1.  Title: Knowledge of HIV risk factors among immigrants in Thailand. Author: Fuller TD; Chamratrithirong A Source: Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health. 2009 Apr;11(2):83-91. Abstract: This study is based on a sample of 3,374 immigrants from Cambodia and Myanmar who worked in 17 different provinces in Thailand. Many immigrants workers had not even heard of HIV/AIDS before coming to Thailand, but most have received instruction about HIV/AIDS from some source in Thailand, and a large majority are now aware of HIV/AIDS. While immigrant workers in Thailand are fairly knowledgeable about the risk factors for HIV transmission, important gaps remain. Women, persons with less than five years of education, seafarers, agricultural workers, those who do not personally know anyone affected by HIV/AIDS, and those who have not yet received instruction in HIV/AIDS are the ones most likely to have gaps in their knowledge of HIV/AIDS risk factors. Language: English Keywords: THAILAND | CAMBODIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | IMMIGRANTS | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | KNOWLEDGE | HIV TRANSMISSION | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | INFORMATION SOURCES | SEX FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | SEX EDUCATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Information | Population Characteristics | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Education Document Number: 331116 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: Malaria transmission and rice cultivation in Lagdo, northern Cameroon. Author: Antonio-Nkondjio C; Atangana J; Ndo C; Awono-Ambene P; Fondjo E Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2008 Apr;102(4):352-359. Abstract: Cross-sectional entomological surveys were carried out during the 2006 dry and rainy seasons in Lagdo, Cameroon to measure the impact of rice cultivation on malaria transmission and to monitor vector susceptibility to insecticides. Adult anopheline mosquitoes were captured on human volunteers and by pyrethrum spray collections. A total of 4740 mosquitoes was collected during the study. Anopheles arabiensis was the major species and the main malaria vector in all study sites, followed by A. funestus. Malaria transmission was high in the non-irrigated zone of Mayo Mbocki, whereas in the irrigated area of Gounougou it was below detection level during the dry season and high during the rainy season. Insecticide susceptibility tests performed on A. gambiae s.l. populations detected resistance to lambdacyhalothrin and to a lower extent to deltamethrin. All survivors were A. arabiensis. None of the surviving mosquitoes carried the kdr mutation, suggesting an alternative resistance mechanism. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CAMEROON | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | MALARIA | TRANSMISSION | AGRICULTURE | INSECTS | PESTICIDES | DRUG RESISTANCE | VECTOR CONTROL | IRRIGATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Macroeconomic Factors | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Ingredients and Chemicals | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 325274 |
3.  Title: Agriculture in the time of HIV / AIDS: a report on the situation in sub-Saharan Africa prepared for NORAD. Author: Bie SW Source: Aas, Norway, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of International Environment and Development Studies, Noragric, 2008 Feb. [35] p. (Noragric Report No. 42) Abstract: This report attempts to see agriculture through an HIV/AIDS lens, but also HIV/AIDS through an agriculture lens. Agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa consists of many farming systems, many of them representing subsistence farming, some bordering on smaller commercial farming enterprises. Some of them are close to markets, some of them are remote. They are all run by people, rural people, who face many challenges. HIV/AIDS is among the most serious ones. Rural people are naturally risk-averse. With limited capital reserves they cannot afford to take serious economic risks. Yet they are faced with risks that are ultimately interwoven with both their finances and their personal lives. The spread of HIV and subsequent AIDS-induced diseases in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have over the last 20-30 years been closely related to the decline of both food security and the structural support to the primary rural industries (particularly agriculture) there. Poor nutritional status (rampant malnutrition and undernutrition in most age groups) and a heavy general disease burden (malaria, venereal diseases, parasitic infections) predispose for HIV infection. Mycotoxins in staple foods (particularly aflotoxin) may further weaken the human immune system. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | LITERATURE REVIEW | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | RURAL POPULATION | AGRICULTURE | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | MALNUTRITION | FOOD SUPPLY | Developing Countries | Africa | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Macroeconomic Factors | Nutrition Disorders | Natural Resources | Environment Document Number: 325640 |
| 4. Title: Perceptions and home management practices of malaria in some rural communities in Abeokuta, Nigeria. Author: Idowu OA; Mafiana CF; Luwoye IJ; Adehanloye O Source: Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2008 Jul;6(4):210-4. Abstract: A survey was carried out in five rural communities that enjoy agricultural extension services from the University of Agriculture Abeokuta. Questionnaires and focus group discussions (FGDs) were used to assess perceptions and home management practices of malaria infection. The inhabitants considered malaria (which they refer to as "Iba Otutu") has the least dangerous of other types of common fever such as yellow fever and typhoid fever. A vast majority of the respondents (73%) attributed malaria infection to doing of strenuous jobs in the hot sun, while only 11.7% attributed it to mosquito bites. Hunger, eating or drinking of contaminated food or water were other sources of malaria infection mentioned by the respondent. During the FGDs, another source of infection of malaria identified was excessive exposure to heat of fire used in frying cassava (garri), therefore those frying garri and those spreading cassava flakes in the sun were identified as most vulnerable to malaria infection. During the FGD, high level of malaria infection in children was attributed to children playful activities in the sun. It is believed that malaria infection will occur even without mosquito bites but with exposure to these other factors especially the intense heat of the sun. Respondents showed good knowledge of malaria symptoms even in infants and children. However, in the event of malaria infection consumption of herbal preparations is the first line of treatment. Drug hawkers that sell modern drugs in the communities were mainly consulted for malaria treatment. The antimalarial drugs bought were often wrongly used and none of the respondents were aware of the current trend in malaria management with modern drugs. Hospital visitation is usually after many days of persistent illness without improvement despite all forms of self medication. The main measure used against malaria vectors was insecticide coils (74.6%). None of the respondents used insecticide treated net (ITN). Distance, cost and poor quality of hospital treatment were reasons for refusal to seek proper medical care. Health education and improved health care services are recommended for these farmers in order for them to be able to translate extension services provided into maximum agricultural yields. Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | PERCEPTION | RURAL POPULATION | MALARIA | BED NETS | MOSQUITO CONTROL | MANAGEMENT | HOME CARE | EVALUATION | NEEDS | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Parasite Control | Public Health | Health | Vector Control | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Organization and Administration | Care and Support | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 328643 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Early effects of antiretroviral therapy on work performance: Preliminary results from a cohort study of Kenyan agricultural workers. Author: Larson BA; Fox MP; Rosen S; Bii M; Sigei C Source: AIDS. 2008 Jan 30;22(3):421-425. Abstract: This paper estimates the impact of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on days harvesting tea per month for tea-estate workers in Kenya. Such information is needed to assess the potential economic benefits of providing treatment to working adults. Data for this analysis come from company payroll records for 59 HIV-infected workers and a comparison group of all workers assigned to the same work teams (reference group, n = 1992) for a period covering 2 years before and 1 year after initiating ART. Mean difference tests were used to obtain overall trends in days harvesting tea by month. A difference in difference approach was used to estimate the impact of HIV/AIDS on days working in the pre-ART period. Information on likely trends in the absence of the therapy was used to estimate the positive impacts on days harvesting tea over the initial 12 months on ART. No significant difference existed in days plucking tea each month until the ninth month before initiating ART, when workers worked -2.79 fewer days than references (15% less). This difference grew to 5.09 fewer days (27% less) in the final month before initiating ART. After 12 months on ART, we conservatively estimate that workers worked at least twice as many days in the month than they would have in the absence of ART. Treatment had a large, positive impact on the ability of workers to undertake their primary work activity, harvesting tea, in the first year on ART. (author's) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT | TREATMENT | COST EFFECTIVENESS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | HIV | Management | Organization and Administration | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation Document Number: 308615 |
| 6. Title: Change and continuity in a pastoralist community in the high Peruvian Andes. Author: Postigo JC; Young KR; Crews KA Source: Human Ecology. 2008 Aug;36(4):535-551. Abstract: Pastoralists of the high Andes Mountains raise mixed herds of camelids and sheep. This study evaluates the land use of herdsmen who are confronted by both socioeconomic and climate changes in Huancavelica, central Peru. Land use/ land cover change (LULCC) was measured through satellite imagery, and pastoralists' capacity to adapt to socioenvironmental changes was evaluated through interviews and archival research. The most dynamic LULCCs between 1990 and 2000 were large increases in wetlands and a loss of permanent ice. We conclude that the people's responses to these changes will depend on availability of institutions to manage pastures, other household resources, and perceptions of these biophysical changes. Socioenvironmental change is not new in the study area, but current shifts will likely force this community to alter its rules of access to pastures, its economic rationales in regards to commodities produced, and the degree of dependence on seasonal wage labor. In this scenario, households with a greater amount of livestock will fare better in terms of assets and capital that will allow them to benefit from the increasing presence of a market economy in a landscape undergoing climate change. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PERU | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH | RURAL POPULATION | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | LAND SUPPLY | LAND TENURE | LAND AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT | AGRICULTURE | CLIMATE | ECONOMIC FACTORS | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Natural Resources | Environment | Socioeconomic Factors | Rural Development | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 327976 |
| 7. Title: Reducing the gender gap in education: The role of rural wage labour. Author: Sender J Source: Poverty in Focus. 2008 Jan;(13):18-19. Abstract: Analysis of research results from rural Mozambique offers some important new insights into gender relations and the inter-generational transmission of poverty. The Mozambican Rural Labour Survey (MRLS) underpinned the research and covered many of the poorest rural households in the country. In some of these households, especially in households where women have greater autonomy in making resource allocation decisions, the welfare of young daughters is less likely to be neglected than in other households. This finding confirms patterns found in the international literature on the determinants of gender gaps in education and in nutrition between sons and daughters. However, the estimates of 'autonomy' in this literature have not considered divorced and separated status as an unambiguous indicator of women's ability to act independently. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: MOZAMBIQUE | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | RURAL POPULATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | DIVORCED | WAGES | EMPLOYMENT | GENDER ISSUES | SEX DISCRIMINATION | EDUCATION | INEQUALITIES | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Macroeconomic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Socioeconomic Factors | Women's Status Document Number: 323223 |
| 8. Title: The Farmer Life School: experience from an innovative approach to HIV education among farmers in South Africa. Author: Swaans K; Broerse JE; Salomon M; Mudhara M; Mweli M; Bunders JF Source: SAHARA J. 2008 Jul;5(2):52-64. Abstract: The Farmer Life School (FLS) is an innovative approach to integrating HIV education into life skills and technical training for farmers. This study aims to gain insight into the strengths and weaknesses of this relatively new approach, through the implementation of an adapted version in South Africa. The results are presented of a pilot with three groups of community gardeners, predominantly women, attending weekly sessions. Impact was assessed in terms of three key elements: participation, learning, and empowerment. Data were collected through extensive session reports, follow-up interviews, and reflection exercises with facilitators and participating groups and individuals. The results suggest that a group-based discovery learning approach such as the FLS has great potential to improve food security and wellbeing, while allowing participants to explore issues around HIV/AIDS. However, the analysis also shows that HIV/AIDS-related illness and death, and the factors that drive the epidemic and its impact, undermine farmers' ability to participate, the safety and trust required for learning, and the empowerment process. Participatory approaches such as the FLS require a thorough understanding of and adaptation to the context. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PILOT PROJECTS | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | HIV PREVENTION | HEALTH EDUCATION | SEX EDUCATION | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | GROUP PROCESSES | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Economic Development | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Education | Programs | Organization and Administration | Rural Development | Social Behavior | Behavior Document Number: 329229 |
| 9. Title: How much did property rights matter? Understanding food insecurity in Zimbabwe: A critique of Richardson. Author: Andersson JA Source: African Affairs. 2007 Oct;106(425):681-690. Abstract: Zimbabwe's current crisis arguably constitutes one of Africa's most contentious issues. What once appeared to be a thriving economy exporting maize to neighbouring countries has turned, in the course of a few years, into a country facing recurrent food shortages. Craig Richardson's recent article in African Affairs explores the collapse of Zimbabwe's economy from an economic perspective, linking annual rainfall figures to GDP growth. He finds that, in this agriculture-dominated economy, 'sudden changes in government policy', rather than drought conditions, are responsible for the recent break of the relation between these two variables. Richardson sees government's 'expropriation of commercial farmland' in 2000 as 'the most important reason for the economy's collapse',1 exemplifying a popular, but problematic, perspective on Zimbabwe's economic crisis. Characteristic of this perspective is its focus on the post-2000 collapse and the tendency to blame all of Zimbabwe's economic ills on recent government policy. This article seeks to counter this kind of short-term cause and effect reductionism: first, because it thrives at the expense of an historically informed understanding of the underlying causes of crisis and government reaction (however malevolent such reactions may have been), and second, because it might contribute to undue optimism for a post-Mugabe era and, possibly, ill-informed policy formulation. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ZIMBABWE | HISTORICAL REVIEW | GOVERNMENT | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | LAND TENURE | FOOD SECURITY | ECONOMIC FACTORS | SOCIAL POLICY | CLIMATE | AGRICULTURE | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Labor Force | Human Resources | Socioeconomic Factors | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Policy | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 321892 |
| 10. Title: Varying effect of fertility determinants among migrant and indigenous females in the transitional agro-ecological zone of Ghana. Author: Codjoe SN Source: Human Geography. 2007 Mar;89(1):23-37. Abstract: The transitional agro-ecological zone of Ghana, located between the richly endowed south and the impoverished north, has attracted seasonal and permanent farm migrants, mainly from northern Ghana, who now live side by side with the indigenous people. While migrants have higher numbers of Muslims, indigenous people are mainly Christians. Although the majority of the migrants live in migrant quarters with less favourable socio-economic conditions, they are more successful farmers and therefore wealthier. The objectives are to examine the varying effect of fertility determinants among migrants and indigenous females. This paper uses data collected in 2002 among 194 females aged 15 to 49 years. Multiple regression models are used to assess fertility determinants. Results show that although migrant households were wealthier, migrant females were more traditional. They had more children living in fostercare, and a lower proportion of them approved of men participating in household activities. In addition, they were less well educated, recorded higher infant mortality, gave birth earlier and used less contraception. Furthermore, while a female's migration status is statistically significant so far as non-proximate determinants of fertility are concerned, the same variable is not significant with respect to proximate determinants. In addition, a married female migrant would on average have almost one more child compared to her indigenous counterpart, and migrant females who had experienced the loss of a child would on average have 2.5 more children compared to their indigenous counterparts. Finally, more affluent migrant females have 0.08 fewer children compared to their indigenous counterpart. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GHANA | RURAL AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | FERTILITY SURVEYS | WOMEN | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | MIGRANTS | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | CULTURE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Geographic Factors | Population | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Characteristics | Migration | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 317572 |
| 11. Title: Transcending boundaries to improve the food security of HIV-affected households in rural Uganda: a case study. Author: Coon K; Ogden J; Odolon J; Obudi-Owor A; Otim C Source: Washington, D.C., Population Council, Horizons, 2007 Jul. 36 p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-97-00012-00) Also available from: http://www.icrw.org/docs/2007-hiv-food-security-uganda.pdf Abstract: This report provides a case study of a process to bring key technical sectors together with communities in a partnership for reducing food insecurity among HIV-affected households in Tororo, Uganda. Food security is the ability of individuals to consume sufficient quantity and quality of food to meet their daily needs. Food security depends on the availability of food, physical and economic access to it, and the physiological utilization of nutrients. Although knowledge and technologies exist in Uganda to better enable households to be food secure, agricultural sector programs are not promoting them as effectively as they could. Likewise, programs exist in the health and social welfare sectors to support HIV-affected households, but these do not generally incorporate the kinds of nutritional and agricultural know-how required to meet affected households' food security needs. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | PROGRESS REPORT | CASE STUDIES | FOCUS GROUPS | KAP SURVEYS | RURAL POPULATION | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | FOOD SUPPLY | AGRICULTURE | TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE | TRAINING PROGRAMS | WORKSHOPS | GENDER RELATIONS | HIV INFECTIONS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Natural Resources | Environment | Macroeconomic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Education | Gender Issues | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 320355 |
| 12. Title: Gender, remittances and development. Preliminary findings from selected SADC countries. Author: Hughes T; Kajee A; Peberdy S Source: Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, United Nations International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women [UN-INSTRAW], 2007. 75 p. Abstract: In the mid-2000s, land reform and economic crisis in Zimbabwe have significantly changed migration flows. Land reform led to significant numbers of Mozambican and Malawian migrant farm workers losing their jobs. As the economic crisis has worsened, increasing numbers of Zimbabweans are also leaving the country, to other SADC countries (particularly South Africa, Botswana, Zambia and Mozambique), Europe and the United States. The number of Zimbabweans now living outside the country is unknown, although some estimates are as high as 3 million. This paper focuses on cross-border migration to and from Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa and Swaziland. However, migration patterns in the region are complex, encompassing most SADC countries. At the same time, information regarding gender, women, migration, and remittances is uneven and often non-existent. It is difficult to confine a discussion of migration in Southern Africa to the initially-selected focus countries, so, reference is also made to other SADC countries where relevant, including Angola, Madagascar, Mauritius, Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SOUTHERN | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | KAP SURVEYS | REFUGEES | MIGRANTS | MINE WORKERS | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | GENDER ISSUES | REMITTANCES | BORDER CROSSING | INFORMAL SECTOR | HOME ECONOMICS | HIV TRANSMISSION | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Microeconomic Factors | International Migration | Macroeconomic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 326755 |
| 13. Title: "Keep your head down": Unprotected migrants in South Africa. Author: Kriger N Source: New York, New York, Human Rights Watch, 2007 Feb. 111 p. (Human Rights Watch Vol 19, No. 3(A)) Abstract: South Africa's vibrant and diverse economy is a powerful draw for Africans from other countries migrating in search of work. But the chance of earning a wage can come with a price: If undocumented, foreign migrants are liable to be arrested, detained, and deported in circumstances and under conditions that flout South Africa's own laws. And as highlighted by the situation in Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces, both documented and undocumented foreign farm workers may have their rights under South Africa's basic employment law protections violated by employers in ways ranging from wage exploitation to uncompensated workplace injury, and from appalling housing conditions to workplace violence. Human Rights Watch has conducted research on the situation and experiences of migrant workers around the globe. Its research demonstrates that migrant workers, whether documented or undocumented, are particularly vulnerable to human rights abuses. Such abuses can be the result of many different factors includinginadequate legal protections, illegal actions of unscrupulous employers or state officials, and lack of state capacity or political will to enforce legal protections and to hold abusive employers and officials to account. The focus of this report is principally the situation of Zimbabweans and Mozambicans in South Africa's Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | MOZAMBIQUE | ZIMBABWE | PROGRESS REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | GOVERNMENT | INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | LABOR UNIONS | MIGRANTS | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | INTERNAL MIGRATION | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | LABOR MIGRATION | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Organizations | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors Document Number: 320246 |
| 14. Title: Periconceptional use of folic acid in Shanxi Province of northern China. Author: Li Z; Ren A; Zhang L; Liu J; Li Z Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2007 May;10(5):471-476. Abstract: The objective was to understand the periconceptional use of folic acid and its association with selected characteristics in northern China. As part of a population-based case-control study on external structural birth defects, we analysed periconceptional use of folic acid among control mothers. The study was conducted in four counties (Pingding, Xiyang, Taigu and Zezhou) in Shanxi Province of northern China. Subjects: The subjects in this study were the control mothers, who were interviewed between January 2003 and May 2005. Of the 480 respondent mothers, 49 women (10.2%) reported ever using folic acid supplements, and only 16 women (3.3%) used it periconceptionally. The rates of any use and periconceptional use did not change significantly with study year. Periconceptional use of folic acid was significantly increased among women with more than high school education (odds ratio (OR) = 4.57, P < 0.10), women who were not farmers (OR = 4.72, P < 0.05), women with a history of birth-defect-affectedpregnancy (OR = 32.73, P < 0.05) and women who planned their pregnancy (OR = 7.88, P < 0.10). The rate of periconceptional folic acid use was among the lowest of those reported from other countries. More work should be done to improve preconceptional use of folic acid with special attention on less educated women and women farmers. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | FOLIC ACID | BIRTH DEFECTS | MATERNAL NUTRITION | FOOD SUPPLEMENTATION | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | PREGNANCY, PLANNED | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Diseases | Nutrition | Health | Nutrition Programs | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 321035 |
| 15. Title: Gender differentiation among farmers in the agricultural sector in Benguet, Philippines. Author: Lu JL Source: Journal of International Women's Studies. 2007 Nov;9(1):176-199. Abstract: This is a cross sectional study on gender differences in work distribution, means of production, decision making, illness and hazard exposure among male and female vegetable farmers. Personal interviews were conducted among 39 vegetable growers in Benguet. Bivariate analysis showed that the husband's control over income is associated with decision making power in regard household expenditures, except food (p=.050). The illness data showed that the most common illness among the wives involves the respiratory tract, such as cough (7.7%) and asthma (5.1%). Among the husbands, the most common was back pain (10.3%) followed by hypertension, blurred vision and cough (7.7% each). For the adult female, results show that chemical hazards are positively associated with the following farm operations: ploughing (P=0.008), sowing (P=0.001), weeding (P=0.000), manuring (P= 0.000), plant protection (P=0.026), harvesting (P=0.000) and threshing (P=0.042). Association is strongest with chemical hazard and manuringat 0.370 (P=0.000) followed by harvesting at 0.358 (0.000). This shows that women mainly perform manuring and pesticide application, and consequently exposed to chemical hazards. The nature of hazard exposure is related to the task being performed. The results of the study are similar to experiences of developing countries, however, the novelty of this study is its being the first study for such subject population using a quantitative analysis, as well as the inclusion of occupational health-gender issues in the agricultural sector. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PHILIPPINES | RESEARCH REPORT | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | GENDER ISSUES | INCOME | EXPENDITURES | DECISION MAKING | OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH | EXPOSURE | PESTICIDES | HOUSEWORK | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Financial Activities | Behavior | Health | Risk Factors | Biology | Ingredients and Chemicals | Microeconomic Factors Document Number: 323710 |
| 16. Title: Moving women: household composition, labor demand and crop choice. Author: Mbiti IM Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. [49] p. Abstract: This paper estimates the effect of increases in the relative value of female labor induced by rainfall shocks on the gender composition of rural agricultural households in India. Much of the previous literature in this vein has focused exclusively on the gender composition of young children due to excess female mortality. Using a unique panel dataset from India, I focus instead on the changes in the gender composition of prime aged adults. Rice production is known to be more intensive in female labor than wheat production, and is more dependent on rainfall. I compare how rice and wheat households adjust the composition of their adult membership in response to rainfall shocks that differentially raise the relative marginal products of female labor, controlling for farm and household-level heterogeneity using fixed effects. Consistent with a model of household composition and crop choice in the presence of imperfect labor markets, I find that positive rainfall shocks are associated with an increase in the relative number of prime age females in rice households. Timing of marriage of daughter's of household heads is one of the main mechanisms adjusting the gender composition of prime aged adults in these households. I find that a one standard deviation increase in rainfall decreases the rate of marriage among young adult females in rice households by approximately 10 percent relative to wheat households. Dowries paid out by rice households also decline by a similar magnitude, indicating a rise in the value of female labor. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | HOUSEHOLDS | LABOR FORCE | AGRICULTURE | PRODUCTION | CLIMATE | SEX RATIO | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | DOWRY | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Human Resources | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Environment | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics | Marriage | Nuptiality Document Number: 317822 |
| 17. Title: How much did the expropriation of commercial farms matters to food insecurity in Zimbabwe? Author: Richardson CJ Source: African Affairs. 2007 Oct;106(425):691-696. Abstract: The root causes of Zimbabwe's economic and food crisis continue to garner debate, as demonstrated by Andersson's critique of my recent African Affairs article. Andersson argues that the origins of Zimbabwe's food crisis come from long-term trends in the communal sector, since this sector provides the majority of maize - the country's staple crop - to the country. He disputes that the food crisis has much, if anything, to do with misguided government policies and land reforms; this, he claims, is a 'popular, yet problematic explanation'.2 In particular, Andersson argues that food production has slowly declined over the past 30 years for two main reasons that I do not discuss: (1) communal farmers have increasingly moved to marginal lands that are subject to lower and more erratic rainfall; and (2) maize production has increasingly been shouldered by communal farmers as commercial farmers moved to other more profitable export crops. His Figure 1 attempts to buttress this claim, with lines that show communal farmers' production of maize slowly increasing as commercial production decreases, over a period of 30 years. His argument is that this is a better explanation for Zimbabwe's food insecurity in recent years, since the communal sector provides 60 percent of maize production yet is not captured in GDP data. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ZIMBABWE | HISTORICAL REVIEW | GOVERNMENT | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | LAND TENURE | FOOD SECURITY | ECONOMIC FACTORS | SOCIAL POLICY | CLIMATE | AGRICULTURE | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Labor Force | Human Resources | Socioeconomic Factors | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Policy | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 321893 |
| 18. Title: Economic vulnerability, beer and HIV / AIDS: The struggle to sustain farmer livelihoods and indigenous sorghum varieties in eastern Uganda. Author: Scurrah-Ehrhart C Source: Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography. 2007 Mar;28(1):71-89. Abstract: Drawing on a case study from eastern Uganda, this paper describes how social and environmental factors combine to affect the sustainability of both sorghum landraces and the farmers who depend on it for food and income security. It delineates how changing regional patterns of agricultural production and consumption, institutional neglect, economic hardship, natural resource degradation and a labour supply crisis precipitated by the HIV/AIDS pandemic, may be conspiring to place sorghum landraces at risk of extinction and, thus, undermine already precarious livelihoods. The paper therefore challenges the common assumption that marginalized rural women - by virtue of having diverse varieties and species under their care - can be expected to conserve that diversity. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | WOMEN | LAND AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | FOOD SUPPLY | INCOME | ECONOMIC FACTORS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Labor Force | Human Resources | Demographic Factors | Population | Rural Development | Environment | Natural Resources | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 318108 |
| 19. Title: Intergenerational transfers between older people and their migrant children in rural China: strategic investments, strategic returns. Author: Silverstein M; Cong Z; Li S Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the 2007 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. [35] p. Abstract: This investigation studied how older parents and their adult children in rural China strategically engaged in reciprocal transfers with each other. We asked whether downstream investments by parents enhanced the ability of children to migrate and accumulate resources that could then be used to make upstream transfers to parents. Data derived from 1,180 parents aged 60+ who participated in 2001 and 2003 surveys of older people in rural Anhui Province. Parents reported about time and money transfers with 4,652 adult children. Random effects models revealed that older parents enabled their children to migrate by offering them childcare and financial support. Migrant children--particularly sons--reciprocated for their parents' earlier economic contributions by providing them with greater upstream financial transfers and farm labor. Migrants and non-migrants reciprocated child-care equally. Results support a mutual-aid model of the rural Chinese family in which intergenerational transfers are reciprocal and multiple family needs are met. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | OLDER ADULTS | MIGRANTS | SONS | PARENTS | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSFERS | REMITTANCES | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | TIME FACTORS | CHILD CARE | SEX FACTORS | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Adults | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Migration | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Child Rearing | Behavior Document Number: 318525 |
| 20. Title: Poverty, gender and migrancy: Lesotho’s migrant farmworkers in South Africa. Author: Ulicki T; Crush J Source: Development Southern Africa. 2007 Mar;24(1):155-172. Abstract: During the 1990s, eastern Free State vegetable farmers increasingly relied on migrants from neighbouring Lesotho for seasonal labour. This coincided with a major downsizing of the mine labour force in South Africa, hitherto the major employer of Basotho migrant workers. However, there was no simple process of transfer of unemployed migrants from the mining to the farming sector; rather, decisions were mediated by domestic relationships and household poverty in Lesotho. Basotho women and girls have been a major casualty of mine retrenchments and the drying up of remittances, and those with domestic skills but little formal training have been forced into the labour market, mainly domestic work in towns and labour on farms. This article examines the Basotho migrants' experiences and conditions of employment, the regulatory environment within which they are recruited and employed, and their future in the context of changing immigration and migration legislation in South Africa. (author's) Language: English Keywords: LESOTHO | SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | WOMEN | CHILD, FEMALE | MIGRANT WORKERS | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | DOMESTIC WORKERS | POVERTY | GENDER ISSUES | ECONOMIC CONDITIONS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Migration | Population Dynamics Document Number: 326674 |
| 21. Title: Gender, energy and environment nexus in female farmers household energy management in Gombe State, Nigeria. Author: Yahaya MK; Nabinta RT; Olajide BR Source: Anthropologist. 2007 Jul;9(3):203-209. Abstract: This study examined the role of female farmers in household energy management in Gombe State of Nigeria. The study demonstrates that gender roles are culture derived where fuel wood is primarily used as fuel for cooking and females were exclusively responsible for its collection. Females were equally responsible for taking decision among 62.2% in the cooking energy system. Therefore, a key factor in moving up the energy ladder would be tackling the cultural barriers via the "location specific" approach. Constraints to efficient and effective rural energy management identified were declining access to energy sources that is worsened by inadequate access to education, credit, income, time and contact with extension service. This is further segregated by the distinct roles played by male and female farmers in the total energy management system. To profoundly ameliorate the time and energy available to farmers for both productive and reproductive tasks, extension professionals and policy makers alike should seriously consider in concrete terms policy initiatives, projects design and implementation the multiple roles of female farmers and the responsibilities, tasks, expectations and constraints associated with such challenging roles. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | RURAL AREAS | WOMEN | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | ENERGY SUPPLY | HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION | FEMALE ROLE | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Geographic Factors | Population | Demographic Factors | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Microeconomic Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior Document Number: 320539 |
| 22. Title: Caught between two hells. The report highlights the situation of women migrant workers in Thailand and China. Author: Yee Mon Htun Source: [Chiang Mai, Thailand], Burmese Women's Union, 2007. 79 p. Abstract: Ten BWU (Burmese Women's Union) researchers conducted 149 in-depth interviews with migrant women and girl workers in Chiang Mai, Mae Sot, Ranong (Thailand) and Rulli (China) between November 2006-March 2007. Women working in diverse areas of work, ethnicity and age were asked to participate in the research so that the report could represent a wide range of experiences. The research highlights the atrocious day-to-day working conditions and human rights abuses encountered by migrant women and girls working in irregular situations and provides insight into the occupational hazards and harms migrants from Burma face in Thailand and China. The interviews were designed to provide women workers with a much-needed opportunity to speak their mind and assert their own "voice" regarding their work, a power that was often denied in their host countries. The research has showed that: migrant women and girl workers from Burma have very limited work opportunities in their host countries due to their irregular status and are often relegated to working in so-called 3Ds jobs (dirty, dangerous and demeaning) with little or no labor rights; migrant women and girl workers are doubly marginalized and highly vulnerable to abuses of their human rights due to both their lack of legal status and their gender; security concerns for migrant women and girl workers are grave as they regularly experiences threats of sexual harassment and violence while working in host countries. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: THAILAND | CHINA | MYANMAR | PROGRESS REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | MIGRANTS | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | DOMESTIC WORKERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SEX WORKERS | LABOR MIGRATION | SEXUAL TRAFFICKING | TREATIES | HUMAN RIGHTS | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Economic Development | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Political Factors Document Number: 325468 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: Declining fertility on the frontier: The Ecuadorian Amazon. Author: Carr DL; Pan WK; Bilsborrow RE Source: Population and Environment. 2006 Sep;28(1):17-39. Abstract: This paper examines farm and household characteristics associated with a rapid fertility decline in a forest frontier of the Ecuadorian Amazon. The Amazon basin and other rainforests in the tropics are among the last frontiers in the ongoing global fertility transition. The pace of this transition along agricultural frontiers will likely have major implications for future forest transitions, rural development, and ultimately urbanization in frontier areas. The study here is based upon data from a probability sample of 172 women who lived on the same farm in 1990 and 1999. These data are from perhaps the first region-wide longitudinal survey of fertility in an agricultural frontier. Descriptive analyses indicate that fertility has plummeted in the region, which is surprising since it had remained high and unchanging among migrant colonists up to 1990. Thus only half of the women in our sample reported having a birth during the 1990-1999 time period, and most women report in 1999 that they do not want to have any more children. Analyses, controlling for women's age, corroborate hypotheses about land-fertility relations. For example, women from households with a legal land title had fewer than half as many children as those from households without a title. Large cattle (pasture) holdings and hiring laborers to work on the farm (which may replace household labor) are both related to socio-economic status that is traditionally associated with lower fertility. Similarly, distance to the nearest community center is positively related to fertility. Factors negatively related to fertility include increasing temporary out-migration of adult men or women from the household, asset accumulation, and access to electricity. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ECUADOR | RURAL AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | FERTILITY SURVEYS | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | FERTILITY DECLINE | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | RURAL DEVELOPMENT | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | LAND TENURE | Developing Countries | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Geographic Factors | Population | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Fertility Changes | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 315985 |
| 24. Title: The effect of HIV / AIDS scourge on farm families in Makurdi local government area of Benue State, Nigeria. Author: Daudu S; Okwu OJ; Shaibu W Source: Journal of Human Ecology. 2006;19(1):41-44. Abstract: The study investigated the effect of HIV/AIDS scourge on productivity, income and standard of living of farm families in Makurdi Local Government Area (L. G. A.) of Benue State, Nigeria. A total of 100 respondents comprising 50 households affected with HIV/AIDS and, 50 households not affected with the disease were selected for interview using a simple random sampling technique. Some professional health workers were also contacted to give advice on the preventive and control measures of HIV/AIDS disease. The collected data were analyzed using frequencies, percentages, and chi-square. The result of the study shows that HIV/AIDS has serious adverse effect on the productivity, farm income and standard of living of the affected farm families. Education of rural households on the danger of HIV/AIDS and ways of preventing or minimizing its spread is recommended. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | RURAL POPULATION | AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | PRODUCTIVITY | STANDARD OF LIVING | IMPACT | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Economic Development | Communication Document Number: 304706 |
| 25. Title: Food chain activities of women in an Agrarian community in Central Nigeria: implications for rural development. Author: Ejembi EP; Ejembi SA; Abgulu ON Source: Journal of Human Ecology. 2006;19(1):63-67. Abstract: This study was carried out in Otukpo Local Government Area. The purpose was to determine food chain activities of women and implications for women in agriculture. Three hundred respondents randomly selected from the six districts that make up the local government area constituted the sample for the study. Results of the survey showed that women in the area were responsible for many activities in the food chain, including planting, harvesting, weeding, marketing and transportation of farm produce. Major post-harvest processing activities of women were milling, parboiling, pounding, peeling, threshing and grinding. Others were slicing of okro, picking of palm fruits and melon, and crushing of palm kernels. The main storage methods used by the women were smoking, salting, stacking of grains on wooden platform (oda) and storage in barns. Most of the women traveled a distance of less than one kilometer to and from their sources of drinking water. The most important sources of fuel were firewood and kerosene stoves. Field observation revealed that the women were largely responsible for the nutrition and health care of family members, particularly children. Constraints to the food chain activities were inadequate time for farming, too much involvement in domestic activities, poor financial resources and storage facilities. Implications of results of the study for rural development were identified and articulated for policy formulation and implementation. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | HOUSEWORK | SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE | RURAL DEVELOPMENT | FOOD SUPPLY | TIME FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Agriculture | Macroeconomic Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Population Dynamics Document Number: 304709 |
| 26. Title: The strength of rural women in China. Author: Flamm M; Xie W Source: UN Chronicle. 2006 Jun-Aug;43(2):[5] p.. Abstract: The role of women in China in such activities as caring for the family, raising poultry and livestock, weaving, etc., used to be behind the scenes. Men tended the fields, made decisions relating to daily life and rarely consulted their female partners on business matters. In rural communities, land was owned by a few landlords, while villagers lived on very little income, well below the poverty level. However, this began to change in the 1950s with land reform, wherein families were given land to grow crops. Women's role began to change as well, but as their status increased so did their workload. Not only did they care for the family but they also became involved in agriculture and production. Rural women began taking part in collective labour and realized their role as wage earners, as well as their importance in production, thus broadening their potential. Women have also moved closer to having equal roles in the family, representing 41 per cent of the rural labour force in agriculture. Their participation in crop production has increased the families' income, enabling them to keep up with modern-day needs. Household chores are also shared more equally by the whole family. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | PROGRESS REPORT | CASE STUDIES | RURAL POPULATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | AGRICULTURE | WOMEN'S STATUS | POVERTY | OVERPOPULATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Labor Force | Human Resources | Macroeconomic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment Document Number: 314970 |
| 27. Title: Combating marginalisation of pastoralist women: SOS Sahel's experience in Ethiopia. Author: Flintan F Source: Gender and Development. 2006 Jul;14(2):223-233. Abstract: Increasingly, pastoral communities in Ethiopia are under pressure to change their livelihoods and cultural practices. There are serious implications for sustainable development, livelihoods and social relations, including gender relations. In response to these concerns, SOS Sahel Ethiopia is implementing an action research programme in the pastoral areas of Ethiopia. The main objective is to move towards more community-led processes of development and environmental management that will offer a higher degree of equal opportunities for all sections of pastoral societies, including women. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | PROGRESS REPORT | ACTION RESEARCH | STUDY DESIGN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | CULTURE | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | GENDER RELATIONS | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Labor Force | Human Resources | Sociocultural Factors | Gender Issues | Behavior | Organization and Administration | Natural Resources | Environment Document Number: 321454 |
| 28. Title: Fostering or stripping rural China: Modernizing agriculture and rural to urban capital flows. Author: Huang J; Rozelle S; Wang H Source: Developing Economies. 2006 Mar;46:1-26. Abstract: The present study focuses on the flow of fiscal and financial resources in China's rural economy during the first two decades of reform. Specifically, we seek to quantify the nature and direction of the capital flows between agriculture and the non-agricultural sectors and between the rural and non-rural sectors. We track identify the flows of three main sources of capital: fiscal flows, financial shifts through the formal banking system, and the implicit taxes that are moving through the grain system as a result of payment of in-kind (e.g., delivery quotas by farmers). Through this analysis, we provide policy makers with a set of measures showing that although in recent years the agriculture-to-industry and rural-to-urban flows have appeared to reverse themselves, as late as 2000 it does not appear as if the government is not directing enough resources into the rural economy. Greater flows, however, are needed if rural China is to modernize. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | INDUSTRY | AGRICULTURE | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | ECONOMIC FACTORS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Labor Force | Human Resources | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 325511 |
| 29. Title: Factors influencing adoption of improved farm practices among women farmers in Osun State. Author: Okunade EO Source: Journal of Human Ecology. 2006;19(1):45-49. Abstract: The study assesses the factors influencing adoption of improved farm practices among women farmers in Osun State. The study was conducted in the three agricultural zones of the state. 80 women farmers were randomly selected and information was collected through a pre-tested structured interview schedule. Descriptive statistical techniques like frequency counts, mean and percentages were used to analyse the data. The inferential statistics used was correlation which was used to determine the relationship between the variables. The study showed positive and significant relationship between adoption of innovation and credibility (r = 0.470), communication ability (r = 0.241), divisibility (r = 0.251) and relative advantage (r = 0.235). However, negative and significant relationship exists between adoption and religion (r = -0.431) complexity (r = -0.401), cost (r = -0.351), land tenure (r = -0.320), norms (r = -0.311), and belief (r = -0.253). (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | RELIGION | BELIEFS | PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT | PRODUCTIVITY | SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Rural Development | Sociocultural Factors | Culture | Management | Organization and Administration | Economic Development | Agriculture | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 304707 |
| 30. Title: Beyond population and environment: household demographic life cycles and land use allocation among small farms in the Amazon. Author: Perz SG; Walker RT; Caldas MM Source: Human Ecology. 2006 Dec;34(6):829-849. Abstract: Most research featuring demographic factors in environmental change has focused on processes operating at the level of national or global populations. This paper focuses on household-level demographic life cycles among colonists in the Amazon, and evaluates the impacts on land use allocation. The analysis goes beyond prior research by including a broader suite of demographic variables, and by simultaneously assessing their impacts on multiple land uses with different economic and ecological implications. We estimate a system of structural equations that accounts for endogeneity among land uses, and the findings indicate stronger demographic effects than previous work. These findings bear implications for modeling land use, and the place of demography in environmental research. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | QUESTIONNAIRES | HOUSEHOLDS | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | REMITTANCES | ENVIRONMENT | SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE | LIFE CYCLE | AGRARIAN REFORM | RURAL DEVELOPMENT | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Agriculture | Macroeconomic Factors | Family Research Document Number: 309298 |
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