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1.
Title: Contraceptive use among postpartum women - 12 states and New York City, 2004-2006.
Author: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Source: MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2009 Aug 7;58(30):821-6.
Abstract: Postpartum use of highly effective contraceptive methods can prevent unintended pregnancies and ensure adequate birth spacing. Unintended pregnancies and short interpregnancy intervals are associated with adverse maternal and infant outcomes. In 2001, the year for which the most recent data are available, 49% of all pregnancies were unintended, and 21% of women gave birth within 24 months of a previous birth. Two Healthy People 2010 goals are to increase the percentage of intended pregnancies to 70% (objective 9-1) and to reduce the percentage of births occurring within 24 months of a previous birth to 6% (objective 9-2). To estimate the prevalence and types of contraception being used by women 2-9 months postpartum, CDC analyzed data from the 2004-2006 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) from 12 states and New York City. This report summarizes those results, which indicated that 88.0% of postpartum women reported current use of at least one contraceptive method; 61.7% reported using a method defined as highly effective, 20.0% used a method defined as moderately effective, and 6.4% used less effective methods. Rates of using highly effective contraceptive methods postpartum were lowest among Asian/Pacific Islanders (35.3%), women who had wanted to get pregnant sooner (49.9%), women aged >or=35 years (53.0%), and women who had no prenatal care (54.5%). State policy makers and health-care providers can use these results to promote use of highly effective contraception among postpartum women and target interventions for those with particularly low rates of usage, including women with no prenatal care.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | ETHNIC GROUPS | CDC | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | AGE FACTORS | TITLE 19 MEDICAL ASSISTANCE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Puerperium | Reproduction | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | USPHS | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Public Assistance | Grants | Financial Activities | Economic Factors
Document Number: 342395

2.
Title: HIV Infection--Guangdong Province, China, 1997-2007.
Author: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Source: MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2009 Apr 24;58(15):396-400.
Abstract: In 2007, an estimated 700,000 persons in China were living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. An estimated 50,000 new HIV infections and 20,000 deaths related to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) occurred in 2007, and an estimated 71% of persons with HIV infection were unaware of their HIV status. In 2007, 40.6% of those living with HIV had been infected through heterosexual transmission and 38.1% through injection-drug use. Guangdong Province in southeastern China is the country's most populous province, with an estimated 75.6 million permanent residents and 16.5 million migrants; the province has undergone rapid economic development. Since 1986, a case-based surveillance system (CBSS) in China has collected data on persons infected with HIV, including demographic characteristics and transmission categories. To assess recent trends in HIV infection in the province, the Guangdong Center for Disease Control, with technical assistance from CDC, analyzed CBSS data for the period 1997--2007. The results of that analysis indicated that the number of HIV cases increased from 102 in 1997 to 4,593 in 2007, although this increase resulted, in part, from expanded testing and surveillance. Among males classified by HIV transmission category, 82.1% of newly diagnosed infections were attributed to injection-drug use. Among females classified by HIV transmission category, 53.7% engaged in high-risk heterosexual conduct. Despite substantial methodologic limitations, these results can be useful to Guangdong public health agencies in targeting and evaluating HIV prevention, care, and treatment programs.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICTS | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | IV DRUG USERS | PREVALENCE | HIV INFECTIONS | SEX FACTORS | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | INTERNET | AGE FACTORS | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Drug Use and Abuse | Behavior | Measurement | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Information Networks | Communication | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 331260

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Title: Female contraception over 40.
Author: The ESHRE Capri Workshop Group
Source: Human Reproduction Update. 2009 May 20;
Abstract: BACKGROUND The majority of women 40-49 years of age need an effective method of contraception because the decline in fertility with age is an insufficient protection against unwanted pregnancy. Although pregnancy is less likely after the age of 40 years, the clinical and social consequences of an unexpected pregnancy are potentially detrimental. No contraceptive method is contraindicated by advanced reproductive age alone; thus there is a need to discuss the effectiveness, risks and non-contraceptive benefits of all family planning methods for women in this age group. METHODS MEDLINE searches were done by topic (epidemiology, age and reproduction, sexual function, delayed childbearing and specific contraceptive methods). The topic summaries were presented to the Workshop Group and omissions or disagreements were resolved by discussion. RESULTS The decline in fecundity in the fifth decade is insufficient for contraceptive purposes. Thus a family planning method is needed. Sterilization is by far the most common method in several countries. Copper intrauterine devices and hormone intrauterine systems have similar effectiveness, with fewer than 1% failures in the first year of typical use. Special considerations in this age group include the frequency of menstrual irregularity, sexual problems and the possibility of menopausal symptoms, all of which may respond to hormonal methods of contraception. CONCLUSIONS Women should be advised to continue with a contraceptive method until they have reached the menopause with its natural state of sterility.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | MENOPAUSE | FAMILY PLANNING | FEMALE STERILIZATION | BIOLOGICAL AGING | AGE FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Sterilization, Sexual | Physiology | Biology | Population Characteristics
Document Number: 341250

Peer Reviewed

Title: Factors affecting awareness of emergency contraception among college students in Kathmandu, Nepal.
Author: Adhikari R
Source: BMC Women's Health. 2009 Sep 17;9(1):27.
Abstract: ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: In Nepal, Emergency Contraception (EC) could play a critical role in reducing unintended pregnancies, but very few people aware about it. This paper aims to investigate the level of awareness and factors influencing awareness of EC among college students. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in April-May 2006. Structured self-administered questionnaires were administered to 1,137 college students (573 males and 564 females) in Kathmandu district. The association between awareness of EC and the explanatory variables were first assessed in bivariate analysis using the Chi-square test. The associations were further explored using a multivariate logistic analysis. RESULTS: Only about two-thirds of college students (68%) had ever heard about EC. Bivariate analysis shows that males were more aware (72%) of EC than were females (64%). Similarly, the awareness level was significantly higher among younger, unmarried youth who were from outside Kathmandu Valley, who lived with friends, and who had received reproductive health (RH) education in school/college. The study also found that students' sex, permanent place of residence (district), and RH education are significant predictors of awareness of EC. Males are 1.5 times more likely to be aware of EC compared to females. Furthermore, students who lived in Kathmandu Valley were 41% less likely to be aware of EC than were students from outside Kathmandu Valley. On the other hand, those students who received RH education in school/college were almost nine times more likely to be aware of EC compared to those who did not receive such education. CONCLUSIONS: Awareness of the EC is low among college students in Nepal. Health education initiatives should target students as they are more likely to be sexually active. There is a need to further educate students about EC which can help to reduce unintended pregnancies, many of which result in unsafe abortion and take a large toll on women's health.
Language: English
Keywords:
NEPAL | RESEARCH REPORT | STUDENTS | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | AWARENESS | QUESTIONNAIRES | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | SEX FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | SEX EDUCATION | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Education | Contraception | Family Planning | Knowledge | Sociocultural Factors | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 342836

Peer Reviewed

Title: Premarital sexual behavior among male college students of Kathmandu, Nepal.
Author: Adhikari R; Tamang J
Source: BMC Public Health. 2009 Jul;9(241):1-9.
Abstract: A cross-sectional survey of male college students in Kathmandu was conducted between April and May 2006. A self-administered questionnaire was completed by 573 male students. Association between premarital sex and the explanatory variables was assessed. Despite the religious and cultural restrictions, about two-fifths of survey respondents (39%) reported that they had had premarital sex. The study also showed that substantial proportions of students indulge in sexual activities as well as risky sexual behavior. Sex with commercial sex workers and multiple sex partners, and inconsistent use of condoms with non-regular partners were common among the students. Less than two in five male students (57%) had used condoms at first sexual intercourse. Students aged 20 and above were more likely to have had premarital sex compared with younger students ages 15-19. Students who believe in Hindu religion were more than two times more likely to have premarital sex compared with those who follow other religions. Participants who had close unmarried friends who experienced premarital sexual intercourse were eight times more likely to be sexually active than those who did not have such sexually active friends. School- or college-based sexuality education could benefit out-of-school youths as well, because their partners often are students.
Language: English
Keywords:
NEPAL | RESEARCH REPORT | STUDENTS | MEN | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | PREVALENCE | ATTITUDES | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | AGE FACTORS | SEX EDUCATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Education | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Measurement | Research Methodology | Psychological Factors | Religion | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics
Document Number: 339893

6.
Title: Women's empowerment and the intention to continue the practice of female genital cutting in Egypt.
Author: Afifi M
Source: Archives of Iranian Medicine. 2009 Mar;12(2):154-60.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The study aimed to (dis)prove the association of the level of women's empowerment with their future intention to perpetuate female genital cutting for their daughters. METHODS: In a national representative community-based sample of 14,393 currently-married women in Egypt, the level of empowerment, intention to continue the practice, and other socio- demographic variables were collected in the 2000 Egypt Demographic and Health Survey. Secondary in-depth analysis was conducted on data downloaded from MEASURE Demographic Health Surveys (MEASURE DHS) website.RESULTS: About 14% of the women intended to discontinue the practice. Twenty-six percent of the women were empowered in all household decisions. Levels of women's empowerment adjusted for age, residence, education, interaction between empowerment and education, work status, and female genital cutting status of currently-married women were entered in six logistic regression models in a sequential way.CONCLUSION: In the last model, those of high levels of empowerment and education were 8.06 times more likely not intending to perpetuate female genital cutting for their daughters than low- empowered low-educated women.
Language: English
Keywords:
EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | CURRENTLY MARRIED | WOMEN | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | DECISION MAKING | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | OCCUPATIONAL STATUS | ATTITUDES | AGE FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Behavior | Socioeconomic Status | Employment Status | Psychological Factors | Population Characteristics
Document Number: 342003

Title: The role of education level in the intergenerational pattern of adolescent pregnancy in Brazil.
Author: Almeida MC; Aquino EM
Source: International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Sep;35(3):139-146.
Abstract: Adolescent pregnancy has been associated with the early childbearing experience of the mothers of adolescents, and young people's education level is believed to be an important factor in this phenomenon. In 2002, a representative household survey collected data from 3,050 young men and women ages 20�24 in three Brazilian cities. The main measures were mother's age at first birth, daughter's age at first pregnancy, and son's age when he first impregnated a partner. Ages were dichotomized as younger than 20 and 20 or older. The distribution of respondents, by both their own and their mothers' reproductive experience, was analyzed in relation to various characteristics, and logistic regressions assessed possible associations between these variables and pregnancy experience. Thirty percent of women reported getting pregnant before age 20, and 21% of men said they were younger than 20 when they first impregnated a partner. Of these groups, 34% of women and 31% of men reported that their mothers had first given birth at the same age. Both women and men were more likely to have had an early pregnancy experience if their mother had had a child before age 20. Among women, this positive association disappeared in the final model after adjusting for their education level, whereas among men the association remained after similar adjustment.
Spanish Abstract: Contexto: El embarazo durante la adolescencia se ha asociado con la experiencia de la maternidad temprana de las madres de los y las adolescentes; y se considera el nivel educativo de la gente joven como un factor importante en este fen�meno. M�todos: En 2002, una encuesta representativa de hogares recolect� datos de 3,050 hombres y mujeres j�venes de 20-24 a�os en tres ciudades brasile�as. Las principales medidas fueron la edad de la madre de los encuestados en el momento de su primer parto, la edad de la joven en el primer embarazo y la edad del joven al embarazar por primera vez a una pareja; los grupos de edad se dividieron en menores de 20 y de 20 a�os o mayores. La distribuci�n de las personas encuestadas (tanto por su propia experiencia reproductiva como la de su madre), se analiz� en relaci�n con varias caracter�sticas, y se valor� mediante regresiones log�sticas las posibles asociaciones entre estas variables y la experiencia del embarazo. Resultados: Treinta por ciento de las j�venes reportaron haberse embarazado antes de los 20 a�os; y 21% de los hombres dijeron que eran menores de 20 a�os cuando su pareja se embaraz�. De estos grupos, 34% de las mujeres y 31% de los hombres reportaron que sus madres hab�an dado a luz por primera vez a la misma edad. Tanto las mujeres como los hombres tuvieron mayor probabilidad de experimentar un embarazo temprano si su madre hab�a tenido un hijo antes de los 20 a�os (razones de momios, 2.0 y 2.3, respectivamente). En las mujeres, esta asociaci�n positiva desapareci� en el modelo final, despu�s de ajustar por nivel de educaci�n, mientras que entre los hombres la asociaci�n permaneci� despu�s de un ajuste similar (1.8). Conclusiones: El nivel de educaci�n de las hijas e hijos parece ser un factor importante en la repetici�n de la fecundidad adolescente a trav�s de las generaciones. Se necesita esfuerzos para aumentar el acceso a la educaci�n y para alentar a la gente joven a que permanezca en la escuela.
French Abstract: Contexte: Les grossesses d'adolescentes ont �t� associ�es � l'exp�rience de la maternit� pr�coce des m�res des adolescents concern�s et le niveau d'instruction des jeunes semble jouer un r�le important. M�thodes: En 2002, une enqu�te de m�nages repr�sentative a recueilli des donn�es aupr�s de 3.050 jeunes hommes et femmes de 20 � 24 ans dans trois villes du Br�sil. Les principales mesures ont port� sur l'�ge de la m�re � la premi�re naissance, l'�ge de la fille � la premi�re grossesse et l'�ge du fils au moment de la f�condation d'une partenaire. Les �ges ont �t� dichotomis�s entre moins de 20 ans et 20 ans ou plus. La distribution des r�pondants en fonction de leur propre exp�rience g�n�sique et de celle de leur m�re a �t� analys�e selon diff�rentes caract�ristiques, tandis que les associations possibles entre ces variables et l'exp�rience d'une grossesse �taient �valu�es par r�gressions logistiques. R�sultats: Trente pour cent des femmes ont d�clar� avoir �t� enceintes avant l'�ge de 20 ans, tandis que 21% des hommes d�claraient avoir eu moins de 20 ans au moment de la f�condation de leur partenaire. De ces groupes, 34% des femmes et 31% des hommes ont d�clar� que leur m�re avait accouch� pour la premi�re fois � ce m�me �ge. Tant les femmes que les hommes sont apparus plus susceptibles d'avoir connu une grossesse pr�coce si leur m�re avait eu un enfant avant l'�ge de 20 ans (rapports de probabilit�s, 2,0 et 2,3, respectivement). C�t� f�minin, cette association positive dispara�t dans le mod�le final apr�s correction du niveau d'instruction; c�t� masculin, elle se maintient apr�s correction similaire (1,8). Conclusions: Le niveau d'instruction des filles comme des fils semble jouer un r�le important dans la r�p�tition de la f�condit� adolescente d'une g�n�ration � l'autre. Des efforts sont n�cessaires pour accro�tre l'acc�s � l'�ducation et encourager les jeunes � poursuivre leur scolarisation.
Language: English
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | MOTHERS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | AGE FACTORS | FIRST BIRTH | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FERTILITY | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Adolescents | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Pregnancy History | Fertility Measurements | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 343004

Title: Socioeconomic determinants of age at first birth in rural areas of Bangladesh.
Author: Aminul Haque M; Sayem AM
Source: Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health. 2009 Jan;21(1):104-11.
Abstract: The age at first birth is very low under existing rural sociocultural settings in Bangladesh. This study examined the socioeconomic and cultural determinants of age at first birth. The study subjects were married women aged 15 to 29 years in 2 rural areas that were identified through a multistage sampling technique. To collect the relevant information, a semistructured interviewer schedule was applied to the eligible women. This study found that 72.8% women gave first birth at <20 years of age with mean age at first birth 18.74 years. Simple linear regression model explained 30.9% of variance in age at first live birth. Among socioeconomic and cultural determinants, family pressure explained the most significant variance. It is really difficult to reduce fertility in complex sociocultural settings in rural Bangladesh. However, the findings of this study may provide an answer to increase the age at first birth and hence to reduce the high fertility among these group of women.
Language: English
Keywords:
BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | RURAL AREAS | WOMEN | YOUTH | FIRST BIRTH | AGE FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | CULTURE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Geographic Factors | Population | Demographic Factors | Population Characteristics | Pregnancy History | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 330710

10.

Peer Reviewed

Title: HIV prevalence and associated risk factors among individuals aged 13-34 years in rural western Kenya.
Author: Amornkul PN; Vandenhoudt H; Nasokho P; Odhiambo F; Mwaengo D
Source: Plos One. 2009 Jul;4(7):e6470.
Abstract: From a demographic surveillance system, the authors selected a random sample of Asembo, Kenya residents ages 13�34 years, who were contacted at home and invited to a nearby mobile study site. From October 2003 to April 2004, consenting participants were interviewed on risk behavior and tested for HIV and HSV-2. HIV voluntary counseling and testing was offered. Of 2,606 eligible residents, 1,822 (70%) enrolled. Primary reasons for refusal included not wanting blood taken, not wanting to learn HIV status, and partner or parental objection. Females comprised 53% of 1,762 participants providing blood. Adjusted HIV prevalence was 15.4% overall: 20.5% among females and 10.2% among males. HIV prevalence was highest in women ages 25-29 years (36.5%) and men ages 30-34 years (41.1%). HSV-2 prevalence was 40.0% overall: 53% among females, 25.8% among males. In multivariate models stratified by gender and marital status, HIV infection was strongly associated with age, higher number of sex partners, widowhood, and HSV-2 seropositivity.
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | RURAL AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | HIV INFECTIONS | HERPES GENITALIS | PREVALENCE | RISK FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | SEX FACTORS | MIGRATION | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Measurement | Health | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population Dynamics | HIV Testing | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care
Document Number: 339909

11.

Peer Reviewed

Title: [Prevalence of intimate partner violence and associated factors: a population-based study in Lages, Santa Catarina State, Brazil, 2007] Prevalencia e fatores associados a violencia entre parceiros intimos: um estudo de base populacional em Lages, Santa Catarina, Brasil, 2007.
Author: Anacleto AJ; Njaine K; Longo GZ; Boing AF; Peres KG
Source: Cadernos�de Saude Publica. 2009 Apr;25(4):800-808.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of intimate partner violence and associated factors in Lages, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. A population-based household study included 20-59-year-old women (n = 1,042) living in the urban area. The Conflict Tactics Scales - Form R was used to investigate verbal aggression, minor physical violence, and severe physical violence. A questionnaire covering socioeconomic and demographic variables was applied. Pearson qui-square and linear trend test were used to test associations. Prevalence rates for verbal aggression and minor and severe physical abuse within couples were 79.0%, 14.9%, and 9.3%, respectively. Couples under 30 years of age, with per capita income less than half the minimum wage (approximately U$90/month), and in households with more than two family members per bedroom were more likely to report all types of violence as compared to older couples, those with better incomes, and those living with less crowding, respectively. Preventive programs and qualitative studies could be effective strategies to shed further light on intimate partner violence.
Language: Portuguese
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | URBAN POPULATION | COUPLES | SEXUAL PARTNERS | WOMEN | AGE FACTORS | VIOLENCE | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | INCOME | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Economic Factors
Document Number: 341868

12.

Title: Risk factors for deep vein thrombosis in women aged 18 to 50: a retrospective analysis.
Author: Binder B; Lackner HK; Salmhofer W; Hofmann-Wellenhof R
Source: Dermatologic Surgery. 2009 Mar;35(3):451-6.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) occurs in one of every 1,000 individuals per year. Various inherited and acquired risk factors are known. We investigated the importance of oral contraceptives (OCs) as a risk factor in women of child-bearing age. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the risk factors for DVT in a female patient collective. METHODS: We analyzed the records of 99 women aged 18 to 50 with DVT. We documented age, identifiable risk factor of DVT, location of the thrombus, use of OCs, and thrombophilia. RESULTS: 52.5% of patients suffering from DVT were aged between 40-50 years. Forty-six patients had an unprovoked DVT; the most common risk factor was immobilization in 41. Thrombophilia was found in 18 cases. Twenty-nine patients used OCs; no influence of OCs on any of the other risk factors was found. CONCLUSIONS: In our patient group, the most important risk factors were older age and immobilization. DVT is typically idiopathic and may be caused by subtle nondetectable thrombophilic disorders. The use of OCs was distributed in DVT patients just as in the general Austrian community and seems not to be a severe additional risk factor. Examining the whole lower extremity during ultrasonography is important so as not to overlook a DVT of the lower leg.
Language: English
Keywords:
AUSTRIA | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | PREGNANT WOMEN | THROMBOSIS | AGE FACTORS | RISK FACTORS | Developed Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Thromboembolism | Embolism | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | Health
Document Number: 331221

13.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Is sexual risk taking behaviour changing in rural south-west Uganda? Behaviour trends in a rural population cohort 1993 2006.
Author: Biraro S; Shafer LA; Kleinschmidt I; Wolff B; Karabalinda A; Nalwoga A; Musinguzi J; Kirungi W; Opio A; Whitworth J; Grosskurth H
Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Apr;85(Suppl 1):i3-i11.
Abstract: Objective: To describe sexual behaviour trends in a rural Ugandan cohort in the context of an evolving HIV epidemic, 1993-2006. Methods: Sexual behaviour data were collected annually from a population cohort in which HIV serological surveys were also conducted. Behaviour trends were determined using survival analysis and logistic regression. Trends are reported based on the years in which the respective indicators were collected. Results: Between 1993 and 2006, median age at first sex increased from 16.7 years to 18.2 years among 17-20-year-old girls and from 18.5 years to 19.9 years among boys. Both sexes reported a dip in age at sexual debut between 1998 and 2001. One or more casual partners in the past 12 months among men rose from 11.6% in 1997 to 12.7% in 2004 and then declined to 10.2% in 2006. Among women it increased from 1.4% in 1997 to 3.7% in 2004 and then reduced to 1.4% in 2006. The rise in casual partners between 1997 and 2004 was driven mainly by older age groups. Trends in condom use with casual partners varied by age, increasing among those aged 35+ years, declining in the middle age groups and presenting a dip and then a rise in the youngest aged group (13-19 years). Conclusion: Among youth, risky behaviour declined but increased in the late 1990s/early 2000s. Among those aged 35+ years, condom use rose but casual partners also rose. Several indicators portrayed a temporary increase in risk taking behaviour from 1998 to 2002.
Language: English
Keywords:
UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | COHORT ANALYSIS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | RURAL POPULATION | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | HIV INFECTIONS | SEX FACTORS | FIRST INTERCOURSE | AGE FACTORS | CONDOM USE | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sexual Partners | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Risk Reduction Behavior
Document Number: 340101

14.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Twenty or thirty microgram ethinyloestradiol in an oral contraceptive: Does it make a difference in the mind and the daily practice of gynaecologists and general practitioners?
Author: Bitzer J; Frey B; von Schonau M; Sabler N; Tschudin S
Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Jun 5;:1-10.
Abstract: Objectives Currently, evidence-based guidelines concerning the use of oral contraceptives (OCs) containing either 20 or 30 mug ethinyloestradiol (EE) and the same progestogen, are lacking. We wanted to identify whether Swiss gynaecologists and general practitioners (GPs) have specific criteria on which they base their prescribing habit. Methods Two questionnaires were submitted to 158 physicians. The first one contained a list of possible criteria relevant for decision making and a description of specific clinical situations. The second one concerned actual patients who received either a 20 mug (Yasminelle(R)) or a 30 mug (Yasmin(R)) OC containing the same progestogen drospirenone. Results The most relevant criteria for decision making (in hierarchical order) were family history of venous thromboembolic disease (VTE), headache, smoking, age beyond 35, stability of the menstrual cycle, breast tenderness, body mass index, irregular bleeding and acne. The 20 mug dosage was preferred for women older than 35, those smoking more than 15 cigarettes per day, those with a family history of VTE, and those complaining of breast tenderness or headache. The 30 mug dosage was preferred for patients with a history of irregular bleeding, a family history of osteoporosis, expected poor compliance and acne. Conclusion Swiss gynaecologists and GPs do not preferentially prescribe the lowest possible dosage of EE. They use indirect markers they consider relevant for differential prescribing. For some markers, there is inconsistency, indicating that preferences for 20 mug and 30 mug preparations may be influenced by other factors.
Language: English
Keywords:
SWITZERLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | PHYSICIANS | WOMEN | CLIENTS | DECISION MAKING | TOBACCO USE | HEADACHE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | THROMBOEMBOLISM | AGE FACTORS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | Developed Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Demographic Factors | Population | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Behavior | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Embolism | Vascular Diseases | Population Characteristics | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services
Document Number: 341601

15.

Title: Patterns and trends in adolescents' contraceptive use and discontinuation in developing countries and comparisons with adult women.
Author: Blanc AK; Tsui AO; Croft TN; Trevitt JL
Source: International Perspectives On Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Jun;35(2):63-71.
Abstract: Demographic and Health Survey data from more than 40 countries were used to examine the proportions of 15- to 19-year-old women who are currently married or are unmarried but sexually active; their rates of contraceptive adoption, current use, discontinuation, method switching and contraceptive failure; trends in these indicators; and comparisons with older women. In many countries, the proportion of adolescent women using contraceptives increased substantially over the last two decades. Prevalence among adolescents increased faster than among older women. Greater proportions of adolescents than of older women discontinued using a contraceptive method within a year or experienced contraceptive failure. The authors conclude that expanded demand for contraceptive supplies, services, and information can be expected to challenge the preparedness, capacity, and resources of existing family planning programs and providers.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | WOMEN | OLDER ADULTS | AGE FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD SWITCHING | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM EVALUATION | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Population Characteristics | Adults | Contraception | Family Planning | Family Planning Programs
Document Number: 342143

16.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Impact of Plasmodium falciparum infection on the frequency of moderate to severe anaemia in children below 10 years of age in Gabon.
Author: Bouyou-Akotet MK; Dzeing-Ella A; Kendjo E; Etoughe D; Ngoungou EB; Planche T; Koko J; Kombila M
Source: Malaria Journal. 2009 Jul 20;8(1):166.
Abstract: ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Improving the understanding of childhood malarial anaemia may help in the design of appropriate management strategies. METHODS: A prospective observational study was conducted over a two-year period to assess the burden of anaemia and its relationship to Plasmodium falciparum infection and age in 8,195 febrile Gabonese children. RESULTS: The proportion of children with anaemia was 83.6% (n=6830), higher in children between the ages of six and 23 months. Those under three years old were more likely to develop moderate to severe anaemia (68%). The prevalence of malaria was 42.7% and P. falciparum infection was more frequent in children aged 36-47 months (54.5%). The proportion of anaemic children increased with parasite density (p<0.01). Most of infected children were moderately to severely anaemic (69.5%, p<0.01). Infants aged from one to 11 months had a higher risk of developing severe malarial anaemia. In children over six years of age, anaemia occurrence was high (>60%), but was unrelated to P. falciparum parasitaemia. CONCLUSION: Malaria is one of the main risk factors for childhood anaemia which represents a public health problem in Gabon. The risk of severe malarial anaemia increases up the age of three years. Efforts to improve strategies for controlling anaemia and malaria are needed.
Language: English
Keywords:
GABON | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | CHILDREN | MALARIA | ANEMIA | PREVALENCE | FEVER | RISK FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | HEMOGLOBIN LEVEL | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Body Temperature | Physiology | Biology | Health | Hemic System
Document Number: 342284

17.
Title: Community characteristics, sexual initiation, and condom use among young Black South Africans.
Author: Burgard SA; Lee-Rife SM
Source: Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 2009 Sep;50(3):293-309.
Abstract: Individual and household-level characteristics that influence sexual behavior have been extensively studied in South Africa, but community characteristics have received limited attention. We use multilevel discrete time hazard models and multilevel logistic regression models to analyze data from a representative sample of young people in KwaZulu Natal, and from several sources of community data. Results suggest that, net of individual and household characteristics, higher levels of community concentrated disadvantage are associated with increased hazard of sexual initiation and higher risk of unprotected sex. Social disorder increases the hazard of sexual initiation, while greater community social cohesion is associated with delayed sexual debut, although the latter association appears stronger for young men than for young women. We discuss these results and the ways they vary from predictions based on US. theory in light of conditions prevailing in contemporary South Africa.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | BLACKS | YOUTH | HOUSEHOLDS | SEX BEHAVIOR | AGE FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | RISK FACTORS | EXPOSURE | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | COMMUNITY | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Economic Factors | Health | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors
Document Number: 342565

18.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Sexual behaviour among Italian adolescents: Knowledge and use of contraceptives.
Author: Capuano S; Simeone S; Scaravilli G; Raimondo D; Balbi C
Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Apr 18;:1-5.
Abstract: Background Comprehensive data concerning the sexual behaviour of Italian adolescents are lacking; the planning of prevention programmes is therefore difficult. Methods The current study evaluates the knowledge of Italian adolescents about sexuality and their use of methods to prevent pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. The age at first intercourse in the current sample was compared to that found in past samples to ascertain whether sex education was needed at an earlier age. The efficacy of one school-based sex education programme was analysed. Results Overall 630 students in three Italian cities were surveyed. Just over half the students were sexually active. Among these, the mean age at first intercourse was 15.6 years (SD +/- 1.3). The contraception most widely used was the condom although 'coitus interruptus', 'natural family planning' and 'no method' were also mentioned. The knowledge among students from Latina, after they had received sex education, was significantly better. Conclusion Our data show a lower mean age at first intercourse than has been reported for earlier periods by other authors. School-based sexual education is effective in improving knowledge. Sexual health services for young people must be available and counselling services improved.
Language: English
Keywords:
ITALY | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | KNOWLEDGE | SEX BEHAVIOR | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTION | SEXUALITY | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | FIRST INTERCOURSE | AGE FACTORS | SEX EDUCATION | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Developed Countries | Europe, Southern | Europe | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Family Planning | Personality | Psychological Factors | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Education | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331123

19.

Title: Age and height predict neuropathy risk in patients with HIV prescribed stavudine.
Author: Cherry CL; Affandi JS; Imran D; Yunihastuti E; Smyth K; Vanar S; Kamarulzaman A; Price P
Source: Neurology. 2009 Jul 28;73(4):315-20.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Sensory neuropathy is a common problem in HIV-infected patients and is the dose-limiting toxicity of stavudine. Affordable methods of predicting neuropathy risk are needed to guide prescribing in countries where some use of stavudine remains an economic necessity. We therefore aimed to identify factors predictive of neuropathy risk before antiretroviral use. METHODS: A total of 294 patients attending clinics in Melbourne, Kuala Lumpur, and Jakarta were enrolled in a cross-sectional neuropathy screening program in 2006. Neuropathy was defined by the presence of symptoms and signs on the AIDS Clinical Trials Group Brief Peripheral Neuropathy Screen. Demographic, laboratory, and treatment details were considered as possible risk factors for neuropathy. The role of patient demographics in predicting stavudine neuropathy were then assessed in 181 patients who reported that they were free of neuropathy symptoms when first prescribed this drug. RESULTS: The prevalence of neuropathy was 42% in Melbourne (n = 100), 19% in Kuala Lumpur (n = 98), and 34% in Jakarta (n = 96). In addition to treatment exposures, increasing age (p = 0.002) and height (p = 0.001) were independently associated with neuropathy. Age and height cutoffs of > or=170 cm or > or =40 years predicted neuropathy. Among 181 patients who were asymptomatic before stavudine exposure, the risk of neuropathy following stavudine was 20% in younger, shorter patients, compared with 66% in older, taller individuals. CONCLUSIONS: Stavudine neuropathy risk increases with patient age and height. Prioritizing older and taller patients for alternative agents would be an inexpensive strategy to reduce neuropathy rates in countries where the burden of HIV disease limits treatment options.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | SCREENING | NEUROLOGIC EFFECTS | TREATMENT | PRESCRIPTIONS | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | AGE FACTORS | BODY HEIGHT | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Physiology | Biology | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 342727

20.

Peer Reviewed

Title: The impact of gender and income on survival and retention in a South African antiretroviral therapy programme.
Author: Cornell M; Myer L; Kaplan R; Bekker LG; Wood R
Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2009 Jul;14(7):722-31.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: Despite the rapid expansion of antiretroviral therapy (ART) services in Africa, there are few data on whether outcomes differ for women and men and what factors may drive such variation. We investigated the association of gender and income with survival and retention in a South African ART programme. METHODS: A total of 2196 treatment-naive adults were followed for 1 year on ART. Proportional hazards regression was used to explore associations between baseline characteristics and survival and loss-to-follow-up (LTFU). RESULTS: Patients were predominantly female (67%). Men presented at an older age and with more advanced HIV disease, and during early ART the crude death rate was higher among men than women (22.8 vs 12.5/100 person-years; P = 0.002). However in multivariate analysis, gender was not significantly associated with survival after adjusting for baseline clinical and immunovirological status (HR = 1.46, 95% CI = 0.96-2.22; P = 0.076). In late ART (4-12 months), there was no gender difference in mortality rates (3.5 vs 3.8/100 person-years; P = 0.817). In multivariate analysis, survival was strongly associated with age (HR = 1.05, 95% CI = 1.02-1.09; P < 0.001), CD4 count >150 vs <50 cells/microl (HR = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.14-0.87; P = 0.023) and any monthly income vs none (HR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.25-0.88; P = 0.018). Having some monthly income was protective against LTFU at 1 year on ART (adjusted HR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.39-0.82; P = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Men's high early mortality on ART appears due largely to their presentation with more advanced HIV disease. Efforts are needed to enroll men into care earlier in HIV disease and to reduce socio-economic inequalities in ART programme outcomes.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | MORTALITY | INEQUALITIES | INCOME | SEX FACTORS | IMMUNOLOGIC FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | AGE FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | HIV | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 342641

21.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Prevalence and risk factors for Hepatitis C and HIV-1 infections among pregnant women in Central Brazil.
Author: Costa ZB; Machado GC; Avelino MM; Gomes Filho C; Macedo Filho JV; Minuzzi AL; Turchi MD; Stefani MM; de Souza WV; Martelli CM
Source: BMC Infectious Diseases. 2009;9:116.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections are a major burden to public health worldwide. Routine antenatal HIV-1 screening to prevent maternal-infant transmission is universally recommended. Our objectives were to evaluate the prevalence of and potential risk factors for HCV and HIV infection among pregnant women who attended prenatal care under the coverage of public health in Central Brazil. METHODS: Screening and counselling for HIV and HCV infections was offered free of charge to all pregnant women attending antenatal clinic (ANC) in the public health system, in Goiania city (~1.1 million inhabitants) during 2004-2005. Initial screening was performed on a dried blood spot collected onto standard filter paper; positive or indeterminate results were confirmed by a second blood sample. HCV infection was defined as a positive or indeterminate sample (EIA test) and confirmed HCV-RNA technique. HIV infection was defined according to standard criteria. Factors associated with HIV and HCV infections were identified with logistic regression. The number needed to screen (NNS) to prevent one case of infant HIV infection was calculated using the Monte Carlo simulation method. RESULTS: A total of 28,561 pregnant women were screened for HCV and HIV-1 in ANC. Mean maternal age was 23.9 years (SD = 5.6), with 45% of the women experiencing their first pregnancy. Prevalence of HCV infection was 0.15% (95% CI 0.11%-0.20%), and the risk increased with age (p < 0.01). The prevalence of anti-HIV infection was 0.09% (95% CI 0.06%-0.14%). Black women had a 4.9-fold (95% CI 1.42-16.95) greater risk of HIV-1 infection compared to non-black women. NNS to prevent one case of infant HIV infection ranged from 4,141 to 13,928. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of HIV and HCV infections were low among pregnant women, with high acceptability rates in the opt-in strategy in primary care. Older maternal age was a risk factor for HCV and antenatal HCV testing does not fulfill the requirements for screening recommendation. The finding of higher risk of HIV-1 infection among black women despite being in consonance with the HIV-1 ethnic pattern in some American regions cannot be ruled out to be a surrogate marker of socio-economic condition.
Language: English
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | RISK FACTORS | PREGNANT WOMEN | BLACKS | ANTENATAL CARE | HIV TESTING | HIV INFECTIONS | SCREENING | COUNSELING | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | AGE FACTORS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Health | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 342683

22.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Measuring trends in age at first sex and age at marriage in Manicaland, Zimbabwe.
Author: Cremin I; Mushati P; Hallett T; Mupambireyi Z; Nyamukapa C; Garnett GP; Gregson S
Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Apr;85(Suppl 1):i34-i40.
Abstract: The authors analyzed longitudinal data from three rounds of a population-based cohort in eastern Zimbabwe. Reports of age at first sex and age at marriage from 6,837 individuals attending multiple rounds were classified according to consistency. Survival analysis was used to identify trends in the timing of first sex and marriage. In this population, women initiate sex and enter marriage at younger ages than men but spend much less time between first sex and marriage. Among those surveyed between 1998 and 2005, median ages at first sex and first marriage were 18.5 years and 21.4 years for men and 18.2 years and 18.5 years, respectively, for women aged 15-54 years. High levels of reports of both age at first sex and age at marriage among those attending multiple surveys were found to be unreliable. Excluding reports identified as unreliable from these analyses did not alter the observed trends in either age at first sex or age at marriage. Tracing birth cohorts as they aged revealed reporting biases, particularly among the youngest cohorts. Comparisons by birth cohorts, which span a period of >40 years, indicate that median age at first sex has remained constant over time for women but has declined gradually for men. Although many reports of age at first sex and age at marriage were found to be unreliable, inclusion of such reports did not result in artificial generation or suppression of trends.
Language: English
Keywords:
ZIMBABWE | RESEARCH REPORT | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | KAP SURVEYS | COHORT ANALYSIS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | TARGET POPULATION | FIRST INTERCOURSE | AGE FACTORS | MARRIAGE AGE | BIAS | SEX FACTORS | RELIABILITY | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Program Design | Programs | Organization and Administration | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Error Sources | Measurement
Document Number: 340105

23.
Title: Determinants of condom use: results of the Canadian Community Health Survey 3.1.
Author: Dhalla S; Poole G
Source: Canadian Journal of Public Health / Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique. 2009 Jul-Aug;100(4):299-303.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To examine the independent effects of mood disorder, age, race/ethnicity, personal income, being a current student, having a regular medical doctor and substance use in relationship to condom use at last intercourse in a Canadian population stratified by sex. METHODS: We used Cycle 3.1 of the 2006 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS 3.1), a population-based, voluntary, cross-sectional survey of subjects ages 12-85 years. Data collection took place between January and December 2005. From the survey, a study sample of 20,975 people was drawn, consisting of individuals providing valid responses (yes/no) to mood disorder and last-time condom use. The question of sexual behaviours was asked only of those ages 15-49 years. Logistic regression was used to examine individual variables as potential determinants of last-time condom use stratified by sex. RESULTS: The relationship between mood disorder and condom use was non-significant in both males (AOR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.70-1.04) and females (AOR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.78-1.03). Increasing age was found to be inversely associated with last-time condom use in both males and females. Male factors significantly associated with last-time condom use were being of white ethnicity (AOR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.64-0.79) and being a current student (AOR = 1.28, 95% CI =1.16-1.42). Female factors associated with last-time condom use were being of white ethnicity (AOR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.63-0.79) and being a former drinker (AOR = 2.25, 95% CI = 1.63-3.11). CONCLUSION: Our results identify important determinants of last-time condom use in both males and females in the CCHS 3.1. These findings may have important implications for the devising and implementation of safe sex programs in a Canadian population ages 15-49 years.
Language: English
Keywords:
CANADA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | ETHNIC GROUPS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | CONDOM USE | MENTAL DISORDERS | SEX FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | Developed Countries | North America, Northern | Americas | Health | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior
Document Number: 342618

24.

Title: Factors influencing the duration of pregnancy termination with vaginal misoprostol for fetal abnormality.
Author: Dickinson JE; Doherty DA
Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 2009 May;29(5):520-4.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of factors influencing the duration of second-trimester pregnancy interruption with vaginal misoprostol for fetal abnormality. METHODS: All medical terminations >or=13 weeks of gestation 1/1997 to 12/2007 were prospectively identified. Cases receiving vaginal misoprostol 400 microg 6-hourly were extracted from the database and outcomes reviewed. RESULTS: This consecutive case series comprised 1066 women. Median maternal age was 31 years [interquartile range (IQR) 26, 36] and 15.4% had at least one prior cesarean delivery. Principal indications for termination were aneuploidy (37.6%), neural tube defects (15.9%) and cardiac anomalies (9.4%). Median gestation at termination was 19.5 weeks (IQR 17.9, 21). Median abortion interval was 16.1 h (IQR 12, 23.5). Lower maternal age (median duration 17.6 vs 15.2 vs 13.6 h, age < 30 vs 30-39 vs > 40 years, p < 0.001), nulliparity (median duration 19 vs 14.3 h, nulliparous vs parous, p < 0.001) and increasing gestation (median duration 13 vs 17.8 h, <16 vs >20 weeks, p < 0.001) were associated with abortion prolongation. Controlling for gestation, age and parity, apart from musculoskeletal abnormalities (associated with abortion prolongation, p = 0.03), the specific fetal anomaly did not influence duration. CONCLUSIONS: Three factors: nulliparity, younger maternal age and increasing gestation, were associated with abortion prolongation. Apart from musculoskeletal abnormalities, the fetal anomaly had no impact on abortion duration.
Language: English
Keywords:
AUSTRALIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES | ABORTION | MISOPROSTOL | TIME FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | NULLIPARITY | Oceania | Developed Countries | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Diseases | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Prostaglandins, Synthetic | Prostaglandins | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Parity | Fertility Measurements | Fertility
Document Number: 342614 Notification

25.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Oral contraceptive effectiveness according to body mass index, weight, age, and other factors.
Author: Dinger JC; Cronin M; Mohner S; Schellschmidt I; Minh TD; Westhoff C
Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 May 28;
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the use-effectiveness of oral contraceptives (OCs) in Europe according to body mass index (BMI), weight, age, and other factors. STUDY DESIGN: In a planned secondary analysis, we used data from the European Active Surveillance Study on Oral Contraceptives, which was a prospective active cohort surveillance study of 59,510 OC users, to assess the effectiveness of OCs overall and by BMI, weight, age, duration of use, ethinylestradiol dose, regimen type, starting/switching status, and parity. Self-reported unplanned pregnancies during OC use were confirmed by interview. RESULTS: An analysis of OC effectiveness (112,659 women-years of exposure and 545 unplanned pregnancies) found little variation in effectiveness by BMI/weight. Failure rates decreased after 30 years of age and with an increasing duration of use. CONCLUSION: OC users in Europe reported high contraceptive effectiveness with "typical use." Failure rates decreased with age and duration ofuse. BMI and weight had little, if any, influence on effectiveness.
Language: English
Keywords:
EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | BODY WEIGHT | AGE FACTORS | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Physiology | Biology | Population Characteristics
Document Number: 341572

26.

Title: Reproductive and hormonal risk factors for postmenopausal luminal, HER-2-overexpressing, and triple-negative breast cancer [letter]
Author: Dizdar O; Aksoy S; Altundag K
Source: Cancer. 2009 Apr 15;115(8):1802; author reply 1802-3.
Abstract: We read with great interest the article by Phipps et al, in which they examined the risk factors for different subtypes of postmenopausal breast cancer. They found that certain reproductive factors have a greater effect on the risk of certain molecular subtypes of disease compared with others. However, the authors did not analyze oral contraceptive use as a risk factor. Oral contraceptive use has been associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in young women. Narod et al demonstrated that among BRCA1 mutation carriers, women who first used oral contraceptives before 1975, who used them before age 30 years, or who used them for > or = 5 years may have an increased risk of developing breast cancer. Sporadic triple-negative breast cancers and tumors that are noted in carriers of the BRCA1 mutation share similar features, including estrogen receptor negativity, high nuclear grade, high Ki-67 staining, cytokeratin 5/6 expression, and epidermal growth factor receptor expression. Furthermore, BRCA1 is rarely mutated in sporadic breast cancers. However, the pathologic similarities suggest that BRCA1 or associated pathways can become inactivated in triple-negative tumors via other mechanisms, such as gene promoter methylation. We previously reported a positive association between oral contraceptive use and triple-negative breast cancer. Although we did not take into consideration the menopausal status of the patients, the frequency of oral contraceptive use in our small cohort was found to be higher in patients with the triple-negative subtype compared with patients with other subtypes of breast cancer (35.3% vs 12.2%; P=.02). Taken together, we propose that oral contraceptive use may be associated with an increased risk of developing triple-negative breast cancer. However, to identify the exact role of oral contraceptive use in the development of breast cancer, more preclinical and clinical studies are warranted. (full-text)
Language: English
Keywords:
TURKEY | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | BREAST CANCER | RISK FACTORS | GENETICS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | MENOPAUSE | AGE FACTORS | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Health | Biology | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproduction | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 341636

27.

Title: Risk factors for triple-negative breast cancer in women under the age of 45 years.
Author: Dolle JM; Daling JR; White E; Brinton LA; Doody DR; Porter PL; Malone KE
Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention. 2009 Apr;18(4):1157-66.
Abstract: Little is known about the etiologic profile of triple-negative breast cancer (negative for estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor/human epidermal growth factor), a breast cancer subtype associated with high mortality and inadequate therapeutic options. We undertook this study to assess the risk for triple-negative breast cancer among women 45 years of age and younger in relation to demographic/lifestyle factors, reproductive history, and oral contraceptive use. Study participants were ascertained in two previous population-based, case-control studies. Eligible cases included all primary invasive breast cancers among women ages 20 to 45 years in the Seattle-Puget Sound area, diagnosed between January 1983 and December 1992, for whom complete data was obtained for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor status (n = 897; including n = 187 triple-negative breast cancer cases). Controls were age matched and ascertained via random digit dialing. Oral contraceptive use > or =1 year was associated with a 2.5-fold increased risk for triple-negative breast cancer (95% confidence interval, 1.4-4.3) and no significantly increased risk for non-triple-negative breast cancer (P(heterogeneity) = 0.008). Furthermore, the risk among oral contraceptive users conferred by longer oral contraceptive duration and by more recent use was significantly greater for triple-negative breast cancer than non-triple-negative breast cancer (P(heterogeneity) = 0.02 and 0.01, respectively). Among women < or =40 years, the relative risk for triple-negative breast cancer associated with oral contraceptive use > or =1 year was 4.2 (95% confidence interval, 1.9-9.3), whereas there was no significantly increased risk with oral contraceptive use for non-triple-negative breast cancer among women < or =40 years, nor for triple-negative breast cancer or non-triple-negative breast cancer among women 41 to 45 years of age. In conclusion, significant heterogeneity exists for the association of oral contraceptiveuse and breast cancer risk between triple-negative breast cancer and non-triple-negative breast cancer among young women, lending support to a distinct etiology.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | WASHINGTON | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | BREAST CANCER | RISK FACTORS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | TIME FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Health | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics
Document Number: 341655

28.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Attitudes towards the male contraceptive pill in men and women in casual and stable sexual relationships.
Author: Eberhardt J; van Wersch A; Meikle N
Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Jul;35(3):161-5.
Abstract: BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY: Men's and women's attitudes towards the male contraceptive pill and their trust in the effective use of the male pill were investigated, as well as the associated variables of reported health behaviours, perceived self-efficacy and type of sexual relationship, using a questionnaire survey. RESULTS: Although both sexes had a favourable attitude towards the male pill, females had a more positive attitude than men. Conversely, women had less trust that men would use the male pill effectively. Males in stable sexual relationships were more positive about the male pill than those in casual sexual relationships. Gender, relationship type and trust in the effective use of the male pill reliably predicted attitude towards the male pill. High perceived self-efficacy was related to engaging in more health behaviours, and in men a positive association between health behaviours and attitude towards the male pill has been found. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: A positive attitude towards the male pill does not automatically imply that the individual is confident about its effective use. Once the male pill is widely available, promotional campaigns could target not only men but also their female partners, as the latter tend to come into contact with health services more frequently. In order to increase confidence in effective implementation, a variety of presentations of the male pill should be made available in line with individual needs and lifestyles.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | MALE CONTRACEPTION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | ATTITUDES | BELIEFS | QUESTIONNAIRES | MALE ROLE | SEX FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Social Behavior | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 342138

29.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Trends in infant nutrition in Saudi Arabia: compliance with WHO recommendations.
Author: El Mouzan MI; Al Omar AA; Al Salloum AA; Al Herbish AS; Qurachi MM
Source: Annals of Saudi Medicine. 2009 Jan-Feb;29(1):20-3.
Abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The WHO recommends exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months of life. Our objective was to evaluate trends in infant nutrition in Saudi Arabia and the degree of compliance with WHO recommendations. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A nationwide nutritional survey of a sample of Saudi households was selected by the multistage probability sampling procedure. A validated questionnaire was administered to mothers of children less than 3 years of age. RESULTS: Of 5339 children in the sample, 4889 received breast milk at birth indicating a prevalence of initiation of 91.6%. Initiation of breastfeeding was delayed beyond 6 hours after birth in 28.1% of the infants. Bottle feeding was introduced by 1 month of age to 2174/4260 (51.4%) and to 3831/4260 (90%) by 6 months of age. The majority of infants 3870/4787 (80.8%) were introduced to "solid foods" between 4 to 6 months of age and whole milk feedings were given to 40% of children younger than 12 months of age. CONCLUSIONS: The current practice of feeding of Saudi infants is very far from compliance with even the most conservative WHO recommendations of exclusive breastfeeding for 4 to 6 months. The high prevalence of breastfeeding initiation at birth indicates the willingness of Saudi mothers to breastfeed. However, early introduction of complementary feedings reduced the period of exclusive breastfeeding. Research in infant nutrition should be a public health priority to improve the rate of breastfeeding and to minimize other inappropriate practices.
Language: English
Keywords:
SAUDI ARABIA | RESEARCH REPORT | NUTRITION SURVEYS | INFANT | HOUSEHOLDS | INFANT NUTRITION | WHO | STANDARDS | BREASTFEEDING, EXCLUSIVE | PREVALENCE | TIME FACTORS | SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING | AGE FACTORS | BREASTFEEDING | Middle East | Developing Countries | Nutrition | Health | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Research Methodology | Measurement | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 331138

30.
Title: [Analysis of the mortality due to diarrhea in younger children, before and after the introduction of rotavirus vaccine] Mortalidad por enfermedad diarreica en menores, antes y despues de la
Author: Esparza-Aguilar M; Bautista-Marquez A; Gonzalez-Andrade Mdel C; Richardson-Lopez-Collada VL
Source: Salud Publica de Mexico. 2009 Jul-Aug;51(4):285-90.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To analyze the mortality due to acute diarrhea in children younger than five years old, before and after the introduction of rotavirus vaccine in Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Number of deaths and mortality rates due to acute diarrhea were compared by children's age and states' vaccine status using annual percentage differences before (2000-2005) and after (2006-2007) the introduction of the HRV. RESULTS: From 2000-2007, deaths due to acute diarrhea in children under five years of age dropped 42%. In those states that received the HRV early in 2006, diarrhea mortality decreased between 2006-2007 15.8% in children younger than one year old and 22.7% in children 1-4 years old. DISCUSSION: The observed reduction in mortality due to acute diarrhea in children under five years of age after 2005 can be, in part, attributed to the HRV.
Language: Spanish
Keywords:
MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | CHILDREN | DIARRHEA | ROTAVIRUS | CHILD MORTALITY | AGE FACTORS | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Viral Diseases | Mortality | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 342523


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