Bronstein JM; Vosel A; George SK; Freeman C; Payne LA Source: Public Health Reports. 2007 Mar-Apr;122(2):190-197. Abstract: This study examines whether Alabama's Medicaid family planning demonstration program reaches a different segment of the population than the health department-based Title X family planning program, whether service use rates differ across clients using care within and outside of the Title X provider system, and whether additional risk assessment and care coordination services provided by health department personnel increase the likelihood that family planning clients return for follow-up visits over time. Administrative data from four years of operation of the program were used to examine characteristics of the clientele, differences in services used across provider types included in the program, and the impact of risk assessments and care coordination on return visit rates. The number of family planning service users increased dramatically over the four-year period, but were more similar demographically to Title X clients than to Medicaid maternity clients. Growth was greatest among clients of non-Title X providers. Newly covered services, including risk assessments and care coordination, were available mostly to Title X clients, and these services were associated with a greater likelihood that clients returned for care in subsequent years. Expanded provider networks can increase the number of low income women using family planning services while risk assessment and care coordination can improve the effectiveness of these services. However, enhanced services may not be equally available across provider systems. Additional outreach efforts are needed to reach women eligible for publicly supported family planning services who are not currently using these services. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ALABAMA | RESEARCH REPORT | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | HEALTH INSURANCE | TITLE 19 MEDICAL ASSISTANCE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Family Planning | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Public Assistance | Government Financing | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 315918 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Complete blood cell count as a surrogate CD4 cell marker for HIV monitoring in resource-limited settings. Author: Chen RY; Westfall AO; Hardin JM; Miller-Hardwick C; Stringer JS Source: JAIDS. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2007 Apr 15;44(5):525-530. Abstract: A total lymphocyte count (TLC) of 1200 cells/mL has been used as a surrogate for a CD4 count of 200 cells/mL in resource-limited settings with varying results. We developed a more effective method based on a decision tree algorithm to classify subjects. A decision tree was used to develop models with the variables TLC, hemoglobin, platelet count, gender, body mass index, and antiretroviral treatment status of subjects from the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) observational database. Models were validated on data from the Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (BVAMC) and Zambia, with primary decision trees also generated from these data. A total of 1189 patients from the UAB observational database were included. The UAB decision tree classified a CD4 count #200 cells/mL as better than a TLC cut-point of 1200 cells/mL, based on the area under the curve of the receiver-operator characteristic curve (P < 0.0001). When applied to data from the BVAMC and Zambia, the UAB-based decision treeperformed better than the TLC cut-point of 1200 cells/mL (BVAMC: P < 0.0001; Zambia: P = 0.0009) but worse than a decision tree based on local data (BVAMC: P = 0.0001; Zambia: P = 0.0001). A decision tree algorithm based on local data identifies low CD4 cell counts better than one developed from a different population or a TLC cut-point of 1200 cells/mL. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ALABAMA | RESEARCH REPORT | INDIRECT ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | THEORETICAL MODELS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | IMMUNITY, CELLULAR | MONITORING | HIV INFECTIONS | DECISION MAKING | HEMOGLOBIN LEVEL | SEX FACTORS | BODY WEIGHT | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Estimation Techniques | Research Methodology | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Evaluation | Behavior | Hemic System | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Document Number: 315601 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Effect of female partner age on pregnancy rates after vasectomy reversal. Author: Gerrard ER Jr; Sandlow JI; Oster RA; Burns JR; Box LC Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2007 Jun;87(6):1340-1344. Abstract: The objective was to determine the effect of female partner age on pregnancy rates after vasectomy reversal. The design of the study was a retrospective review. Two academic infertility practices was the setting of the study. Men undergoing vasectomy reversal and their partners were used in the study. Intervention(s): Microsurgical vasectomy reversal. Main Outcome Measure(s): Patency and pregnancy rates. Two hundred ninety-four patients met the inclusion criteria. Groups were similar with regard to types of procedure performed (vasovasostomy or vasoepididymostomy), obstructive interval, female factors, number of repeat procedures, and quality of vasal fluid. Patency rates were 90%, 89%, 90%, 86%, and 83% for patients with female partners aged 20-24, 25-29, 30-34, 35-39, and 40+ years, respectively. Pregnancy rates were 67%, 52%, 57%, 54%, and 14% for patients with female partners aged 20-24, 25-29, 30-34, 35-39, and 40+ years, respectively. The pregnancy rate for couples with female partner aged 40 or older was lower than for those with the female partner aged 39 or younger (14% vs. 56%). Pregnancy rates for vasectomy reversal were good regardless of female age as long as the partner was 39 years old or younger. Pregnancy rates were lower if the female partner was 40 or more years old. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ALABAMA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | SEXUAL PARTNERS | WOMEN | VASECTOMY | REVERSIBLE STERILIZATION | PREGNANCY RATE | AGE FACTORS | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Studies | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Demographic Factors | Population | Male Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Population Characteristics Document Number: 313582 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Longitudinal association between hormonal contraceptives and bacterial vaginosis in women of reproductive age. Author: Riggs M; Klebanoff M; Nansel T; Zhang J; Schwebke J Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2007 Dec;34(12):954-959. Abstract: This study examined whether hormonal contraceptive use is associated with diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis (BV) over 1 year. A total of 3077 women of reproductive age were recruited from gynecologic and family planning clinics for a 1-year prospective longitudinal study. Data collected over 5 visits included demographics, health and hygiene behaviors, and gynecological exams. Gram stains were used to quantify vaginal flora. There was a decreased risk of overall BV prevalence among oral contraceptive users (odds ratio, OR 0.76; confidence interval, CI 0.63-0.90) and among those using hormonal injection/implant (OR 0.64; CI 0.53-0.76). An increased risk for BV prevalence (OR 1.38; CI 1.11-1.71) and incidence (OR 1.43; 1.02-2.07) was observed among those subjects who had tubal ligation. Greater remission of BV was found among those using hormonal injection or implant (OR 1.67; CI 1.23-2.27) whereas less remission occurred among those subjects who had tubal ligation (OR 0.56; CI 0.39-0.80). Hormonal contraceptive use is associated with a decreased risk of BV. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ALABAMA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | CLINICAL RESEARCH | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | WOMEN | VAGINOSIS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | HYGIENE | PREVALENCE | TUBAL LIGATION | RISK FACTORS | INJECTABLES | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Vaginal Abnormalities | Diseases | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Infections | Public Health | Health | Measurement | Female Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Biology | Contraceptive Methods Document Number: 313975 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and selenium status inHIV-positive and HIV-negative adolescents and young adults. Author: Stephensen CB; Marquis GS; Douglas SD; Kruzich LA; Wilson CM Source: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2007 Jan 1;85(1):173-181. Abstract: Antioxidant nutrient deficiencies may hasten the progression of HIV disease by impairing antioxidant defenses. The objective of the study was to determine whether HIV infection is associated with poor selenium status and low antioxidant protection by glutathione and glutathione peroxidase (GPX). In a cross-sectional study of 365 HIV-positive and HIV-negative adolescents and young adults, we examined the relation of plasma selenium, whole-blood glutathione, and whole-blood GPX to HIV status, disease severity, immune activation, and oxidative damage. Selenium deficiency (plasma selenium < 0.070 µg/mL) was not seen in any subjects, and plasma selenium in 244 HIV-positive subjects (0.120 ± 0.0013 µg/mL) did not differ significantly (P = 0.071) from that in 121 HIV-negative subjects (0.125 ± 0.0020µg/mL). However, multiple regression analysis after adjustment for covariates showed a significant (P = 0.002) negative association between HIV-associated immune activation (plasma neopterin) and plasma selenium concentrations. GPX activity was highest in HIV-positive subjects taking antiretroviral therapy (median: 14.2; 25th, 75th percentiles: 11.1, 18.7 U/mL; n = 130), intermediate in HIV-positive subjects not taking antiretroviral therapy (11.8; 9.4, 15.1 U/mL; n = 114), and lowest in HIV-negative subjects (10.6; 8.6, 12.7 U/mL; n = 121; P < 0.05 for all comparisons). GPX was also positively associated with malondialdehyde, a marker of oxidative damage. Subjects had adequate selenium status, although HIV-related immune activation was associated with lower plasma selenium concentrations. GPX activity appears to have been induced by the oxidative stress associated with HIV infection and use of antiretroviral therapy. Thus, young, well-nourished subjects can mount a compensatory antioxidant response to HIV infection. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ALABAMA | CALIFORNIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS | HIV | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | TESTING | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Measurement Document Number: 312063 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Skills-oriented counseling holds promise for increasing women's use of barrier methods. Author: Hollander D Source: Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2006 Mar;38(1):[3] p. Abstract: Women who received skills-oriented counseling at an Alabama STD clinic used condoms and microbicides more frequently during the next six months than did women who received only information about the use and effectiveness of these methods, according to findings from a study comparing the interventions. However, STD rates did not differ between the two groups. Regardless of which intervention women received, those reporting perfect condom use and those who used a vaginal microbicide at least half of the time had reduced STD rates during the follow-up period (relative risks, 0.3 and 0.5, respectively). Study participants were recruited between 1992 and 1995; women were eligible if they were 18-35 years old, had not had a hysterectomy, were not pregnant and did not wish to conceive within the next six months. At enrollment, participants were randomly assigned to one of two intervention groups (basic or enhanced); completed a baseline interview that covered their background, medical, behavioral and psychosocial characteristics; received a pelvic examination; and were taught to record information about their sexual behavior and barrier method use in a daily diary. They also were asked to return for six monthly follow-up visits; at each visit, they were reinterviewed, received a pelvic examination, had their sexual diaries reviewed and returned unused method supplies. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ALABAMA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS | BARRIER METHODS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | COUNSELING | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Education | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 297454 |
| 9. Title: Parenting processes and dating violence: The mediating role of self-esteem in low- and high SES adolescents. Author: Pflieger JC; Vazsonyi AT Source: Journal of Adolescence. 2006 Aug;29(4):495-512. Abstract: The current investigation tested a model in which low self-esteem mediated the effects by parenting processes (monitoring, closeness, and support) on measures of dating violence (victimization, perpetration, attitudes, and perceptions) in a sample of adolescents (n = 809; mean age = 16.4 years) from both low- and high-socioeconomic (SES) backgrounds. Hierarchical regression analyses provided evidence that low selfesteem partially mediated the link between parenting processes and dating violence, with unique differences observed between low- and high-SES youth. Specifically, in low-SES youth, low self-esteem mediated the relationship between closeness as well as support and dating violence behaviours, while in high-SES youth, it only mediated the relationship between maternal support and dating violence attitudes. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ALABAMA | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS | MATE SELECTION | VIOLENCE | SEXUAL ABUSE | SEXUAL PARTNERS | SELF ESTEEM | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | RESPONSIBLE PARENTHOOD | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marriage | Nuptiality | Behavior | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Behavior | Psychological Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household Document Number: 305761 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Biologically confirmed sexually transmitted infection and depressive symptomatology among African-American female adolescents. Author: Salazar LF; Di Clemente RJ; Wingood GM; Crosby RA; Lang DL Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2006 Feb;82(1):55-60. Abstract: The objective was to determine prospectively the relation between sexually transmitted infection (STI) diagnosis and depressive symptomatology. Secondary data analyses were performed on 175 sexually active African-American female adolescents, who were recruited from high risk neighbourhoods in Birmingham, Alabama, United States. ANCOVA was used to compare adolescents who tested positive with adolescents who tested negative on three waves of depressive symptom scores, controlling for age. The STI positive group had higher depressive symptom levels at 6 months relative to the STI negative group. This result was moderated by baseline depressive symptom levels: for adolescents above the clinical threshold, the STI negative group experienced a decrease in symptoms at 6 months whereas the STI positive group maintained the same level. For adolescents below the clinical threshold, there were no changes in depressive symptom levels regardless of diagnosis. Receiving an STI diagnosis may affect depressive symptomatology for those at risk for depression. Screening for depression in settings that provide STI testing and treatment may be warranted for this population. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ALABAMA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | BLACKS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | DEPRESSION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Mental Disorders Document Number: 297424 |
| 11. Title: What if: How declines in teen births have improved poverty and child well-being in Alabama. Author: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy Source: Washington, D.C., National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, 2005 Apr. 3 p. Abstract: Years of research have closely linked teen pregnancy and early childbearing to a host of other critical social issues, including overall child health and well-being, out-of-wedlock births, educational attainment and workforce readiness, responsible fatherhood, and poverty in particular -- especially child poverty. For example, young children born to a mother who is a teenager, is not married, and did not finish high school are nine times more likely to be poor than children born to mothers without these three risk factors. Adolescent pregnancy and childbearing cost taxpayers at least $7 billion annually and place a serious economic burden on schools and on health, welfare and social service systems. The U.S. teen birth rate declined by 30 percent between 1991 and 2002--a significant decrease that has made major contributions to American communities. Illustrating this very point, the U.S. Congress' Joint Economic Committee completed an analysis in April 2004 that the National Campaign in turn summarized. The congressional study posed an intriguing question: if the nation's teen birth rate had remained at its 1991 level through 2002 (rather than decreasing as it did), how many more children would have been born to teen mothers and to single mothers, and what would have been the effect on poverty and on the living arrangements of children? Findings included the following: if teen birth rates had not declined nationally by 30 percent during that time, there would have been an additional 1.2 million more children born to teen mothers, approximately 460,000 additional children in poverty and almost 700,000 more children living with a single mother. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ALABAMA | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | ONE PARENT FAMILY | BIRTH RATE | POVERTY | CHILD HEALTH | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | CAMPAIGNS | FERTILITY DECLINE | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Measurements | Economic Factors | Health | Communication Programs | Communication | Fertility Changes Document Number: 307045 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Some studies may underestimate condom's role in STD prevention. Author: Hollander D Source: Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2005 Sep;37(3):155-156. Abstract: Studies that measure the role of male condoms in preventing STD transmission by comparing users with nonusers may underestimate the method’s effectiveness because of differences between users and nonusers that are difficult to measure. In a case-crossover analysis using data from women visiting an Alabama STD clinic, in which each participant served as her own control, consistent use of the method was associated with a significant reduction in the incidence of gonorrhea and chlamydia, particularly when condoms neither broke nor slipped off. A cohort analysis based on the same data set, however, in which patterns of condom use and infection status were compared across individuals, showed no reduction in risk associated with consistency of use. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ALABAMA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | COHORT ANALYSIS | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | WOMEN | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | CONDOM USE | GONORRHEA | CHLAMYDIA | PREVALENCE | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Sexual Partners | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Contraception | Family Planning | Risk Reduction Behavior | Measurement Document Number: 290039 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Self removal of Implanon: a case report. Author: Jaffer K; Whalen S Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2005;31(3):248. Abstract: A 25-year-old woman, para 1 + 0, attended a local family planning clinic requesting long-term contraception. She had an emergency lower segment Caesarean section in February 2001 for pre-eclampsia and fetal distress and delivered a live female infant. There was no other relevant medical history. Her cycles were regular (4/28 days). She and her partner used condoms for contraception. Different long-term contraceptive methods were discussed and the patient opted for Implanon. She was fully counselled regarding Implanon, its side effects, duration of use and insertion and removal procedure. Implanon was inserted in the left upper arm under local anaesthesia on the first day of her period. She was advised to attend for follow up in 6 weeks’ time, which she failed to do. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ALABAMA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | PREGNANT WOMEN | RISK FACTORS | USER COMPLIANCE | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | DEPRESSION | SELF CARE | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Biology | Behavior | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Mental Disorders | Diseases | Treatment | Contraceptive Agents Document Number: 290212 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Domestic violence, sexual ownership, and HIV risk in women in the American deep south. Author: Lichtenstein B Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2005;60:701-714. Abstract: Domestic violence and sexual abuse are important correlates of HIV risk in women. This paper examines the links between HIV risk and domestic violence in women in a region with the highest HIV/AIDS rates in the United States. The theoretical framework incorporates Butler’s (1993) and (1990) concept of performative gender and Collins’ (2000) ‘‘controlling images’’ of African American women as a context for domestic violence in the Deep South. Two focus groups were convened to develop a definition of domestic violence as HIV risk; 50 in-depth-individual interviews of HIV-positive women were subsequently conducted for specific information on the topic. A final focus group was conducted for verification and feedback. The interview data revealed that controlling images of women as sexualized bodies were enacted through rape, sexual coercion, and name-calling in intimate relationships. The main finding was that the women lacked the ability to control sexual activities (including condom use) in abusive relationships with HIV positive men. The women used various strategies to escape abusive partners and to obtain treatment for HIV/AIDS. The study concludes that the links between gender inequity, domestic violence, and HIV transmission should appear in prevention materials to encourage domestic violence screening in health settings, and to provide abused women with information on the not-so-obvious risks of being infected in abusive relationships. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ALABAMA | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | WOMEN | BLACKS | RISK FACTORS | HIV TRANSMISSION | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | INEQUALITIES | RAPE | PSYCHOLOGICAL ABUSE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Biology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Crime | Social Problems | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Aggression | Behavior Document Number: 276858 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Public tolerance, private pain: stigma and sexually transmitted infections in the American deep south. Author: Lichtenstein B; Hook EW 3d; Sharma AK Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2005 Jan;7(1):43-57. Abstract: This pilot telephone survey sought to identify social barriers to treating sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in a socially conservative state (Alabama, USA). The sample consisted of 250 household residents aged 19--50 years, mostly African-American and White, who were drawn from the general population. The participants reported that infected persons, per se, should not be stigmatized. However, almost half of respondents stated that they would seek revenge against a partner who infected them. Feelings of embarrassment negatively affected willingness to seek health care; almost half of the respondents stated that, if infected, they would delay treatment or not seek treatment at all. Differences in responses emerged in relation to ethnicity and religiosity, with African-Americans and regular churchgoers being more likely than others to say they would delay or refuse treatment because of embarrassment. Gender differences also emerged: respondents reported that women would be more stigmatized than men if they were infected, even though men should be held responsible for spreading STIs. These findings suggest that stigma may be a compelling barrier to STI control in the American Deep South, and that ethnicity, gender and religiosity play an important role in attitudes toward treatment. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ALABAMA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | ADULTS | ETHNIC GROUPS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | STIGMA | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | SEX FACTORS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Cultural Background | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Religion | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 303931 |
| 16. Title: Participation and retention in a study of female condom use among women at high STD risk. Author: Macaluso M; Wang X; Brill I; Fleenor M; Robey L Source: Annals of Epidemiology. 2005 Feb;15(2):105-111. Abstract: Differential participation and retention can bias the findings of a follow-up study. This problem was evaluated in a study of barrier contraception among women at high STD risk. The goal of this study was to identify predictors of participation and retention and determine whether they could influence study results. The method used for the study was a six-month follow-up study of women attending STD clinics. Determinants of participation and retention were evaluated using logistic and proportional hazards models. Agreement to participate was associated with young age, black race, low education and income, older age at first intercourse, the number of lifetime partners, and STD history. Early attrition was associated with young age, non-black race, higher income, lack of interest/commitment to using the female condom, high coital frequency, no STD history, not using a birth control method at baseline, and with inconsistent condom use, high coital frequency, and pregnancy during follow up. There was little evidence that differential participation influenced the validity of the study. Differential attrition may have biased behavioral measures of intervention effectiveness, but not necessarily measures of condom use effectiveness. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ALABAMA | RESEARCH REPORT | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | WOMEN | PARTICIPATION | FEMALE CONDOMS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | RETENTION | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Population | Social Behavior | Behavior | Vaginal Barrier Methods | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Examinations and Diagnoses | Economic Factors Document Number: 289603 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Chlamydia screening of at-risk young women in managed health care: characteristics of top-performing primary care offices. Author: Ray MN; Wall T; Casebeer L; Weissman N; Spettell C Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2005 Jun;32(6):382-386. Abstract: Despite effective approaches for managing chlamydial infection, asymptomatic disease remains highly prevalent. We linked administrative data with physician data from the American Medical Association physician survey to identify characteristics of primary care offices associated with best chlamydia screening practices. Criteria from the National Committee for Quality Assurance provided chlamydia screening rates. We defined top-performing offices as those with rates in the top decile among 978 primary care offices from 26 states. Offices screened an average of 16.2% of at-risk, young women, but top-performing offices screened 42.2%. Top-performing offices on average had more black physicians (12.5%, 5.1%, P = 0.001) and were more often located in zip code areas with median income less than $30,000 (22.6%, 5.5%, P = 0.001). Although chlamydia screening rates are alarmingly low overall, there is substantial variation across offices. Understanding predictors of better office performance may lead to effective interventions to promote screening. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ALABAMA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | PHYSICIANS | BLACKS | CHLAMYDIA | HEALTH INSURANCE | SCREENING | BEST PRACTICES | RECORDS | INCOME | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Examinations and Diagnoses | Programs | Organization and Administration | Information Processing | Information | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 286748 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Mandatory EC provision raises debate in Alabama. Source: Contraceptive Technology Update. 2004 Sep;25(9):[3] p.. Abstract: Is providing emergency contraception (EC) a problem for clinicians in your facility? Since January 2004, eight nurses within the Alabama Department of Public Health system have retired or resigned with letters of resignation that listed dispensing EC as at least one of their reasons for leaving. According a statement issued by Tom Miller, MD, director of the bureau of family health services at the Alabama agency, the employees left without seeking an accommodation or without allowing the department time to resolve their request for accommodation. Five employees have requests pending for accommodations. The agency is working with them to find appropriate assignments, according to Miller’s statement. The Alabama health department began providing EC as a routine service in April 2004. The state is the last in the Southeast to implement EC as a standard service, according to the statement issued by Miller. Some county clinics already were offering EC if patients asked for it, but not all clinics provided the service. In April, the state health department mandated that EC be available, as are all other forms of contraception, at all health departments. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ALABAMA | PANEL DISCUSSION | HEALTH PERSONNEL | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | BELIEFS | POLICYMAKERS | PERCEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Group Meeting | Communication | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraception | Family Planning | Culture | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Contraceptive Usage Document Number: 281875 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Infertility from female circumcision. Author: Chen G; Dharia SP; Steinkampf MP; Callison S Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2004 Jun;81(6):1692-1694. Abstract: Objective: To present a case report of a patient with primary infertility from female circumcision, the management of the patient, and a review of the literature. Design: Case report and literature review. Setting: University hospital. Patient(s): A 31-year-old woman referred for a history of primary infertility. Intervention(s): Complete history and physical exam of the patient and subsequent deinfibulation. Main Outcome Measure(s): Diagnosis, surgical management, and postoperative sexual function and pregnancy. Result(s): Resolution of dyspareunia, satisfactory postoperative sexual function, and pregnancy. Conclusion(s): Awareness of this type of female circumcision and familiarity with its surgical management may prevent delays and any subsequent complications. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ALABAMA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | WOMEN | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | INFERTILITY | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Reproduction Document Number: 194147 |
| 20. Title: Relationship characteristics and sexual practices of African American adolescent girls who desire pregnancy. Author: Davies SL; DiClemente RJ; Wingood GM; Person SD; Crosby RA Source: Health Education and Behavior. 2004 Aug;31(4 Suppl):85S-96S. Abstract: This study examined associations between African American adolescent girls’ desire to become pregnant and their sexual and relationship practices. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were used to detect significant associations between pregnancy desire and the assessed correlates. Of 522 participants (14 to 18 years old), 67 (12.8%) were pregnant and were thus excluded from this analysis. Of the remaining 455 adolescents, 107 (23.6%) expressed some desire to be pregnant at the time of assessment. Adolescents who desired pregnancy were significantly more likely to report having had sex with a casual partner and to use contraception inconsistently. Factors involving an adolescent girl’s relationship with her partner (e.g., being in a relationship, length of relationship, time spent with boyfriend, or satisfaction with boyfriend) were not significantly associated with the desire for pregnancy. Effective pregnancy and sexually transmitted disease prevention programs for female adolescents should address their level of pregnancy desire. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ALABAMA | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | BLACKS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEXUAL PARTNERS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE DETERMINANTS | PREGNANCY, PLANNED | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Behavior | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 280390 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: The acceptability of the female and male condom: a randomized crossover trial. Author: Kulczycki A; Kim D; Duerr A; Jamieson DJ; Macaluso M Source: Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2004 May-Jun;36(3):[17] p.. Abstract: Although studies have assessed the acceptability of male and female condoms, comparative trial data are lacking. A sample of 108 women in stable relationships recruited from an urban, reproductive health clinic were randomly assigned to use 10 male or female condoms, followed by use of 10 of the other type. A nurse provided instruction in correct method use. Demographic information was collected in a baseline questionnaire; acceptability data were collected in follow-up and exit questionnaires and coital logs. Nonparametric and chi-square statistics were used to analyze measures of the methods' relative acceptability. Bowker's test of symmetry was adapted to test the null hypothesis of no difference in acceptability between condom types. Participants used 678 female and 700 male condoms. Although neither method scored high on user satisfaction measures, the 63 women completing the study protocol preferred the male condom to the female condom for ease of application or insertion, ease of removal, general fit, feel of the condom during intercourse and ease of penetration. Participants reported that their partner also favored the male condom, although women generally appeared to like this method more than their partner did. In a direct comparison between the methods at the end of the study, women generally judged male condoms superior on specified preference criteria. Across a range of criteria, the female condom was less acceptable than the male condom to most women and their partners. Although both types had low acceptability, they are needed and valid methods of pregnancy and disease prevention. That neither rated high on user satisfaction measures underscores the need for more barrier methods that women and men can use. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ALABAMA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | CLINICAL TRIALS | URBAN POPULATION | WOMEN | FEMALE CONDOMS | CONDOM USE | ATTITUDES | ACCEPTANCE PROCESS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Clinical Research | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Vaginal Barrier Methods | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Decision Making | Contraceptive Usage Document Number: 194649 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Vaginal misoprostol versus concentrated oxytocin and vaginal PGE2 for second-trimester labor induction. Author: Ramsey PS; Savage K; Lincoln T; Owen J Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2004 Jul;104(1):138-145. Abstract: Objective: To compare the efficacy, side effects, and complications of high-dose vaginal misoprostol with concentrated intravenous oxytocin plus low-dose vaginal prostaglandin (PGE2) for second-trimester labor induction. Methods: One hundred twenty-six consenting women with maternal or fetal indications for pregnancy termination and no prior cesarean delivery were randomly assigned to receive either vaginal misoprostol 600 µg 1X, 400 µg every 4 hours 5X (misoprostol group, n = 60) or escalating-dose concentrated oxytocin infusions (277-1,667 mU/min) plus vaginal PGE2 10 mg every 6 hours 4X (oxytocin group, n = 66). Both groups received concurrent extra-amniotic saline infusion for cervical ripening. Women who failed their assigned regimen received 20 mg of PGE2 suppositories every 4 hours until delivery. Analysis was by intent to treat. Results: Demographic characteristics were similar between study groups. Median induction-to-delivery interval was significantly shorter in the misoprostol group (12 hours) than in the oxytocin group (17 hours; P < .001). There was a higher induction success rate at 24 hours in the misoprostol group (95%) than in the oxytocin group (85%; P = .06), although this difference did not reach statistical significance. The incidence of live birth (25% versus 17%), chorioamnionitis (5% versus 2%), and postpartum hemorrhage greater than 500 mL (3% versus 3%) were similar between the misoprostol and oxytocin groups, respectively. Diarrhea (2% versus 11%; P = .04), nausea/emesis (25% versus 42%; P = .04), and retained placenta requiring curettage (2% versus 15%; P = .008) were significantly less common in the misoprostol group when compared with the oxytocin group, respectively. Isolated intrapartum fever, however, was more frequent in the misoprostol group (67%) than in the oxytocin group (21%; P < .001). Conclusion: Compared with concentrated oxytocin plus low-dose vaginal PGE2, high-dose vaginal misoprostol is associated with significantly shorter induction-to-delivery intervals, fewer side effects, a lower incidence of retained placenta, and comparable incidence of live birth. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ALABAMA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | PREGNANT WOMEN | MISOPROSTOL | ABORTION | PREGNANCY, SECOND TRIMESTER | OXYTOCIN | TIME FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Studies | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Prostaglandins, Synthetic | Prostaglandins | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Pituitary Hormones | Hormones | Population Dynamics | Safety | Public Health | Health | Contraception Document Number: 194552 Notification |
| 23. Title: State facts about abortion: Alabama. Author: Alan Guttmacher Institute [AGI] Source: [New York, New York], AGI, 2003. 3 p. (State Facts about Abortion) Abstract: This article presents background information about the frequency of abortion in the United States, followed by statistics on abortion frequency, abortion services, and restrictions on abortion for the United States as a whole and Alabama specifically. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ALABAMA | PAMPHLETS | ADULTS | WOMEN | ABORTION | PREGNANCY | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | HEALTH FACILITIES | ABORTION LAW | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Printed Media | Mass Media | Communication | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Reproduction | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraception | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 175574 Notification |
| 24. Title: Hopelessness and risk behaviour among adolescents living in high-poverty inner-city neighbourhoods. Désespoir et conduite ŕ risque chez des adolescents habitant des quartiers trčs pauvres du centre ville. Author: Bolland JM Source: Journal of Adolescence. 2003 Apr;26(2):145-158. Abstract: Ethnographic literature on inner-city life argues that adolescents react to their uncertain futures by abandoning hope, leading them to engage in high levels of risk behaviour. However, few quantitative studies demonstrate this relationship. This study tests this relationship using a survey of 2468 inner-city adolescents, asking them questions about hopelessness, violent and aggressive behaviour, substance use, sexual behaviour, and accidental injury. Nearly 50% of males and 25% of females had moderate or severe feelings of hopelessness. Moreover, hopelessness predicted of each of the risk behaviours considered. These results suggest that effective prevention and intervention programmes aimed at inner-city adolescents should target hopelessness by promoting skills that allow them to overcome the limitations of hopelessness. (author's) French Abstract: La littérature ethnographique sur la vie dans les quartiers intérieurs de la ville fait entrevoir que les adolescents réagissent ŕ l'incertitude de leur futur en abandonnant l'espoir, ce qui les mčne ŕ témoigner d'un comportement hautement risqué. Cependant, peu d'études quantitatives démontrent ce rapport. Cette étude teste ce rapport en utilisant une étude de 2468 adolescents de la ville intérieure, en leur posant des questions au sujet de l'état de désespoir, du comportement violent et agressif, de l'usage de la drogue, du comportement sexuel, et des blessures accidentelles. Presque 50% des mâles et 25% des femmes ont des sentiments modérés ou sévčres de désespoir. De plus, cet état prédit de chacun des comportements ŕ risque considérés. Ces résultats suggčrent que les programmes efficaces de prévention et d'intervention ciblant les adolescents de la ville intérieure devraient viser l'état de désespoir en encourageant les compétences qui leur permettent de vaincre ces extrémités. (auteur) Language: English Keywords: ALABAMA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | URBAN AREAS | DEPRESSION | RISK BEHAVIOR | LOW INCOME POPULATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Studies | Sampling Studies | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Urbanization | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Mental Disorders | Diseases | Behavior | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 176433 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Adolescent femicide. A population-based study. Author: Coyne-Beasley T; Moracco KE; Casteel MJ Source: Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. 2003;156:355-360. Abstract: Homicide is the third leading cause of deaths for girls aged 11 to 14 years and the second leading cause of death for girls aged 15 to 18 years. However, few studies examine the contextual issues of adolescent femicide, especially among 11- to 14-year-old victims. The objectives were to obtain quantitative and contextual information about adolescent femicide, and to compare the context of femicide in younger vs older adolescents. Data from the North Carolina medical examiner were analyzed for all 11- to 18-year-old female homicide victims during 1990 to 1995. Police interviews were conducted for 1993 to 1995 cases to determine context, the relationship of victim and perpetrator, and criminal histories. There were 90 victims; 63 were aged 15 to 18 years, 55 were killed with firearms, and 40 were behind in school. Of 37 femicides for which law enforcement interviews were conducted, the most common contexts were altercation (n=9), broken or desired relationship (n=8), reckless behavior with a firearm (n=6), retaliation (n=5), and drug related (n=3). Most perpetrators were men (89%; n=33), were older than their victims (mean age difference, 8 years), and had criminal records (59%; n=21). Seventy-eight percent of victims (n=29) were killed by an acquaintance or intimate partner. Femicide contexts differed by age. Younger adolescents (aged 11-14 years) were more likely to be killed by a family member in the context of an argument than by an intimate partner or acquaintance in the context of a broken relationship or reckless behavior with a firearm. Many victims were engaged in high-risk behaviors, including dropping out of school, running away from home, using drugs, and dating much older men with criminal records. Intervention specialists targeting high-risk female adolescents should be aware that this population may also be at increased risk of femicide. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ALABAMA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES | RECORDS | HOMICIDE | RISK FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | RISK BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Studies | Adolescents | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Information Processing | Information | Crime | Social Problems | Biology | Behavior Document Number: 281694 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Value of consistent condom use: a study of sexually transmitted disease prevention among African American adolescent females. Author: Crosby RA; DiClemente RJ; Wingood GM; Lang D; Harrington KF Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2003 Jun;93(6):901-902. Abstract: A recent report suggested that evidence was insufficient to evaluate the degree of benefit provided by condoms against most sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). However, in vitro evidence suggests that transmission of the largest STD pathogens (i.e., bacterial and protozoans) can be prevented by condom use. This study prospectively determined the association between African American adolescent females’ condom use and their acquisition of biologically confirmed infection with Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, or Trichomonas vaginalis. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ALABAMA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | BLACKS | WOMEN | CONDOM USE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases Document Number: 179299 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: Pregnancy desire among disadvantaged African American adolescent females. Le désir de grossesse chez les adolescentes africaines-américaines déshéritées. Author: Davies SL; DiClemente RJ; Wingood GM; Harrington KF; Crosby RA Source: American Journal of Health Behavior. 2003 Jan-Feb;27(1):55-62. Abstract: Objective: To examine the prevalence and correlates of wanting to become pregnant among a sample of 462 sexually active nonpregnant African American adolescent females. Methods: Multivariate logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios, their 95% confidence intervals, and respective P values. Results: Significant correlates with pregnancy desire included having a male partner who desired pregnancy, having a boyfriend at least 5 years older, having low self-esteem, perceiving greater perceived barriers to condom use, and perceiving low family support. Conclusions: Pregnancy prevention programs designed for economically disadvantaged African American adolescent females should address these correlates of their pregnancy desire. (author's) French Abstract: Objectif: Examiner la prévalence et les corrélations du désir de devenir enceinte parmi un échantillon de 462 femmes adolescentes afro-américaines, non-enceintes et sexuellement actives. Méthodes: la régression logistique multivariée a été utilisé pour calculer les ratios ajustés de probabilité, leurs intervalles de confiance de 95%, et les valeurs P respectives. Résultats: des corrélations significatives avec le désir de grossesse inclurent ayant un partenaire viril qui désire la grossesse, ayant un petit ami d'au moins 5 ans plus âgé, ayant un amour-propre bas, percevant de plus grandes barričres perçues ŕ l'usage du condom, et percevant un soutien bas de la famille. Conclusions: Les programmes de prévention de la grossesse, conçus pour les femmes adolescentes afro-américaines économiquement désavantagées, devraient tenir compte de ces corrélations de leur désir de grossesse. (auteur) Language: English Keywords: ALABAMA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | PREGNANCY | ATTITUDES | LOW INCOME POPULATION | WOMEN | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Measurement | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Reproduction | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 176593 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Partner characteristics, intensity of the intercourse, and semen exposure during use of the female condom. Author: Lawson ML; Macaluso M; Duerr A; Hortin G; Hammond KR Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2003 Feb 15;157(4):282-288. Abstract: The objective of this study was to assess how characteristics of the intercourse and the couple relate to semen exposure during use of the female condom. From 1996 to 1998, 210 women in Birmingham, Alabama, were trained to use the female condom and follow study procedures during a group session and individually practiced inserting the device. The outcome was semen exposure as defined by comparing pre- and postcoital prostatespecific antigen levels in vaginal fluid. Women who had high income levels had lower rates of semen exposure (odds ratio (OR) = 0.3, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.2, 0.7), while those in a relationship of less than 2 years were at greater risk (OR = 2.4, 95% CI: 1.3, 4.1). Couples with a large disparity in vaginal fundus size and penis size were at increased risk of semen exposure (OR = 2.7, 95% CI: 1.2, 6.0). Engaging in very active intercourse also increased the risk (OR = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.1, 2.6). Thus, the protective effect of the female condom appears to be a function of user- and intercourse-specific characteristics. Future studies of male condom efficacy should focus on collecting detailed data about the users and characteristics of intercourse to predict failure accurately. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ALABAMA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | FEMALE CONDOMS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | WOMEN | SEMEN | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEXUAL INTERCOURSE | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Vaginal Barrier Methods | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Demographic Factors | Population | Seminal Vesicles | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Behavior | Reproduction | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Economic Factors Document Number: 175697 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: Method-related problems account for most failures of the female condom. Author: London S Source: Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2003 Jul-Aug;35(4):[4] p.. Abstract: The female condom rarely breaks during use, but an efficacy study conducted in 1996-1998 indicates that slippage occurs in nearly one in 10 uses and women may be exposed to semen in up to one in five uses. Although a woman is most likely to be exposed if she and her partner experience mechanical problems with the condom, about half of exposures occur during uses in which couples do not have any problems. A separate set of analyses using the same data set shows that women also have an increased risk of being exposed to semen while using the female condom if they are in a shorter-term relationship, if there is a large disparity between the size of their vagina and the size of their partner's penis, and if intercourse is very active. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ALABAMA | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | WOMEN'S GROUPS | ADULTS | MIDDLE AGED ADULTS | FEMALE CONDOMS | TRAINING PROGRAMS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTOR CHARACTERISTICS | INCOME | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Interest Groups | Political Factors | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Vaginal Barrier Methods | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Education | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Family Planning Acceptors | Family Planning Programs | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 182644 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Method-related problems account for most failures of the female condom. Author: London S Source: International Family Planning Perspectives. 2003 Sep;29(3):147. Abstract: The female condom rarely breaks during use, but an efficacy study conducted in 1996–1998 indicates that slippage occurs in nearly one in 10 uses and women may be exposed to semen in up to one in five uses. Although the risk of exposure is higher among women who have mechanical problems with the condom rather than acceptability problems or no problems, about half of exposures occur during uses in which couples have no problems. A separate set of analyses using the same data set shows that women also have an increased risk of being exposed to semen while using the female condom if they are in a shorter-term relationship, if there is a large disparity between the size of their vagina and the size of their partner’s penis, and if intercourse is very active. The study was conducted among women recruited from family planning clinics and a university population in Birmingham, Alabama. Women were eligible if they were aged 21– 49, were using an effective nonbarrier method of birth control, were in a mutually monogamous relationship, had intercourse at least six times per month, were at low risk for sexually transmitted diseases, had a uterus and had used tampons. Women were trained to use the female condom, collect samples of vaginal fluid with swabs before and after intercourse, fill out a form documenting any problems during condom use and record details of intercourse in a coital log. The women returned used condoms, which were inspected to confirm use and detect tears. Researchers assessed semen exposure by comparing concentrations of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in vaginal fluid collected before and after intercourse. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ALABAMA | SUMMARY REPORT | STUDENTS | UNIVERSITIES | WOMEN | FEMALE CONDOMS | CONDOM FAILURE | EXPOSURE | SEMEN | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Education | Schools | Demographic Factors | Population | Vaginal Barrier Methods | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Condoms | Risk Factors | Biology | Seminal Vesicles | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology Document Number: 290320 |
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