1.  Title: Developments in national policies for food and nutrition security in Brazil. Author: Rocha C Source: Development Policy Review. 2009 Mar;27(1):51-66. Abstract: Brazil is on track to achieve many of the Millennium Development Goals, and this is widely credited to bold and innovative government policies backed by new forms of popular participation in social policy. This article examines evaluation evidence on two of the most important recent initiatives in Brazil's policies for food and nutrition security (conditional cash transfers through Bolsa Família and support for family agriculture through the Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos). It also considers advances in older policies (such as the School Meals programme) and the work of the National Council for Food and Nutrition Security, which has culminated in national legislation establishing food and nutrition security as a right. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | NUTRITION PROGRAMS | HEALTH POLICY | SOCIAL POLICY | PARTICIPATION | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | INCENTIVES | HOME ECONOMICS | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | SCHOOL-BASED SERVICES | LEGISLATION | HUMAN RIGHTS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior | Programs | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Rural Development Document Number: 341094 |
2.  Title: Population and the food supply. Author: Population Council Source: New York, New York, Population Council, 2008. [2] p. Abstract: This fact sheet contains a bulleted list of the information presented in the Bongaarts' essay "Food and population: The return of Malthus?". Some of the issues commented on are: 1) The connection between population and food supply; 2) Reducing unnecessary consumption could improve worldwide access to food; and 3) Practical solutions for the poorest countries. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | POPULATION | FOOD SUPPLY | POPULATION GROWTH | PRICES | CONSUMPTION | ENERGY SUPPLY | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | Natural Resources | Environment | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Commerce | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Rural Development Document Number: 327695 |
| 3. Title: Food and population: The return of Malthus? Commentary. Author: Bongaarts J Source: New York, New York, Population Council, 2008 Jul 11. [2] p. Abstract: This commentary sparked by the recent sharp rise in global food prices touches on 1) The connection between population and food supply; 2) Reducing unnecessary consumption could improve worldwide access to food; and 3) Practical solutions for the poorest countries. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | POPULATION | NEOMALTHUSIANISM | FOOD SUPPLY | PRICES | CONSUMPTION | POPULATION GROWTH | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | Population Theory | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Commerce | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Rural Development Document Number: 327694 |
| 4. Title: The case of the The Radio Communication Project in Nepal: A culture-centered rejoinder. Author: Dutta MJ; Basnyat I Source: Health Education and Behavior. 2008 Aug;35(4):459-460. Abstract: The authors set out to examine the claim made that the Radio Communication Project in Nepal provided a participatory platform for community members and demonstrated using the culture-centered approach that so-called participatory health education efforts, such as the Radio Communication Project, are not too different from the top-down models of health education in the realm of opportunities of democratic participation of communities. The culture-centered approach interrogates the logic of "success" as defined within the realm of effectiveness of health education programs, and it suggests that we seek out alternative paradigms for constituting and evaluating health education efforts. The goals of the culture-centered approach are to examine the ways in which health education and promotion efforts respond to the needs of the community and the extent to which community members' voices are present within the discursive space; the key element here is the identification of community needs as articulated by the members of the community through the active participation of community members in dialogical platforms where they have opportunities to voice their concerns. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: NEPAL | PROGRESS REPORT | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | COMMUNITY | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | RADIO | HEALTH EDUCATION | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | CULTURE | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | USAID | HIV PREVENTION | VALUE ORIENTATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Organization and Administration | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication | Education | Sociocultural Factors | Rural Development | Economic Factors | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 308270 |
| 5. Title: Population growth and its spatial distribution as factors in the deforestation of Nang Rong, Thailand. Author: Entwisle B; Rindfuss RR; Walsh SJ; Page PH Source: Geoforum. 2008 Mar;39(2):879-897. Abstract: Frontiers constitute a major source of global land cover change hot spots, with forests and grasslands being converted into agricultural uses. As such, frontiers provide an opportunity to see how people manipulate the land and their lives in the context of social, cultural and environmental constraints. This paper examines frontier settlement and land cover change in Nang Rong district, Northeast Thailand for the last half century. It uses a Cellular Automata (CA) model to explore the land cover consequences of alternative patterns of settlement in a setting where people establish dwelling units in nucleated villages and work agricultural plots that surround villages. Forested land around the center of a village is converted into agricultural uses in an inverse relationship to the distance from the village center, but frequently modified by biophysical conditions. Land at the center of the village may be reforested after the village is established as a source of shade as well as fruit and other products. Model variation in land cover change is more sensitive to the spatial reach of village households than their temporal reach, suggesting the important role that technology plays in how villagers travel to their Welds (walking versus motorized transit). (author's) Language: English Keywords: THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | THEORETICAL MODELS | LAND SUPPLY | LAND AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT | POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | POPULATION GROWTH | DEFORESTATION | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | FORESTS | SETTLEMENT AND RESETTLEMENT | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Natural Resources | Environment | Rural Development | Economic Factors | Geographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Environmental Degradation | Migration Document Number: 325391 |
| 6. Title: Towards endogenous livestock development: Borana pastoralists’ responses to environmental and institutional changes. Author: Homann S; Rischkowsky B; Steinbach J; Kirk M; Mathias E Source: Human Ecology. 2008;36:503-520. Abstract: Borana pastoralists in southern Ethiopia are faced with the challenge of developing more efficient and sustainable use of natural resources. In past decades poorly adapted development interventions and inadequate land-use policies aggravated by population growth have weakened pastoral rangeland management. Ignoring pastoralists' technical and organizational capacities has contributed to progressive land degradation, the erosion of social structures and poverty. The Endogenous Livestock Development concept recognises pastoralists' indigenous knowledgebased strategies and priorities, and uses them as the bases for further development of their production system and social relations, to be utilized, improved and combined with modern technologies. This paper explores the Borana pastoralists' adaptive strategies for improved utilization of natural resources and the manner in which they respond to environmental risk and external influences such as water development and new formal administration. The adaptive responses include controlled integration of crop production and protection of grazing reserves, as well as changing cattle breeding priorities and the adoption of camel husbandry. The pastoralists have started negotiations with the administration to regain control of land utilization by strengthening directives for settlements, land use pattern and extraction rates. To support these initiatives the study recommends that pastoralists and other stakeholders enter into an institutionalized process of negotiation that builds on indigenous knowledge and organizational structures and facilitates validation and implementation of newly generated knowledge. Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | AGRICULTURE | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | NATURAL RESOURCES | WATER SUPPLY | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | MANAGEMENT | KNOWLEDGE | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Rural Development | Economic Development | Environment | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 329133 |
| 7. Title: Community participation, cultural discourse, and health education projects in developing areas: the case of the The Radio Communication Project in Nepal. Author: Linn JG Source: Health Education and Behavior. 2008 Aug;35(4):455-458. Abstract: Early entertainment-education programs based on the diffusion of innovation model were relatively unconcerned with community participation. New information and technology in health and agriculture was communicated from one group of elites to another. The indigenous or local elites were the targets for these programs because it was assumed that their education, socioeconomic status, and other resources made them innovators. When a new concept or product from an industrialized donor was transferred to them, they quickly implemented it. Furthermore, it was believed that the innovation would diffuse or "trickle down" to the lower strata of the developing nation, and ultimately everyone would benefit. As social scientists documented the limited benefits in developing societies of top-down education programs, local and international policy makers called for a more participatory approach. When fully implemented, this meant community participation in a health education project's goal formation, method of delivery, and evaluation. Dutta and Basnyat (in press) provide us with an insightful and comprehensive critique of a United States Agency for International Development (USAID) entertainmenteducation program, The Radio Communication Program (RCP) in Nepal, which has been reported to be highly participatory. Despite the contention that this family planning project was built from the "ground up" with the full participation of rural Nepalese, the authors, using a conceptually based critical approach, make a convincing case that the entertainment-education project was in reality a oneway hierarchical project primarily generated by national elites and foreign donors. This analysis is derived from the culture-centered approach to participation, which assumes that community members and health educators are equal contributors to a project, including joint participation in problem definition, goal specification, intervention development, and evaluation. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: NEPAL | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | COMMUNITY | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | RADIO | HEALTH EDUCATION | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | CULTURE | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | USAID | HIV PREVENTION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Organization and Administration | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication | Education | Sociocultural Factors | Rural Development | Economic Factors | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 308269 |
| 8. Title: Migration and technological change in rural households: Complements or substitutes? Author: Mendola M Source: Journal of Development Economics. 2008 Feb;85(1-2):150-175. Abstract: In this paper we study the interrelationship between determinants of migration, conceived as a family strategy, and the potential impact of having a migrant household member on the people left behind. Labour migration is often related to poverty but, given its lumpy-investment nature, lack of resources may constitute both a motivation and a hurdle to migrate. We use a cross-sectional household survey from rural Bangladesh to test whether migration is a diversification strategy that enables sending households to uptake high-yielding seed technology. We account for heterogeneity of migration constraints by differentiating between temporary-domestic, permanent-domestic and international movement. We find that households able to engage in costly high-return migration (i.e. international migration) are more likely to employ modern farming technology, thereby achieving higher productivity. Poorer households, on the other hand, are unable to overcome the entry costs of cross-border movement and fall backon low net-return (i.e. domestic) migration, which does not drive production enhancements and may act as a poverty-trap. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | RURAL POPULATION | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | MIGRANTS | APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY | LABOR MIGRATION | MOTIVATION | POVERTY | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | PRODUCTIVITY | INTERNAL MIGRATION | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Sociocultural Factors | Migration | Technology | Economic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Rural Development | Economic Development Document Number: 327379 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: AIDS and kitchen gardens: insights from a village in western Kenya. Author: Murphy LL Source: Population and Environment. 2008 May;29(3-5):133-161. Abstract: In rural Africa, indigenous farming and natural resource management systems exemplified by kitchen gardens are being reshaped by the HIV/AIDS epidemic and its negative impacts (illness, stigma and mortality, and economic costs) and positive opportunities (organizational responses to the epidemic). Subtle changes in crops and farm techniques can be traced to these diverse influences of HIV+ infection, illness, mortality, widowhood, foster child care, and AIDS support groups, as well as the organizations, ideas, and flow of funding from outside. These findings draw on original field data: a village census, in-depth interviews with gardeners, and group discussions in a village in Bungoma District (in 2005 and 2007). This part of western Kenya is a typical small-farm zone that has faced a moderate HIV/AIDS epidemic since the 1990s, following decades of demographic, environmental, technological, and institutional changes. Implications of this case study for further research on HIV/AIDS and on micro-level population-environment change suggest that households are useful but imperfect analytical units and are best seen as part of complex social networks, shaping connections to markets. These important "mediating institutions" link AIDS as a demographic and economic force with environmental outcomes in cultivated landscapes. (Author's) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | HIV INFECTIONS | EPIDEMICS | RURAL POPULATION | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | LIVELIHOOD | HOUSEHOLDS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Rural Development | Economic Factors | Resources | Organization and Administration | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Friends and Relatives Document Number: 327913 |
| 10. Title: Land use change and population growth in the Morobe Province of Papua New Guinea between 1975 and 2000. Author: Ningal T; Hartemink AE; Bregt AK Source: Journal of Environmental Management. 2008 Apr;87(1):117-124. Abstract: The relation between human population growth and land use change is much debated. Here we present a case study from Papua New Guinea where the population has increased from 2.3 million in 1975 to 5.2 million in 2000. Since 85% of the population relies on subsistence agriculture, population growth affects agricultural land use. We assessed land use change in the Morobe province (33,933km/2) using topographic maps of 1975 and Landsat TM images of 1990 and 2000. Between 1975 and 2000, agricultural land use increased by 58% and population grew by 99%. Most new agricultural land was taken from primary forest and the forest area decreased from 9.8 ha person/-1 in 1975 to 4.4 ha person/-1 in 2000. Total population change and total land use change were strongly correlated. Most of the agricultural land use change occurred on Inceptisols in areas with high rainfall (greater than 2500mm year/-1) on moderate to very steep slopes (10-56%). Agricultural land use changes in logged-over areas were in the vicinity of populated places (villages), and in close proximity to road access. There was considerable variation between the districts but districts with higher population growth also had larger increases in agricultural areas. It is concluded that in the absence of improved farming systems the current trend of increased agriculture with rapid population growth is likely to continue. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PAPUA NEW GUINEA | ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICTS | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | POPULATION | POPULATION GROWTH | LAND AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT | AGRICULTURE | FORESTS | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | ECOLOGY | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | Developing Countries | Oceania | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Rural Development | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 324752 |
| 11. Title: Population growth and natural-resources pressures in the Mekong River Basin. Author: Pech S; Sunada K Source: AMBIO. 2008 May 1;37(3):219-224. Abstract: The main purpose of this paper is to stimulate policy debate over the current national focus on food self-sufficiency and a broader national and regional development agenda in the Mekong River Basin. We provide the context, empirical evidence, and an analysis of the demand (real or perceived) associated with population growth. We also present a comparison of demand forecasts with the sustainable potential of the natural-resources base of the Mekong River Basin in order to contribute to a better understanding of this immense and complex Mekong River Basin environment. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | MYANMAR | LAOS | THAILAND | CAMBODIA | VIETNAM | RESEARCH REPORT | ENVIRONMENT | NATURAL RESOURCES | FOOD SUPPLY | POPULATION GROWTH ESTIMATION | LAND AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT | LAND SUPPLY | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | WATER SUPPLY | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Estimation Techniques | Research Methodology | Rural Development | Economic Factors Document Number: 327067 |
| 12. Title: The Farmer Life School: experience from an innovative approach to HIV education among farmers in South Africa. Author: Swaans K; Broerse JE; Salomon M; Mudhara M; Mweli M; Bunders JF Source: SAHARA J. 2008 Jul;5(2):52-64. Abstract: The Farmer Life School (FLS) is an innovative approach to integrating HIV education into life skills and technical training for farmers. This study aims to gain insight into the strengths and weaknesses of this relatively new approach, through the implementation of an adapted version in South Africa. The results are presented of a pilot with three groups of community gardeners, predominantly women, attending weekly sessions. Impact was assessed in terms of three key elements: participation, learning, and empowerment. Data were collected through extensive session reports, follow-up interviews, and reflection exercises with facilitators and participating groups and individuals. The results suggest that a group-based discovery learning approach such as the FLS has great potential to improve food security and wellbeing, while allowing participants to explore issues around HIV/AIDS. However, the analysis also shows that HIV/AIDS-related illness and death, and the factors that drive the epidemic and its impact, undermine farmers' ability to participate, the safety and trust required for learning, and the empowerment process. Participatory approaches such as the FLS require a thorough understanding of and adaptation to the context. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PILOT PROJECTS | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | HIV PREVENTION | HEALTH EDUCATION | SEX EDUCATION | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | GROUP PROCESSES | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Economic Development | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Education | Programs | Organization and Administration | Rural Development | Social Behavior | Behavior Document Number: 329229 |
| 13. Title: Learnings from KHOJ projects. Author: Bajpai UN Source: Health for the Millions. 2007;32(4-5):51-53. Abstract: The remote areas of the country, whether they are rural or tribal, are still deprived from the basic infrastructure and minimum needs of their livelihood despite of various efforts from the government, non-governmental organisations and the social activists. The social stigma for the women, children and the aged people have worsen due to poor medical facilities, unemployment, lack of livelihood and various other reasons including insurgencies. The school dropouts, literacy rate, infant mortality rate and status of women are worse and one has to come up with the systematic revolution within the community and make the system ensure proper utilisation of existing resources. VHAI in collaboration with EED Germany is operationalin 23 selected remote pockets of the country since 1993 and has set up a model for development in the target areas. VHAI learnt in the bargain that community health is imperative in the development of human capital, which, in turn, enhances economic growth and development. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | MIDWIVES AND MIDWIFERY | COMMUNITY WORKERS | COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | TRAINING PROGRAMS | INSTITUTION BUILDING | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Social Development | Economic Factors | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Rural Development | Education | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration | Natural Resources | Environment Document Number: 308826 |
| 14. Title: Rural populations and agrarian transformations in the global South. Author: Batterbury S Source: Paris, France, Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography [CICRED], 2007. 25 p. (CICRED Policy Paper No. 5) Abstract: This paper offers an overview of agrarian change and resource management in developing countries. Most of the case studies in the paper are drawn from PRIPODE, a research programme funded by the French Government from 2002-2007 that supported teams of researchers in developing countries to explore population-environment-development (PDE) interactions on a regional basis. I first identify the major themes in the literature on agrarian change (including the sub-theme of population-environment relationships), as they emerge in the case studies. I focus on three observable trends across the PRIPODE studies: diversification of livelihoods (termed productive bricolage), intensification or dis-intensification of agricultural production, and changes in the political economy of agriculture, including new conditions of production brought about by factors that are largely external to the society in question. I identify the major currents of theoretical and practical debate, before illustrating these with case study material or from other comparative work. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: FRANCE | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | CASE STUDIES | RURAL AREAS | EMPLOYMENT | AGRICULTURE | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | INDUSTRY | POPULATION DECREASE | FOOD SECURITY | POPULATION PRESSURE | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | CHANGES | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Geographic Factors | Population | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Rural Development | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Carrying Capacity | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 322992 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Land use and first birth timing in an agricultural setting. Author: Ghimire DJ; Hoelter LF Source: Population and Environment. 2007 Jul;28(6):289-320. Abstract: The dramatic changes in the earth's landscape have prompted increased interest in the links between population, land use, and land cover. Previous research emphasized the notion of population pressure (population pressure increases demands on natural resources causing changes in land use), overlooking the potentially important effects of changes in land use on humans. Using multiple data sets from the Chitwan Valley Family Study in Nepal, we test competing hypotheses about the impact of land use on first birth timing. We argue that while agricultural land should encourage early childbearing, land area devoted to public infrastructure should discourage it. The results show that individuals from neighborhoods with larger proportions of land under agriculture experienced first birth at rates higher than those from neighborhoods with smaller proportions. On the other hand, individuals from neighborhoods with larger proportions of land under public infrastructure experienced first birth at rates lower than those from neighborhoods with smaller proportions. However, the effects of public infrastructure are not as strong as the land area devoted to agriculture. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | RURAL AREAS | AGRICULTURE | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | LAND AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT | URBANIZATION | FIRST BIRTH | POPULATION PRESSURE | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | Geographic Factors | Population | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Rural Development | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Pregnancy History | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment | Reproductive Behavior Document Number: 313888 |
| 16. Title: Malthus and three approaches to solving the population problem. Author: Rutherford D Source: Population-E. 2007;62(2):213-238. Abstract: The terms of Malthus' population principle are clear: there is an intrinsic divergence between population growth and the subsistence needed to sustain it. But difficulties arise when we look at the solutions proposed by Malthus in his writings, since certain essential concepts are used in complex ways. In this article, Donald Rutherford contributes to the debate by analysing the different concepts of human behaviour and of subsistence that appear throughout Malthus' works. He examines in turn the various solutions to the population problem envisaged by Malthus, and finds each one wanting, before concluding that Malthus appears to advocate a diversified and balanced economy. But Malthus is wary of overspecialization in industry and commerce, and argues for equilibrium between the different sectors and different economic activities, thereby rejecting the solution that was to prevail in the following centuries. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | MALTHUSIANISM | POPULATION GROWTH | POPULATION THEORY | FOOD SECURITY | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | BEHAVIOR | ECONOMIC FACTORS | REPRODUCTION | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Rural Development Document Number: 322309 |
| 17. Title: Population growth and land use intensification in a subsistence-based indigenous community in the Amazon. Author: Siren AH Source: Human Ecology. 2007 Dec;35(6):669-680. Abstract: Shifting cultivation practiced by indigenous peoples living at low population densities in tropical forests has often been described as sustainable and compatible with conservation. However, shifting cultivation at increasing population densities has historically been, and still is, a main cause of deforestation worldwide. As many indigenous peoples in tropical forests currently experience rapid demographic growth, this raises the question to what extent their agricultural activities actually contribute to deforestation. This paper examines land use change in an indigenous community in the Ecuadorian Amazon which is only loosely connected to the market economy, and where agriculture is almost exclusively subsistence oriented. During the last seven decades, people have increasingly begun to clear fallows instead of old-growth forest to farm. Although the population was growing at an estimated 1.6% per year, the expansion of the area of land used for agriculture was only 0.4% per year, correspondingto an annual deforestation rate of only 0.015%. Whereas these changes may seem negligible in terms of deforestation, they do cause hardships to the local people, because of increasing walking distance to old-growth forest, and problems with weeds, pests, and decreasing soil productivity when farming after reclearing fallows. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ECUADOR | RESEARCH REPORT | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | FORESTS | DEFORESTATION | POPULATION GROWTH | POPULATION PRESSURE | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | IMPACT | Developing Countries | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Natural Resources | Environment | Population Dynamics | Carrying Capacity | Rural Development | Economic Factors | Communication Document Number: 322437 |
| 18. Title: The role of irrigation on improvement of nutritional status of young children in Central Kenya. Author: Veronicah K; Kogi-Makau W; Muroki NM Source: African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development [AJFAND]. 2007;7(2):[16] p. Abstract: A comparative, retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the role of irrigation on improvement of nutritional status of children aged 6 - 59 months in a semi-arid setting. Two equal samples of fifty-nine children (aged 6 - 59 months) hereafter, referred to as the Project and the Non-project groups, respectively were randomly selected from households with and without access to irrigation water in Kieni East Division of Nyeri District, Kenya. The study area is situated in the drier western leeward side of Mt. Kenya and is characteristic by unreliable rainfall of between 500 to 1200 mm per annum. Weight, height and age of index children were determined and the corresponding standard deviations of weight-for-age, weight-for-height and height-for-age calculated and compared to the reference standards developed by the US National Centre for Health Statistics. Energy and nutrient intake was determined using 24-hour dietary recall method. The findings on socio-demographic characteristics showed that the Project and Non-project households were similar in terms of household size, land size, marital status of the respondent, maternal and paternal education and occupation. The calorie intake of over two-fifth (42%) of the children from the Non-project households compared to 39% from the Project households was below the Recommended Daily Allowance. The children from commercial farming Project households had significantly higher weight-for-age Z-score than those from commercial farming Non-project households. Similarly, children from high-income Project households had significantly higher height-for-age Z-score than those from high-income Non-project households. The prevalence of stunting was also significantly lower in the high-income Project households compared to high-income Non-project households. Among the male children, the prevalence of underweight was significantly higher in Non-project households than in Project households. Overall, the prevalence of stunting and underweight which are indicators of long-term nutritional deprivation were higher in Non-project households than Project households. The findings of the study led to the conclusion that irrigation contributes to increased per capita food availability resulting in higher energy intakes and subsequently enables households to safeguard young children against chronic malnutrition. Also, poverty as characterised by low household income remains a main determinant of nutritional status. (author's) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CHILDREN | IRRIGATION | CHILD NUTRITION | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | ANTHROPOMETRY | BODY WEIGHT | GROWTH | INCOME | MALNUTRITION | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Agriculture | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Nutrition | Health | Rural Development | Measurement | Physiology | Biology | Child Development | Socioeconomic Factors | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases Document Number: 319665 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Population, nutrition and agriculture. Author: Gilland B Source: Population and Environment. 2006 Sep;28(1):1-16. Abstract: The human carrying capacity of the world or a country is considered as a function of food consumption per capita. A method of assessing carrying capacity is described, and it is shown that the world's population currently exceeds the global carrying capacity, that the population of the less-developed countries (LDCs) exceeds their carrying capacity, and that this situation cannot be expected to change more than marginally in the period up to 2050. It is also shown that a major increase in the global consumption of nitrogen fertilizer will be necessary if world crop production per capita is to be maintained at the current inadequate level. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | POPULATION | NUTRITION | FOOD SUPPLY | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | LAND AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT | FOOD SECURITY | DIET | POPULATION GROWTH | Health | Natural Resources | Environment | Rural Development | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors Document Number: 315984 |
| 20. Title: Global food and nutrition strategies for addressing the double burden of malnutrition and other emerging issues. Author: Nishida C Source: SCN News. 2006;(33):18-21. Abstract: The international context of policy focus and strategic approach for addressing food and nutrition issues has changed during the last several decades. The World Food Conference held in Rome in 1974 called attention to the alarming food and nutrition situation in the world and emphasized the need to increase food production. It was generally believed that the world had insufficient food to feed its population and that the situation was becoming worse. Therefore, efforts were made to investigate ways and means to increase food production and improve socioeconomic development. It was believed that the projected rapid socioeconomic development would mean that nutrition would take care of itself. History, however, has proved the fallacy of such an argument and the poverty and nutrition situation have stagnated or even deteriorated in some countries. In many instances, per capita income has fallen and public expenditure on health, education and other basic services were curtailed. Various types of structural adjustment policies were put into effect in an attempt to deal with economic crisis. But these economic structural adjustment policies did not protect the most vulnerable sectors of the society and their health and nutritional status were compromised further. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | PROGRESS REPORT | HISTORICAL REVIEW | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | FOOD SUPPLY | FOREIGN AID | NUTRITION PROGRAMS | MALNUTRITION | HEALTH POLICY | TREATIES | GOALS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Natural Resources | Environment | Economic Factors | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Planning | Rural Development Document Number: 308248 |
| 21. Title: Factors influencing adoption of improved farm practices among women farmers in Osun State. Author: Okunade EO Source: Journal of Human Ecology. 2006;19(1):45-49. Abstract: The study assesses the factors influencing adoption of improved farm practices among women farmers in Osun State. The study was conducted in the three agricultural zones of the state. 80 women farmers were randomly selected and information was collected through a pre-tested structured interview schedule. Descriptive statistical techniques like frequency counts, mean and percentages were used to analyse the data. The inferential statistics used was correlation which was used to determine the relationship between the variables. The study showed positive and significant relationship between adoption of innovation and credibility (r = 0.470), communication ability (r = 0.241), divisibility (r = 0.251) and relative advantage (r = 0.235). However, negative and significant relationship exists between adoption and religion (r = -0.431) complexity (r = -0.401), cost (r = -0.351), land tenure (r = -0.320), norms (r = -0.311), and belief (r = -0.253). (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | RELIGION | BELIEFS | PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT | PRODUCTIVITY | SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Rural Development | Sociocultural Factors | Culture | Management | Organization and Administration | Economic Development | Agriculture | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 304707 |
| 22. Title: Managing biodiversity for food and nutrition security in West Africa: building on indigenous knowledge for more sustainable livelihoods. Author: Smith IF; Eyzaguirre PB; Matig OE; Johns T Source: SCN News. 2006;(33):22-26. Abstract: The West African subregion holds a rich and varied biodiversity which continues to play an important role in the food security and nutrition of both rural and urban populations. While in many cases, the healthy components in West African food traditions are still found in the lives and cooking pots of rural households, there is an overall trend of food crops and edible species, part of traditional food systems, being neglected and underutilized. Cheap imported food staples, global markets, and sociocultural changes are placing Africa's indigenous food crops and animal resources at a distinct disadvantage. Local agricultural biodiversity must be managed to optimized the nutritional and health benefits in traditional foods. We at IPGRI are not suggesting an exclusive focus on local biodiversity as the sole way of addressing urgent food and nutrition challenges, but rather that agricultural biodiversity can engender dietary diversity and promote healthier diets. It is a cost-effective and empowering way of enhancing the effectiveness and sustainability of other nutrition and health interventions that target the rural and urban poor. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | PROGRESS REPORT | SURVEYS | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | POLICYMAKERS | BIODIVERSITY | FOOD SUPPLY | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | NUTRITION | DIET | FOOD AND BEVERAGE | FORESTS | Developing Countries | Africa | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Environment | Natural Resources | Rural Development | Economic Factors | Economic Development | Health Document Number: 308249 |
| 23. Title: The Des Moines Declaration: A call for accelerated action in agriculture, food and nutrition to end poverty and hunger. Source: Food and Nutrition Bulletin. 2005;26(3):312-314. Abstract: Agriculture is the main source of income for poor people living in rural areas. As such, a boost in agricultural productivity in the rural areas of developing countries will greatly enhance earning potential as well as produce more food. However, agricultural production increases will not generate adequate gains in employment, and additional steps must also be taken to increase employment in agro based value added rural enterprises. In addition, food productivity must be increased to improve the lives of people and protect biodiversity in our environment. With close to a billion people still suffering from hunger, malnutrition and food insecurity and with the population of our planet projected to grow by 50% by the middle of the 21st century, either we must produce more food on the land and in the water now available to us, or people will be forced to cut down precious forest areas and cultivate marginal lands to grow the food necessary to fuel our escalating demands. It is crucial that new agricultural innovations and technologies be developed. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | EVALUATION | LOW INCOME POPULATION | TREATIES | UN | AWARDS | GOALS | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | FOOD SUPPLY | POVERTY | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | MALNUTRITION | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | International Agencies | Organizations | Incentives | Policy | Planning | Organization and Administration | Rural Development | Natural Resources | Environment | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases Document Number: 311906 |
| 24. Title: Helping to achieve the MDGs; Second Committe: Economic and financial. Source: UN Chronicle. 2005 Mar-May;42(1):[6] p.. Abstract: Natural disasters devastate many parts of the world, whether they were high-intensity hurricanes battering the Pacific islands or gigantic ocean waves killing thousands in its wake. From strengthening coordination of humanitarian and disaster relief assistance, including special economic aid to individual countries or regions, to correcting global trade imbalances and promoting information technology for development, the Second Committee worked hard on these issues during the fifty-ninth session of the General Assembly. With 2005 marking the start of the ten-year countdown to 2015, the target date for the UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) that aim, among others, at halving the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and eliminating gender disparity in primary and secondary education, the Committee worked towards aligning its objectives with the framework of the MDGs. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | GOALS | UN | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | FOREIGN AID | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Planning | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Policy | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Rural Development | Environment Document Number: 299282 |
| 25. Title: Ester Boserup and agricultural development. Profile. [Ester Boserup et le développement agricole. Profil] Author: Abernethy VD Source: Society. 2005 Jul-Aug;42(5):55-58. Abstract: Ester Boserup's groundbreaking analysis of the dynamics of agricultural development was one of the highlights of my graduate school reading. I encountered it shortly after its 1965 publication date, in the midst of a controversy at Harvard's Department of Social Relations Anthropology that centered on historical, even accidental v. functional, i.e., causal explanation of social systems. Boserup's thesis seemed to confirm the value of exploring causality. Her focus is on technologies in primitive and developing societies, where the more developed technologies yield less per man-hour of labor, but more total food because more of the available land is under cultivation. Her analysis is not intended to be relevant where fossil fuel largely replaces human labor, as in the mechanized agriculture of modern societies. Whether Boserup correctly identified the causal factors in agricultural development is almost a secondary question. Her breakthrough was seeing that particular technologies do not develop, and are not adopted, in a social or an environmental vacuum. Local conditions have to be right before agriculturists will adopt more productive technologies, even if they are perfectly aware and able to adopt them. Boserup assumes that people resist labor. Therefore, they resist agricultural practices that entail more labor. Necessity drives the invention or the adoption of these more labor-intensive technologies. The driver, in Boserup's view, is the increasing demand for food that comes from population growth. (excerpt) French Abstract: L’une des lectures qui m’a le plus marqué au cours de mes études supérieures est l’analyse innovante d’Ester Boserup sur la dynamique du développement agricole. J’ai découvert cet ouvrage peu de temps après sa publication en 1965, alors que faisait rage au Département de l’anthropologie des relations sociales d’Harvard une controverse où s’opposaient une explication historique, voire accidentelle, des systèmes sociaux et une explication fonctionnelle (causale) de ces systèmes. La thèse de Boserup semblait confirmer la valeur d’une étude de la causalité. Elle porte son attention sur les technologies dans les sociétés primitives et en voie de développement, où les technologies plus avancées produisent moins d’heures-personnes de travail mais une plus grande quantité totale de nourriture, du fait qu’une plus grande partie des terres disponibles est mise en culture. Son analyse ne concerne pas les cas où les combustibles fossiles remplacent en grande partie le travail humain, comme dans l'agriculture mécanisée des sociétés modernes. Que Boserup identifie correctement ou non les facteurs de causalité dans le développement agricole est presque une question secondaire. Son intuition radicale a été de voir que des technologies spécifiques ne se développent pas (et ne sont pas adoptées) hors d’un contexte social ou environnemental. Des conditions locales adéquates doivent être présentes avant que les agriculteurs adoptent des technologies plus productives, même s’ils en sont parfaitement informés et qu’ils sont capables de les adopter. Boserup part du principe que les gens sont opposés au travail et en déduit qu’ils s’opposent donc à des pratiques agricoles qui conduisent à davantage de travail. C’est la nécessité qui entraîne l’invention, ou l’adoption, de technologies qui demandent plus de travail. Selon Boserup, cette motivation n’est autre que la demande croissante de nourriture découlant d’un accroissement de la population. (extrait) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MALAWI | RWANDA | CRITIQUE | RURAL POPULATION | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | FERTILITY CHANGES | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Africa, Central | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Rural Development | Anthropology | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Marriage | Nuptiality Document Number: 300785 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Countries with rapid population growth and resource constraints: issues of food, agriculture, and development. Author: Alexandratos N Source: Population and Development Review. 2005 Jun;31(2):237-258. Abstract: The latest United Nations population projections to 2050 (UN 2005) indicate that the deceleration of world population growth may be even faster than thought only a few years earlier. The medium variant projection puts world population for 2050 at 9.1 billion. By that time, the annual additions to global population will be 34 million persons—down from the current 76 million annually—and the growth rate will have fallen to 0.38 percent per annum, one-third of its present level. Longer-term projections to 2300 (UN 2004) suggest that the peak of world population may be reached in 2075, at 9.2 billion, to be followed by a slight decline and then by slow growth again to reach just under 9 billion by 2300 (medium variant projection). The authors of the probabilistic projections to 2100 of the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) state that “there is around an 85 percent chance that the world’s population will stop growing before the end of the century." The median of their projections reaches a peak of 9.0 billion around 2070, followed by a slow decrease leading to a population of 8.4 billion in 2100. Their latest book on the subject is suggestively titled The End of World Population Growth in the 21st Century, (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | POPULATION STATISTICS | POPULATION | POPULATION GROWTH | RESOURCES | FOOD SUPPLY | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Organization and Administration | Natural Resources | Environment | Rural Development | Economic Factors | Policy Document Number: 288346 |
| 27. Title: Characteristics of soils and crops' uptake of metals in municipal waste dump sites in Nigeria. Author: Amusan AA; Ige DV; Olawale R Source: Journal of Human Ecology. 2005;17(3):167-171. Abstract: In Nigeria, soils in municipal waste dump sites commonly serve as fertile ground for the cultivation of a variety of fruits and leafy vegetables and the soils are also used as 'compost' by farmers without regards for the probable health hazards the heavy metal contents of such soils may pose. It was this concern that informed the characterization of soils and crop plants in selected dump sites in Nigeria with particular reference to the heavy metal content, and the assessment of the potential of the crops to mine and deploy heavy metals to their edible portion. The result showed that soils in municipal waste dump sites are higher in heavy metals: Zn, 63.2-102.11; Co, 36.0-132.14; Cu, 36.5-72.99; Pb, 63.58-418.58 and Cd, 17.00-47.06 µg/g and that crops growing in the dump sites bio-accumulate considerably higher metal contents than those in normal agricultural soils. It was also observed that crops differ in their ability to up-take metals. Therefore to minimize heavy metal load of soils in dump sites, sorting of wastes at source, provision of an enabling statutory regulation on waste management, and the enforcement of the compliance of such statutory regulation to be the responsibility of a unit of the Health Department, in the Local Government Council, are suggested. Those wastes that pose greater health hazards should be properly land-filled to reduce environmental pollution and /or soil degradation. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | SOIL DEGRADATION | WASTE MANAGEMENT | METALS | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Rural Development Document Number: 304651 |
| 28. Title: Empowering women: ten years after Beijing; Commission on the Status of Women reviews intentions and actions. Author: Becka M Source: UN Chronicle. 2005 Jun-Aug;42(2):[9] p.. Abstract: In 1995 in Beijing, China, the Fourth World Conference on Women adopted the Platform for Action--an agenda for women's empowerment, which stands as a milestone for their advancement in the twenty-first century. The Millennium Declaration, approved at the 2000 Millennium Summit, reinforced this Platform and has focused global efforts on achieving by 2015 the eight measurable and internationally agreed MDGs. These Goals have linked the implementation of the Declaration and the Platform for Action's twelve critical areas of concern, both focussing on equal rights for women and empowering them, which benefit not only women but also their families and communities. When women have knowledge of and access to agricultural inputs, farm productivity increases; educating girls reduces not only malnutrition but also mortality rates; and a strong correlation can be proven between women's literacy and lower HIV/AIDS infection rates. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | DEVELOPMENT PLANS | WOMEN | CHILD, FEMALE | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | POVERTY | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | Demographic Factors | Population | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Rural Development Document Number: 296404 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: Gender-blind organizations deliver gender-biased services: the case of Awasa Bureau of Agriculture in southern Ethiopia. Author: Buchy M; Basaznew F Source: Gender, Technology and Development. 2005;9(2):235-251. Abstract: Despite gender trainings and gender mainstreaming, the Bureau of Agriculture in Ethiopia fails to involve women farmers in its extension activities. Based on interviews with staff members in the Awasa Bureau of Agriculture (ABA) in the Sidama zone of southern Ethiopia, this article shows that ABA, being a gender-blind organization itself, is ill-equipped to motivate its staff to make specific efforts to reach out to women farmers. The systematic absence of gender considerations at all levels of the organization results in its incapacity to address the gendered entrenched position in the field, thus isolating women even further. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | CRITIQUE | GOVERNMENT AGENCIES | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | GENDER ISSUES | SEX DISCRIMINATION | POLICY | PROCEDURES | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | DECISION MAKING | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Rural Development | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Organization and Administration | Training Programs | Education | Behavior Document Number: 302900 |
| 30. Title: Membership of co-operative societies and adoption behavior of women farmers: Implication for rural development. Author: Deji OF Source: Journal of Social Sciences. 2005;10(2):145-147. Abstract: The study investigated the relationship between membership of Co-operative Societies by women farmers and their adoption behavior. It covered Oke-ogun area of Oyo State; which comprises eleven Local Government Areas. Three Local Government Areas were purposefully selected. A total of One hundred and fifty five respondents were randomly interviewed through structured interview schedule in proportion to the number of women farmers in each sampled farming communities in the selected Local Government Areas. Result obtained shows significant relationship between membership of Co-operative societies and adoption of improved cassava varieties by women farmers in the area of study. Also, positive and significant relationship were found between membership of cooperative and demographic-socio-economic characteristics such as number of children assisting in farm work (r = 0.373); sources of credit (r = 0.675). Membership of cooperative societies is very significant to favorable adoption behavior of women farmers towards agricultural innovations, hence should be encouraged as a strategy for improving the agricultural productivity and livelihoods of the women farmers, which is crucial to the achievement of sustainable rural development in Nigeria. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | SUPPORT GROUPS | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | PARTICIPATION | TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Economic Development | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Networks | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Rural Development | Population | Social Behavior | Behavior | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 305423 |
 |
||
 |
Information & Knowledge for Optimal Health (INFO) Project 111 Market Place Suite 310, Baltimore, MD 21202 Phone: 410-659-6300 Fax: 410-659-6266 Security & Privacy Policy |  |