1.  Title: Integrating population, health, and environment in Uganda. Author: Bremner J; Zuehlke E Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], 2009 Jun. 6 p. (Policy Brief) Abstract: After decades of instability and civil conflict, Uganda has enjoyed relative stability, sustained economic growth, and great improvements in health over the last 20 years. During the same period, Uganda's population has grown rapidly, and in 2009 surpassed 30 million people. This rapid population growth is contributing to the degradation of Uganda's natural resources, the backbone of the country's economy and household livelihoods. Continued reductions in poverty depend in large part on finding innovative and integrated solutions to the complex population, health, and environment problems affecting Uganda's poorest people. Language: English Keywords: MIDDLE EAST | AFRICA, NORTH | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | ABORTION | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | ABORTION LAW | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | POSTABORTION CARE Document Number: 342029 |
2.  Peer Reviewed Title: Gendered empowerment and HIV prevention: policy and programmatic pathways to success in the MENA region. Author: Dworkin SL; Kambou SD; Sutherland C; Moalla K; Kapoor A Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2009 Jul 1;51 Suppl 3:S111-8. Abstract: Although HIV in the Middle East and North Africa is currently characterized as a low seroprevalence epidemic, there are numerous factors that are present in the region that could prevent-or exacerbate-the epidemic. The time to invest substantially in prevention-and gender-specific prevention in particular-is now. Given that most policy makers do not make gender-specific plans as epidemics progress, our research team-which draws upon expertise from both within and outside the region-worked together to make programmatic and policy suggestions in the Middle East and North Africa region in 5 key areas: (1) gender-specific and gender transformative HIV prevention interventions; (2) access to quality education and improvements in life skills and sex education; (3) economic empowerment; (4) property rights; and (5) antiviolence. In short, this work builds upon many ongoing efforts in the region and elucidates some of the links between gendered empowerment and health outcomes around the world, particularly HIV and AIDS. Language: English Keywords: MIDDLE EAST | AFRICA, NORTH | RESEARCH REPORT | GENDER RELATIONS | HIV PREVENTION | INTERVENTIONS | HEALTH POLICY | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | Africa | Developing Countries | Gender Issues | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration | Policy | Political Factors | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 342681 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Gender, empowerment, and health: what is it? How does it work? Author: Ehrhardt AA; Sawires S; McGovern T; Peacock D; Weston M Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2009 Jul 1;51 Suppl 3:S96-S105. Abstract: As the HIV/AIDS epidemic has progressed, the role of gender inequality in its transmission has become increasingly apparent. Nearly half of those living with the virus worldwide are women, and women's subordination to men increases their risk of infection and makes it harder for them to access treatment once infected. Men, too, suffer from harmful gender norms-the expectation that they will behave in ways that heighten their risk of HIV infection and that they will be cavalier about seeking health care increases their vulnerability to the disease. In the Middle East and North Africa, HIV infection rates are low, but changing gender norms have the potential to accelerate the spread of the disease if gender inequality is not addressed. Improving women's education, workforce participation, and social and political opportunities is crucial to strengthening health in the region. Work with men to shift gender imbalances is a further important task for the region's policy-makers and civil society groups. Language: English Keywords: MIDDLE EAST | AFRICA, NORTH | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | GENDER RELATIONS | INEQUALITIES | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Gender Issues | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Women's Status Document Number: 342677 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Men, HIV/AIDS, and human rights. Author: Peacock D; Stemple L; Sawires S; Coates TJ Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2009 Jul 1;51 Suppl 3:S119-25. Abstract: Though still limited in scale, work with men to achieve gender equality is occurring on every continent and in many countries. A rapidly expanding evidence base demonstrates that rigorously implemented initiatives targeting men can change social practices that affect the health of both sexes, particularly in the context of HIV and AIDS. Too often however, messages only address the harm that regressive masculinity norms cause women, while neglecting the damage done to men by these norms. This article calls for a more inclusive approach which recognizes that men, far from being a monolithic group, have unequal access to health and rights depending on other intersecting forms of discrimination based on race, class, sexuality, disability, nationality, and the like. Messages that target men only as holders of privilege miss men who are disempowered or who themselves challenge rigid gender roles. The article makes recommendations which move beyond treating men simply as "the problem", and instead lays a foundation for engaging men both as agents of change and holders of rights to the ultimate benefit of women and men. Human rights and other policy interventions must avoid regressive stereotyping, and successful local initiatives should be taken to scale nationally and internationally. Language: English Keywords: MIDDLE EAST | AFRICA, NORTH | RESEARCH REPORT | MEN | GENDER ISSUES | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | HUMAN RIGHTS | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | HEALTH SERVICES | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Political Factors | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Problems | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 342680 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Gender and care: access to HIV testing, care, and treatment. Author: Remien RH; Chowdhury J; Mokhbat JE; Soliman C; Adawy ME; El-Sadr W Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2009 Jul 1;51 Suppl 3:S106-10. Abstract: HIV transmission and occurrence of AIDS in the Middle East and North Africa region (MENA) is increasing, while access to ART in the region lags behind most low to middle-income countries. Like in other parts of the world, there is a growing feminization of the epidemic, and men and women each confront unique barriers to adequate HIV prevention and treatment services, while sharing some common obstacles as well. This paper focuses on important gender dimensions of access to HIV testing, care and treatment in the MENA region, including issues related to stigma, religion and morality, gender power imbalances, work status, and migration. Culturally specific policy and programmatic recommendations for improving HIV prevention and treatment in the MENA region are offered. Language: English Keywords: MIDDLE EAST | AFRICA, NORTH | RESEARCH REPORT | GENDER RELATIONS | CARE AND SUPPORT | HIV TESTING | TREATMENT | HIV INFECTIONS | HEALTH POLICY | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Africa | Developing Countries | Gender Issues | Sociocultural Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Policy | Political Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 342682 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: HIV surveillance and epidemic profile in the Middle East and North Africa. Author: Shawky S; Soliman C; Kassak KM; Oraby D; El-Khoury D; Kabore I Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2009 Jul 1;51 Suppl 3:S83-95. Abstract: HIV infection is the most devastating infection that has emerged in the recent history. The risk of being infected can be associated with both individual's knowledge and behavior and community vulnerability influenced by cultural norms, laws, politics, and social practices. Despite that the countries in the Middle East and North Africa have succeeded in keeping low the HIV epidemic rates, the number of identified infected cases are increasing. Since the appearance of the first AIDS cases, all the national authorities devoted their efforts to abort the epidemic in its early stages. The rate of new HIV infections across the Middle East and North Africa region are not at an alarming level, but the need for a concerted effort from nation-states and nongovernmental organizations to stem the spread of the virus across the region is vital.Most countries of the region have put in place better information systems to track the HIV epidemic, yet the passive HIV/AIDS reporting remains the cornerstone in the HIV surveillance systems. Several countries still believe that their current strategies are optimal to the HIV status within their territories and that their national strategies are appropriate to their low epidemic status that is not expected to grow. Additionally, these countries fear that establishing an HIV national program to survey risk behaviors may be perceived as an approval of these behaviors that are culturally and religiously unacceptable. This background article aims to summarize the HIV surveillance strategies and epidemic profile in 17 Arab countries in the Middle East and North Africa. The article, also, displays the national surveillance system and the epidemic profile in Egypt and Lebanon as models for the region. This information aims to provide useful insights that may help the national authorities in finding out the best surveillance strategies that allow merging and collecting biological and risk data which is an integral part of their efforts to fight the HIV epidemic in the region. Language: English Keywords: MIDDLE EAST | AFRICA, NORTH | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMICS | SCREENING | HIV TESTING | HIV INFECTIONS | HIV | Africa | Developing Countries | Diseases | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Viral Diseases Document Number: 342678 |
| 7. Title: The state of Africa's children 2008. Child survival. Author: UNICEF Source: New York, New York, UNICEF, 2008 May. 54 p. Abstract: Every year, the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) publishes The State of the World's Children, the most comprehensive and authoritative report on the world's youngest citizens. The State of the World's Children 2008, published in January 2008, examines the global realities of maternal and child survival and the prospects for meeting the health-related Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) - the targets set by the world community in 2000 for eradicating poverty, reducing child and maternal mortality, combating disease, ensuring environmental sustainability and providing access to affordable medicines in developing countries. This year, UNICEF is also publishing the inaugural edition of The State of Africa's Children. This volume and other forthcoming regional editions complement The State of the World's Children 2008, sharpening from a worldwide to a regional perspective the global report's focus on trends in child survival and health, and outlining possible solutions - by means of programmes, policies and partnerships - to accelerate progress in meeting the Millennium Development Goals. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | AFRICA, NORTH | TECHNICAL REPORT | CHILD HEALTH | CHILD MORTALITY | CHILD SURVIVAL | CAUSES OF DEATH | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | HEALTH POLICY | HEALTH SERVICES ADMINISTRATION | UNICEF | Developing Countries | Africa | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Survivorship | Length of Life | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Maternal-Child Health Services | Organization and Administration | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Management | UN | International Agencies | Organizations Document Number: 327008 |
| 8. Title: What we know about intimate partner violence in the Middle East and North Africa. Author: Boy A; Kulczycki A Source: Violence Against Women. 2008 Jan;14(1):53-70. Abstract: Little is known about intimate partner violence in the Middle East and North Africa. This review synthesizes and critically evaluates the literature. Of 59 studies found, only 21 reported data on the prevalence of such violence or on beliefs regarding its justification, covering just 9 countries. Spousal abuse is pervasive and widely accepted. Victims are of all ages and are more likely to be rural and less educated. National data from Egypt and Jordan indicate almost 9 in 10 ever-married women accept at least one reason for wife beating. Change is possible but will require increased research, coalition building, and intervention efforts. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MIDDLE EAST | AFRICA, NORTH | LITERATURE REVIEW | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | SEXUAL PARTNERS | VIOLENCE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | PREVALENCE | ATTITUDES | RISK FACTORS | INTERVENTIONS | Developing Countries | Africa | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Measurement | Psychological Factors | Biology | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 314043 |
| 9. Title: The environment for women's entrepreneurship in the Middle East and North Africa region. Author: Chamlou N Source: Washington, D.C., World Bank, [2008]. [90] p. Abstract: The objective of the report is to provide a better understanding of barriers to investment and doing business that may be common to all investors and those that affect women entrepreneurs disproportionately. The report examines newly available data from over 5,100 surveyed firms in the formal sector in eight Middle Eastern countries (Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Gaza and the West Bank, and Yemen). These surveys detail firm characteristics and the responses of male- and female-owned firms to questions about perceived barriers along 18 categories of the investment climate. The purpose of the report is threefold: 1) To provide an overview of the characteristics of female-owned firms in the region; 2) To analyze gender-specific barriers that exist across the region or within countries; and 3) To identify other factors outside the business environment that might affect women's entrepreneurship. The report finishes with policy recommendations on how to reduce the identified barriers and create a level playing field for women entrepreneurs. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: MIDDLE EAST | AFRICA, NORTH | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MICROENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT | INVESTMENTS | WOMEN'S STATUS | Developing Countries | Africa | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Financial Activities | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 327307 |
| 10. Title: Abortion in the Middle East and North Africa. Author: Dabash R; Roudi-Fahimi F Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], 2008 Sep. 8 p. (Policy Brief: Gynuity Health Projects) Abstract: Unsafe abortion is one of the most neglected public health challenges in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region where an estimated one in four pregnancies are unintended--wanting to have a child later or wanting no more children. Many women with unintended pregnancies resort to clandestine abortions that are not safe. According to the World Health Organization, around 1.5 million abortions in MENA in 2003 were performed in unsanitary settings, by unskilled providers, or both. Complications from those abortions accounted for 11 percent of maternal deaths in the region. Abortion is one of the oldest medical practices, evidence of which dates back to ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome. Abortion techniques used by Egyptian pharaohs were documented in the ancient Ebers Papyrus (1550 B.C.). It is believed that during the Middle Ages, abortion techniques were adopted and accepted by Western Europe and later diffused across the globe. Today, medical and scientific advances have made abortion a safe procedure when offered under medical supervision and with high standards of care. Yet each year, thousands of women in the developing world die and millions more are left with temporary or permanent disabilities because of unsafe abortion. This policy brief explores the public health concerns surrounding abortion in MENA and discusses ways to make it both rarer and safer. Language: English Keywords: MIDDLE EAST | AFRICA, NORTH | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | ABORTION | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | ABORTION LAW | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | POSTABORTION CARE | Africa | Developing Countries | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 323117 Notification |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Starting young: Sexual initiation and HIV prevention in early adolescence. Author: Dixon-Mueller R Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2008;:[10] p. Abstract: The rising numbers of new HIV infections among young people ages 15-24 in many developing countries, especially among young women, signal an urgent need to identify and respond programmatically to behaviors and situations that contribute to the spread of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in early adolescence. Quantitative and qualitative studies of the sexual knowledge and practices of adolescents age 14 and younger reveal that substantial numbers of boys and girls in many countries engage in unprotected heterosexual vaginal intercourse - by choice or coercion - before their 15th birthdays. Early initiation into male-male or male-female oral and/or anal sex is also documented in some populations. Educational, health, and social programs must reach 10-14-year-olds as well as older adolescents with the information, skills, services, and supplies (condoms, contraceptives) they need to negotiate their own protection from unwanted and/or unsafe sexual practices and to respect the rights of others. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | AFRICA, NORTH | ASIA | LATIN AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | ADOLESCENTS | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEXUAL ABUSE | ANAL SEX | ORAL SEX | HIV PREVENTION | KNOWLEDGE | Developing Countries | Africa | Americas | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 326104 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Imported malaria in HIV-infected patients enrolled in the ANRS CO4 FHDH study. Author: Mouala C; Houze S; Guiguet M; Abboud P; Pialoux G Source: JAIDS. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2008 Sep 1;49(1):55-60. Abstract: BACKGROUND: To describe episodes of imported malaria in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients and to study the risk factors for severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria. METHODS: Patients enrolled in the French Hospital Database on HIV who were diagnosed with a first episode of malaria between 1996 and 2003 were included. The severity of P. falciparum imported malaria was graded with World Health Organization criteria. Geographic areas were classified according to P. falciparum chemoresistance. Risk factors for severe malaria were identified with logistic regression. RESULTS: We studied 190 patients infected by P. falciparum in 178 cases. All but four of the patients were infected in sub-Saharan Africa, and half were returning from a country with a high P. falciparum chloroquine resistance. Their median age was 37.5 years, and 57% came from a country endemic with malaria. The median CD4 cell count was 299/mm, and the median plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA load was 4.5log10 copies/mL. Sixty-five (36.5%) episodes of P. falciparum malaria were severe. Severe imported malaria was associated with CD4 cells/mm <350 (odds ratio = 2.58; 95% confidence interval: 1.19 to 5.57). The risk of severe malaria was lower in patients returning from a country with a high prevalence of chemoresistance (odds ratio = 0.50; 95% confidence interval: 0.25 to 0.99). CONCLUSIONS: Severe imported malaria in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients is associated with decreased CD4 cell count. The risk seems lower when P. falciparum infection was acquired in areas of high prevalence of chemoresistance. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, NORTH | RESEARCH REPORT | ADULTS | MIDDLE AGED ADULTS | HIV INFECTIONS | HIV TRANSMISSION | MALARIA | PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS | RISK FACTORS | TRAVELERS | Africa | Developing Countries | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Parasitic Diseases | Biology | Travel and Tourism | Behavior Document Number: 328256 |
| 13. Title: Advancing research to inform reproductive health policies: the Middle East and North Africa. Author: Roudi-Fahimi F; Ashford L; Khalil K Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], 2008 Jul. 8 p. (Policy Brief: Middle East and North Africa Program (MENA)) Abstract: Sexuality and reproduction are among the most fundamental aspects of life. Yet they often receive little attention in public policy discussions because of cultural and political sensitivities, particularly in the Middle East and North Africa. As the capacity to conduct research on the social and medical aspects of sexual and reproductive health expands in the region, researchers have a greater opportunity to address current policy questions. Decisionmakers in the MENA region need accurate and comprehensive information on who suffers from sexual and reproductive health problems, the nature and extent of these problems, and what works best to address them. When researchers present their findings in a timely and accessible manner, decisionmakers can better use the information for policy change and program improvements. This policy brief discusses current research needs in the MENA region, drawing in part from a 2007 report produced by the Global Forum for Health Research and the World Health Organization, Research Issues in Sexual and Reproductive Health for Low- and Middle-Income Countries. It also presents a framework that illustrates how scientific evidence can be used in the policymaking process to change policies and improve programs that will ultimately improve people's sexual and reproductive health. Language: English Keywords: MIDDLE EAST | AFRICA, NORTH | RECOMMENDATIONS | RESEARCH PROPOSAL | INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES | HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | HEALTH POLICY | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | WOMEN'S HEALTH | PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | Africa | Developing Countries | Health | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Family Planning | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Planning | Organization and Administration | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Programs Document Number: 323118 |
| 14. Title: Fertility declining in the Middle East. Author: Roudi-Fahimi F; Kent MM Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], 2008 Apr. [4] p. Abstract: The Middle East and North Africa includes some of the world's fastest growing countries, and the region as a whole saw its population quadruple in the second part of the 20th century, from 104 million to 400 million. It added another 32 million by 2007. But growth of the mainly Arab countries of the Middle East and North Africa has been slowed by a veritable revolution in marriage and childbearing in recent decades. While a young population structure ensures momentum for future growth, the pace has slackened thanks to fertility declines in some of the region's largest countries. MEAN's total fertility rate (TFR), or average number of children born per woman, declined from about seven children in 1960 to three children in 2006. The decline started first in Lebanon, then in a few other countries, including Egypt, Iran, and Tunisia. These last three countries were among the first to adopt policies to lower fertility as a way to slow population growth. In Iran, Lebanon, Tunisia, and Turkey, fertility was at or below the replacement level of about 2.1 children per woman. Yemen's TFR has edged downward, but remains the region's highest at 6.2 in 2005. Israel's TFR was the region's lowest in the 1950s, but has not declined as far as in many other countries. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: MIDDLE EAST | AFRICA, NORTH | TECHNICAL REPORT | FERTILITY DECLINE | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | SOCIAL CHANGE | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | WOMEN'S STATUS | FEMALE ROLE | Developing Countries | Africa | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Marriage | Nuptiality | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior Document Number: 325839 |
| 15. Title: Sexual and reproductive health in the Middle East and North Africa: A guide for reporters. Author: Roudi-Fahimi F; Ashford L Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], 2008. 84 p. Abstract: Sexual and reproductive health is a broad concept encompassing health and well-being in matters related to sexual relations, pregnancies, and births. It deals with the most intimate and private aspects of people's lives, which can be difficult to write about or discuss publicly, particularly in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Cultural sensitivities and taboos surrounding sexuality are particularly pronounced in the MENA region, and make the role of the media vital in providing objective information about sexual and reproductive health matters. The media has the power to break the culture of silence that surrounds sexual and reproductive health, a silence that all too often prevents people from seeking information and care and prevents governments from putting the issues on their development agendas. This guide aims to bring together the latest available data on sexual and reproductive health for countries in the MENA region, to help journalists educate the public and make the case for policymakers that poor sexual and reproductive health contributes to social inequalities and hinders social and economic development. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, NORTH | MIDDLE EAST | TECHNICAL REPORT | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FAMILY PLANNING | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | MATERNAL HEALTH | HIV | AIDS | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | CERVICAL CANCER | CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION | JOURNALISM | JOURNALISTS | Developing Countries | Africa | Health | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraception | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Cancer | Neoplasms | Ethics | Mass Media | Communication | Communications Personnel Document Number: 326914 |
| 16. Title: Numbers of women circumcised in Africa: The production of a total. Author: Yoder PS; Khan S Source: Calverton, Maryland, Macro International, MEASURE DHS, 2008 Mar. 19 p. (DHS Working Papers No. 39USAID Contract No. GPO-C-00-03-00002-00) Abstract: The text provides a total number and accounts of its derivation for women 15 years old and older in African countries who have been circumcised. The estimates do not include girls younger than 15 years old, although Appendix A provides an estimate for girls 10-14 years old. Two types of data are needed for such calculations: a reliable estimate of the number of women 15 years old and older for each country, and a national prevalence rate for FGC for the same women. After a brief discussion of the importance of obtaining numbers as accurate as possible, the text describes the procedures used to estimate the numbers of women circumcised in countries with population-based national surveys. The next section describes how prevalence estimates were done for the countries without such data. The report concludes with a discussion of the assumptions made and the relative strength of the calculations used. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, NORTH | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | TECHNICAL REPORT | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | WOMEN | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | PREVALENCE | MEASUREMENT | Developing Countries | Africa | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 326391 |
| 17. Title: Changing trends in bacterial infections: Staphylococcus aureus, bacterial pneumonia, clostridium difficile. Source: Topics in HIV Medicine. 2007 Jun-Jul;15(3):94-98. Abstract: Changing bacterial diseases in the general population of which HIV practitioners should be aware include: new staphylococcal syndromes caused by community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300 strains (eg, necrotizing skin infections, pneumonia, fasciitis); continued high rates of community-acquired pneumonia in the potent antiretroviral therapy era; increased rates and severity of Clostridium difficile-associated disease due to the fl uoroquinolone-resistant NAP1 strain, and the new scare from extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis, primarily as a potential threat to health care in Africa. This article summarizes a presentation on important bacterial infections made by John G. Bartlett, MD, at the International AIDS Society-USA course in New York in March 2007. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | AFRICA, NORTH | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | DRUG RESISTANCE | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | HIV INFECTIONS | COMPLICATIONS | PNEUMONIA | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | TUBERCULOSIS | DIRECTLY OBSERVED THERAPY SHORT-COURSE (DOTS) | Developing Countries | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Infections | Pulmonary Effects | Physiology | Biology | HIV Document Number: 319491 |
| 18. Title: G8's promises to Africa [editorial] Source: Lancet. 2007 Jun 2;369(9576):1833. Abstract: In July, 2005, the G8 met in Gleneagles, Scotland to discuss, among other topics, poverty in Africa. In attendance were the leaders of the world's major industrial democracies. Together these nations - Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the UK, and the USA - account for two-thirds of the world's income and provide two-thirds of the world's development aid. At the end of the 3-day summit, the G8 leaders promised to boost aid to all developing nations to US$50 billion a year by 2010, with most of this new aid, at least $25 billion, to go to Africa. They also called for the cancellation of debts owed by eligible heavily indebted countries to the International Development Association, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the World Bank, trade agreements to spur investment in and open markets for African nations, and security initiatives to reduce conflict on the continent. The G8 leaders predicted that if their plan for Africa were implemented it would make it possible to deliver free basic health care and primary education for all and to provide near-universal access to treatment to people with HIV/AIDS by 2010 and to double the size of Africa's economy and trade by 2015. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | AFRICA | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | AFRICA, NORTH | CRITIQUE | POLICYMAKERS | FOREIGN AID | POVERTY | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | GOALS | Developing Countries | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Planning Document Number: 317190 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: "Homophobia is fuelling the AIDS epidemic in Africa." Source: CMAJ. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2007 Oct 23;177(9):1017. Abstract: Homosexuals are a key contributor to rising infection numbers in many African and Middle East countries, according to research findings presented at a June meeting in Rwanda of people who implement HIV prevention and care programs. Stigma and sex discrimination against gays are widespread and, with the exception of South Africa, homosexuality is criminalized in Africa. This means homosexuals are rarely reached by AIDS campaigns, while lubricants they use have often resulted in frequent breakage of condoms, said researchers. The annual meeting, organized by the US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, was for the first time coorganized with WHO, UNAIDS, UNICEF and the Global Network of People Living with HIV/AIDS. The International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission's Cary Johnson said African lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender communities were being decimated with a speed and breadth reminiscent of the impact of the epidemic on gay men in New York, San Francisco and other North American and European cities in the 1980s. "Sero-prevalence rates among [homosexuals] are higher than in the general population.... Homophobia is fuelling the AIDS epidemic in Africa," said Johnson. Research by the Population Council at the Kenyan tourist city of Mombasa involving 425 male sex workers revealed that while 58% reported using a condom during anal sex with their last male client, only 36% consistently used condoms. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: RWANDA | INDIA | CAMBODIA | AFRICA, NORTH | MIDDLE EAST | LATIN AMERICA | SUMMARY REPORT | HOMOSEXUALS | POPULATION AT RISK | AIDS | STIGMA | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | HIV INFECTIONS | TRANSMISSION | HUMAN RIGHTS | CAMPAIGNS | CONDOM USE | Developing Countries | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Asia, Southern | Asia | Asia, Southeastern | Americas | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Infections | Political Factors | Communication Programs | Communication | Risk Reduction Behavior Document Number: 321638 |
| 20. Title: Middle East and North Africa Region final report, March 2005 - June 2007. USAID's Implementing AIDS Prevention and Care (IMPACT) project. Author: Family Health International [FHI]. Implementing AIDS Prevention and Care Project [IMPACT] Source: Arlington, Virginia, FHI, 2007 Sep. [28] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-97-00017-00) Abstract: Between 2005 and 2007, FHI/Egypt focused its skills and abilities on reducing the spread of HIV/AIDS in the Middle East and North Africa (MEAN) region. Activities were conducted under the Implementing AIDS Prevention and Care Project (IMPACT), funded by the United States Agency for International Development/Asia Near East Bureau (USAID/ANE). The decision to work in MEAN was instrumental in bringing attention to efforts to stop the spread of HIV. Despite a lack of quality HIV surveillance data in MEAN, the HIV epidemic in the region is generally assumed to be in a nascent stage of development. Existing data suggest that HIV is expanding in traditional high-risk groups, though in some countries there is nosocomial transmission related to unsafe blood practices in healthcare settings. Of particular concern is the risk of HIV infection among injection drug users (IDUs), particularly in Bahrain, Libya and Iran; more than 90 percent of documented HIV infections in Libya and Iran are IDU related. IDU-related HIV has also been reported in Algeria, Egypt, Kuwait, Morocco, Oman and Tunisia. Less is known about the HIV status of sex workers and men who have sex with men (MSM) due to high levels of stigma. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: MIDDLE EAST | AFRICA, NORTH | EVALUATION REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | TARGET POPULATION | USAID | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | CAPACITY BUILDING | WORKSHOPS | Developing Countries | Africa | Evaluation | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Design | Programs | Organization and Administration | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Program Sustainability | Education Document Number: 322041 |
| 21. Title: Religious leaders in response to HIV / AIDS. Author: Family Health International [FHI]. Implementing AIDS Prevention and Care Project [IMPACT] Source: [Arlington, Virginia], FHI, 2007 Jun. 14 p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-97-00017-00USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse DocID / Order No. PD-ADJ-432) Abstract: The objective of the enlistment of religious leaders in the response to HIV/AIDS is to increase awareness of the ways the virus is spread, encourage safe sex practices, reduce the stigma attached to HIV/AIDS and PLHA, eliminate discrimination against PLHA and reinforce the religious values found in both religions that focus on fidelity, avoiding adultery and promoting compassion for the sick and suffering. Religious leaders were chosen specifically for their wide reaching impact and their deep penetration into society. Religious leaders in the region play a vital role in shaping social values and norms. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: MIDDLE EAST | AFRICA, NORTH | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | COMMUNITY | RELIGION | LEADERSHIP | HIV PREVENTION | CULTURE | WORKSHOPS | GROUP MEETING | TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE | Developing Countries | Africa | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Education | Communication | Programs Document Number: 321930 |
| 22. Title: Young adolescents' sexual and reproductive health and rights: Middle East and North Africa. Author: International Women's Health Coalition [IWHC] Source: New York, New York, IWHC, 2007 Oct. 4 p. (On Health and Rights) Abstract: International agreements affirm that adolescents have a right to age-appropriate sexual and reproductive health information, education, and services that enable them to deal positively and responsibly with their sexuality. Programs and policies are typically designed for older adolescents, however. This brief-part of the International Women's Health Coalition's series on young adolescents-uses evidence on their sexual and reproductive knowledge and behaviors to argue for more responsive policies and programs in the Middle East and North Africa, and globally. We define all boys and girls between the ages of 10 and 14 as young adolescents. Despite their geographical spread and diverse politics, countries in this region share certain characteristics that shape the sexual and reproductive behavior of adolescents. Populations are predominantly Muslim, and while some countries are governed by fundamentalist regimes that limit girls' mobility, dress, and comportment, others are more liberal. Premarital sex is generally taboo, especially for women, and may even be punishable by imprisonment or other harsh penalties. Although many parents still choose a marital partner for their daughter or (less so) son, in some settings parents increasingly agree that their daughter-usually in her twenties when she marries-should make the final decision. Although still at low levels, HIV/AIDS appears to be spreading in the region, fuelled in large part by increases in injecting drug use, commercial sex work, and sex with multiple partners. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: MIDDLE EAST | AFRICA, NORTH | PROGRESS REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | SEX BEHAVIOR | HEALTH POLICY | FIRST INTERCOURSE | AGE FACTORS | CHILD MARRIAGE | SEX EDUCATION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | ADOLESCENT HEALTH SERVICES | Developing Countries | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Human Rights | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Behavior | Policy | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Education | Health | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 322590 |
| 23. Title: Educational responses to HIV and AIDS for refugees and internally displaced persons: discussion paper for decision-makers. Author: UNESCO; United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees [UNHCR] Source: Paris, France, UNESCO, Education Sector, Division for the Coordination of UN Priorities in Education, Section on HIV and AIDS, 2007 Jan. 31 p. Available in French: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001493/149356f.pdf and Arabic: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001493/149356a.pdf Abstract: It examines the current situation with regard to conflict, displacement and HIV, and notes the protection risks faced by refugees and Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs). It recognises the importance of education for affected populations, and refers to the existing and significant work undertaken to develop minimum standards for education in emergency situations. The paper then focuses on the key components of education sector responses to HIV and AIDS, and addresses the policy and programmatic measures required to address the prevention, treatment, care and support needs of refugees and IDPs as well as the HIV-related stigma and discrimination that they often face. The paper concludes with a number of recommendations, including a call to ministries of education, civil society organizations, and their development partners to: Coordinate HIV and AIDS education for refugees and IDPs with other educational initiatives at the country, sub-national and organizational levels in order to avoid duplication of efforts and to maximise the effective use of human, financial and material resources. Promote the principles put forward in the Dakar Framework for Action, including the achievement of the six Education for All (EFA) goals by 2015. Meaningfully involve communities in programme development, implementation, monitoring and evaluation. Scale up and make programmes more comprehensive over time and across displacement phases. Customise the message in consultation with the community. Monitor and evaluate programmes to guide future actions and take corrective measures when needed. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | AFRICA, NORTH | SUMMARY REPORT | CURRICULUM | REFUGEES | INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS | VIOLENCE | WAR | EDUCATION | HIV | STIGMA | SEXUAL EXPLOITATION | CHILD ABUSE | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | KNOWLEDGE | TREATMENT | PROMOTION | IMPLEMENTATION | INTERVENTIONS | Developing Countries | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Settlement and Resettlement | Behavior | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Problems | Crime | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Marketing | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 318270 |
| 24. Title: Poliomyelitis eradication in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: progress report 2006. Author: World Health Organization [WHO]. Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean Source: Cairo, Egypt, WHO, Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, 2007. 35 p. (WHO-EM/POL/350/E) Abstract: Great progress has been achieved in poliomyelitis eradication in the Eastern Mediterranean Region since the start of the initiative. In 1988, all countries of the Region except Kuwait reported poliomyelitis cases. By end of 2006, polio was reported from only three countries. In 2006, the number of confirmed poliomyelitis cases due to wild poliovirus in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (107) was the lowest ever recorded in the Region. Of the reported cases, 71 were from the two endemic countries, Pakistan (40) and Afghanistan (31), and 36 were from countries that were reinfected and experienced outbreaks due to imported poliovirus, Somalia (35) and Yemen (1). During 2006, Egypt was declared polio-free and Sudan regained its polio-free status. The last case in Yemen had onset in February 2006. By the end of 2006, circulation of the wild virus in the Region was restricted to limited areas in Pakistan, and there have been prolonged periods with no cases in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The same also is noted in re-infected Somalia, where circulation is apparently restricted to one area. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ASIA, SOUTHERN | AFRICA, NORTH | PROGRESS REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | TARGET POPULATION | POLIO | DISEASE PREVENTION | IMMUNIZATION | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE | FOREIGN AID | Developing Countries | Asia | Africa | Research Methodology | Program Design | Programs | Organization and Administration | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Prevention and Control | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Financial Activities | Economic Factors Document Number: 325457 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Prevention of HIV by male circumcision. Author: Abdool Karim Q Source: BMJ. British Medical Journal. 2007 Jul 7;335(7609):4-5. Abstract: Three randomised controlled trials consistently show that medically performed male circumcision can reduce the acquisition of HIV infection in men by at least 50%. In east Africa and southern Africa-where rates of new HIV infections are high and circumcision rates are low-modelling studies estimate that circumcision could reduce the incidence of HIV in men by 50-60%. Clearly, the size of this effect would be determined by uptake. If uptake were 100%, an estimated 2 million new infections and 0.3 million deaths in sub-Saharan Africa would be averted over 10 years, and up to 5.7 million new infections would be averted over 20 years. In a setting like Orange Farm in South Africa where one of the trials was performed, a 50% uptake of male circumcision could avert 32 000-53 000 new infections over 20 years. Conclusions about the effect of male circumcision on the acquisition of HIV in women are awaiting the completion of a trial in Rakai, which is expected in 2008. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | AFRICA, NORTH | CRITIQUE | MEN | HIV PREVENTION | MALE CIRCUMCISION | SURGERY | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | TRAINING PROGRAMS | COMPLICATIONS | HEALTH SERVICES | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Treatment | Education Document Number: 318315 |
| 26. Title: Female genital mutilation: The situation in Africa and in France. Author: Andro A; Lesclingand M Source: Population and Societies. 2007 Oct;(438):1-4. Abstract: To combat female genital mutilation (FGM) in France, we need to know more about the populations of women concerned - mainly of African origin - and the practice of FGM in their home countries. Armelle Andro and Marie Lesclingand explain that the situation varies from one African country to another, independently of religion. For France, they attempt to quantify the number of women who have already undergone genital mutilation and present an upcoming survey to assess the health consequences of this practice so that these women's needs can be better addressed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: FRANCE | AFRICA, NORTH | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH PROPOSAL | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | RISK FACTORS | HARMFUL TRADITIONAL PRACTICES | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Developing Countries | Africa | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Biology | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 321668 |
| 27. Title: Epidemiological factors that promote the development of severe malaria anaemia in children in Ibadan. Author: Anumudu CI; Okafor CM; Ngwumohaike V; Afolabi KA; Nwuba RI Source: African Health Sciences. 2007 Jun;7(2):80-85. Abstract: Effective control and management of severe malaria cases depends on a clear understanding of the local epidemiological factors and specific clinical manifestations of the disease in the different endemic regions. The objectives were to determine the prevalence of severe malaria and epidemiological factors that affect the development of malaria anaemia. A cross-sectional survey was carried out among children below 5 years of age, at the Adeoyo State Maternity Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. Questionnaires and case histories were taken from patients clinically diagnosed of malaria. Thus, 372 volunteers were recruited into the study from the 3131 paediatric cases that reported over the 10-week period to the out-patient department (OPD) of the hospital. 229 (61.6%) of the recruited volunteers presented with fever (>37.5 °C) at consultation. These had malaria parasite and PCV tests done. Clinical diagnosis was confirmed microscopically in 78% (290/372) for Plasmodium infection using thick film slides. Anaemia (PCV < 28%) prevalence was 28.2%. Factors that contributed to the rapid progression of uncomplicated malaria to severe status included: age of the child, level of parasitaemia, careless response and attitude of parents or guardians to fever in the children; parents' preoccupation with their jobs or other healthy children and unwillingness to use available health facilities. The study underscores the need for community involved partnership for malaria control especially through health education for the home management of malaria, especially among those experiencing some form of inequity in access to healthcare. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | AFRICA, NORTH | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | SURVEYS | CHILDREN | MALARIA | PREVALENCE | ANEMIA | EPIDEMIOLOGY | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | TREATMENT | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Studies | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Public Health | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 319277 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: The metrics and correlates of physician migration from Africa. Author: Arah OA Source: BMC Public Health. 2007 May 17;7(1):83. Abstract: Physician migration from poor to rich countries is considered an important contributor to the growing health workforce crisis in the developing world. This is particularly true for Africa. The perceived magnitude of such migration for each source country might, however, depend on the choice of metrics used in the analysis. This study examined the influence of choice of migration metrics on the rankings of African countries that suffered the most physician migration, and investigated the correlates of physician migration. Ranking and correlational analyses were conducted on African physician migration data adjusted for bilateral net flows, and supplemented with developmental, economic and health system data. The setting was the 53 African birth countries of African-born physicians working in nine wealthier destination countries. Three metrics of physician migration were used: total number of physician émigrés; emigration fraction defined as the proportion of the potential physician pool working in destination countries; and physician migration density defined as the number of physician émigrés per 1000 population of the African source country. Rankings based on any of the migration metrics differed substantially from those based on the other two metrics. Although the emigration fraction and physician migration density metrics gave proportionality to the migration crisis, only the latter was consistently associated with source countries' workforce capacity, health, health spending, economic and development characteristics. As such, higher physician migration density was seen among African countries with relatively higher health workforce capacity (0.401 less than or equal to r less than or equal to 0.694, p less than or equal to 0.011), health status, health spending, and development. The perceived magnitude of physician migration is sensitive to the choice of metrics. Complementing the emigration fraction, the physician migration density is a metric which gives a different but proportionate picture of which African countries stand to lose relatively more of its physicians with unchecked migration. The nature of health policies geared at health-worker migration can be expected to depend on the choice of migration metrics. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | AFRICA, NORTH | RESEARCH REPORT | PHYSICIANS | MIGRATION | LABOR FORCE | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | HEALTH SERVICES | HEALTH POLICY | ECONOMIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Human Resources | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 313530 |
| 29. Title: Africa's youthful population: risk or opportunity? Author: Ashford LS Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], Bringing Information to Decisionmakers for Global Effectiveness [BRIDGE], 2007. [4] p. Abstract: Africa's young people will be the driving force behind economic prosperity in future decades, but only if policies and programs are in place to enhance their opportunities and encourage smaller families. A cycle of positive outcomes can result from having a larger, better-educated workforce with fewer children to support-children who will in turn be more educated and employable, provided that institutions are strengthened and viable economic policies are in place. This policy brief outlines the opportunities and risks that can result from the large numbers of youth growing up in sub-Saharan Africa today. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | AFRICA, NORTH | PROGRESS REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | YOUTH | POLICYMAKERS | POPULATION | WORKERS | LABOR FORCE | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | AGE DISTRIBUTION CHANGES | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Age Distribution Document Number: 318957 |
| 30. Title: Taking on the opposition, male circumcision and other themes [editorial] Author: Berer M Source: Reproductive Health Matters. 2007 May;15(29):6-8. Abstract: THIS journal issue has at least two themes. The originally announced theme is about strategies for taking on the opposition to sexual and reproductive health and rights. Not surprisingly, abortion is the subject of several of the papers. Interestingly, the issues of support and opposition in relation to abortion law and policy are analysed from the point of view of Islam in the Middle East and North Africa (Hessini), the role of the parliament in reforming the abortion law from a gender and political perspective in democratic Spain, knowledge and perceptions of ordinary people vs. the churches and government in Trinidad & Tobago (Martin et al), the stories of women who had unsafe abortions in Australia prior to legal reform and the process of taking a case to liberalise the abortion law to the Constitutional Court in Colombia. But abortion is not the only subject of papers for this theme. Opposition to emergency contraception in Latin America is the focus of two papers, one about the changing political stance of different governments and the influence of that and of right-wing lobbyists on a major donor in Peru and the other about the opposition of the Catholic church in Latin America to emergency contraception, with examples from Peru, Brazil and Chile, and a scientific and conceptual analysis of the origins of that opposition. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: MIDDLE EAST | AFRICA | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | AFRICA, NORTH | SPAIN | TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO | AUSTRALIA | COLOMBIA | LATIN AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | MALE CIRCUMCISION | INTEREST GROUPS | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | ABORTION LAW | POLICY | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | POLITICAL FACTORS | Developing Countries | Europe, Southwestern | Europe | Developed Countries | Caribbean | Americas | Oceania | South America, Northern | South America | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Sociocultural Factors | Human Rights | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Contraception Document Number: 316689 Notification |
 |
||
 |
Information & Knowledge for Optimal Health (INFO) Project 111 Market Place Suite 310, Baltimore, MD 21202 Phone: 410-659-6300 Fax: 410-659-6266 Security & Privacy Policy |  |