1.  Title: Minors' rights as parents. State policies in brief as of January 1, 2007. Author: Guttmacher Institute Source: New York, New York, Guttmacher Institute, 2007 Jan 1. [3] p. Abstract: Many states require parental involvement in a minor's decision to terminate a pregnancy. In sharp contrast, states overwhelmingly consider minors who are parents to be capable of making critical decisions affecting the health and welfare of their children without their own parents' knowledge or consent. Nearly every state permits minor parents to place a child for adoption, although some require an adult to be involved in the process in some capacity. Moreover, most states authorize minor parents to make health decisions for their children, and some allow minor parents to authorize surgery. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA | ADOLESCENTS | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | ABORTION LAW | DECISION MAKING | ADOPTION | NOTIFICATION | PARENTS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Behavior | Child Rearing | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household Document Number: 310883 Notification |
| 2. Title: An overview of minors' consent laws. State policies in brief as of January 1, 2007. Author: Guttmacher Institute Source: New York, New York, Guttmacher Institute, 2007 Jan 1. [2] p. Abstract: The legal ability of minors to consent to a range of sensitive health care services--including sexual and reproductive health care, mental health services and alcohol and drug abuse treatment--has expanded dramatically over the past 30 years. This trend reflects the recognition that, while parental involvement in minors' health care decisions is desirable, many minors will not avail themselves of important services if they are forced to involve their parents. With regard to sexual and reproductive health care, many states explicitly permit all or some minors to obtain contraceptive, prenatal and STD services without parental involvement. Moreover, nearly every state permits minor parents to make important decisions on their own regarding their children. In sharp contrast, the majority of states require parental involvement in a minor's abortion. In most cases, state consent laws apply to all minors age 12 and older. In some cases, however, states allow only certain groups of minors--such as those who are married, pregnant or already parents--to consent. Several states have no relevant policy or case law; in these states, physicians commonly provide medical care without parental consent to minors they deem mature, particularly if the state allows minors to consent to related services. The following chart contains seven categories of state law that affect a minor's right to consent. Further information on these issues can be obtained by clicking on the column headings. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ADOLESCENTS | PARENTAL CONSENT | LEGISLATION | CONTRACEPTION | ABORTION LAW | ADOPTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | TREATMENT | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning | Fertility Control, Postconception | Child Rearing | Behavior | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 310886 Notification |
| 3. Title: Adoption practices among couples with secondary infertility in Karachi: a triangulation study design. Author: Ali TS; Sami N Source: Journal of Pakistan Medical Association. 2007 Feb;57(2):55-59. Abstract: The objective was to explore the perceptions and experiences of couples with secondary infertility regarding adoption practices; to estimate the prevalence of adoption among couples with secondary infertility, and to study the adopted child preference pattern. To fulfill the objectives of the study both qualitative and quantitative study designs were utilized. In qualitative explorative study design, three Focus Group discussions were conducted with married fertile women to explore their perceptions for adoption practices. Moreover, eight in-depth interviews were conducted with women with secondary infertility to explore their experiences. For quantitative methodology, a case series of 400 secondary infertile couples was conducted. Qualitative methodology result suggests that adoption is the last option for infertile couples. Couples often take this as a "Totka", that when they adopt a child, they could end up having their own baby. The husband's family is usually preferred for adopting a child. The results of quantitative component suggest that the prevalence of adoption among 400 women is 7%. Less than half of the respondents (49.3%) reported to ever having thought of adopting a child to cope with the secondary infertility. The main decision maker for adoption of child is the husband (17%) and the mother-in-law (68%). Though majority of these women (72.5%) were supported by their husbands, however, in-laws and relatives were reluctant to pursue this option and less than one third (29%) of these women had a support from them. This study concludes that couples ever thought of or opted for adoption after prolonged duration of secondary infertility. In cases where the condition cannot be treated, it is necessary to counsel, not only the couple but also the in-laws. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH | FOCUS GROUPS | COUPLES | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | INFERTILITY | DECISION MAKING | ADOPTION | COUNSELING | TREATMENT | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Behavior | Child Rearing | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 313222 |
4.  Title: Abandonment, adoption and reproductive disruption: Transitions in child circulation in Mexico City, 1880 - 1910. Author: Blum AS Source: Childhood. 2007 Aug;14(3):321-338. Abstract: To explore meanings attached to children in Mexican society, this article examines two changing aspects of child circulation, a widespread reproductive disruption to the families of Mexico City's working poor. In the late 1890s, a rapid rise in admissions to the public foundling home was matched by a striking increase in retrievals. At the other end of the social spectrum, growing preference for adopting infants and young children indicates that adoption was becoming an acceptable means of forming families among the middle and upper classes. Changes in welfare policy encouraged both trends. This convergence of family practice and public policy illuminates transitions in concepts of infancy and early childhood informed by a consolidating ethic of protected childhood. These dynamics prefigured the emergence of child protection legislation in the 1910s and the expansion of welfare services in the 1920s and 1930s. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | CRITIQUE | HISTORICAL REVIEW | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | ADOPTION | SOCIAL WELFARE | SOCIAL POLICY | FAMILY POLICY | SOCIAL PROTECTION | GOVERNMENT | CULTURE | SOCIAL CLASS | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Child Rearing | Behavior | Economic Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 313815 |
| 5. Title: Religious legal traditions, Muslim states and convention on the rights of the child: An essay on the relevant UN documentation. Author: Hashemi K Source: Human Rights Quarterly. 2007 Feb;29(1):194-227. Abstract: Along with the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) has received the most religion-based reservations by Muslim states on various articles and/or on the treaty as a whole. Conversely, the Convention is the only international treaty that contains an explicit reference to Islamic law. Based on relevant United Nations documentation, this article undertakes a comparative study in order to elaborate upon ways that religious legal traditions impact upon implementation of the Convention by Muslim states. The article also examines the relevance of the reservations to the implementations of the treaty by reserving states. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MIDDLE EAST | SUMMARY REPORT | CHILD | CHILD MARRIAGE | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | ISLAM | RELIGION | HUMAN RIGHTS | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | MARRIAGE AGE | ADOPTION | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Political Factors | Social Problems | Child Rearing Document Number: 312023 |
| 6. Title: Choosing to move: Child agency on Peru's margins. Author: Leinaweaver JB Source: Childhood. 2007 Aug;14(3):375-392. Abstract: This article links research into constructions of childhood and child agency to anthropological studies of young people's informal adoption and state involvement in family arrangements. It analyses the life history of a young Peruvian woman who deliberately chose to move into an orphanage. The multiple points at which individual and family plans and efforts are shaped by broader political economic matters are addressed in a discussion of how urban Andean families, and in particular their children, use local orphanages as a part of their strategies for individual and family advancement. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PERU | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | EVENT HISTORY ANALYSIS | CHILDREN | URBAN POPULATION | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | EXTENDED FAMILY | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL | ADOPTION | POLITICAL FACTORS | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | FOSTERING | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Analysis | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Family Characteristics | Anthropology | Social Sciences | Science | Child Rearing | Behavior | Economic Factors Document Number: 319469 |
| 7. Title: The state and children's fate: Reproduction in traumatic times. Author: Leinaweaver JB; Fonseca C Source: Childhood. 2007;14(3):291-299. Abstract: This article introduces a special issue on the meaning of children in violent, uncertain times. It is framed in terms of the political-economy aspects of adoption, focusing on the local occurrences that make international adoption possible, from legal determinations of abandonment to wartime and postwar parenting. The article argues that government and civil institutions contain and shape children in the context of the dual oppressions of violence and socioeconomic inequality, and works to destabilize normative depictions of social reproduction, outlining a programme of study where aspects of children's lives are understood in line with their complex historical conditions. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | CHILDREN | VIOLENCE | POLITICAL FACTORS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | ADOPTION | MIGRATION | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | WAR | INEQUALITIES | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Child Rearing | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Factors | Biology Document Number: 319663 |
| 8. Title: Available motherhood: Legal technologies, 'state of exception' and the dekinning of 'war-babies' in Bangladesh. Author: Mookherjee N Source: Childhood. 2007 Aug;14(3):339-354. Abstract: This article takes an ethnographical approach to explore the 'state of exception' through which legal technologies of abortion and adoption of 'war-babies' (children born as a result of wartime rapes) in the Bangladesh war enabled the dekinning and elimination of certain childhoods while the raped women were rekinned within legitimate heterosexual motherhoods. The role of the law in guaranteeing an erasure of blood relations ensured the regulation and availability of women's reproductive capacity and the categorization of the child by the state. Through this process, the Bangladeshi family planning programme was institutionalized, in the context of bilateral foreign aid relating to population control. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | CRITIQUE | MOTHERS | LAWS AND STATUTES | WAR | RAPE | WOMEN | WOMEN'S STATUS | SOCIAL PROTECTION | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | ABORTION | ABORTION LAW | ADOPTION | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Political Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Child Rearing | Behavior Document Number: 313816 Notification |
| 9. Title: Fantasies about pregnancy and motherhood reported by fertile adult women under hemodialysis in the Brazilian Southeast: a clinical-qualitative study. Author: Nazario RD; Turato ER Source: Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem. 2007 Jan-Feb;15(1):55-61. Abstract: This article discusses hemodialysis experiences in terms of meanings women attribute to several associated phenomena. Renal insufficiency may present a progressive reduction in renal function, in which the kidneys are affected and become unable to remove metabolic material from the blood. Living with hemodialysis is associated to important psychosocial adaptation mechanisms. This clinical-qualitative study was performed in two general hospitals' nephrology service. The method included purposive sample of nine women in hemodialysis and a semidirected interview with open-ended questions was applied. After categorizing interviewees' discourse, psychodynamic approaches were used for interpretation. It was concluded that the subjects experienced different degrees of desire to get pregnant and become mothers, now challenged by a limiting illness. Considering the adoption matter, besides symbolizing a generosity act, it would represent a solution to a deep individual demand. Fantasize about adoption, even if it does not become reality, may enhance these women's self-esteem. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | WOMEN | RENAL EFFECTS | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | PREGNANCY | ADOPTION | SELF ESTEEM | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Urogenital Effects | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Behavior | Reproduction | Child Rearing | Psychological Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 316391 |
| 10. Title: Intentions to care for children orphaned by HIV / AIDS: A test of the theory of planned behavior. Author: Townsend L; Dawes A Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 2007 Apr;37(4):822-843. Abstract: HIV/AIDS has added an unparalleled number of children to South Africa's orphan population. The theory of planned behavior (TPB) was used to investigate the decision-making processes of potential substitute caregivers of children orphaned by AIDS. Existing foster and adoptive parents (n = 175) completed a self-report postal survey. Of the sample, 76.0% reported willingness to care for an HIV-negative child and 62.2% an HIV-positive child. Analyses of the theory's components reveal contradictory and disappointing results. While the theory is most useful in conceptualizing the factors that bear on fostering and adoption, the current study suggests that the TPB is limited in its ability to address the complexity of decisions that attend fostering and adoption of children orphaned by HIV/AIDS. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SOCIOMETRICS | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | CHILDREN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | PARENTS | CHILD CARE | DECISION MAKING | FOSTERING | ADOPTION | PLANNING | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Child Rearing | Behavior | Organization and Administration Document Number: 317605 |
| 11. Title: State party examination of the Syria Arab Republic's initial report on the Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography (OPSC). Session 43 of the Committee on the Rights of the Child. Author: NGO Group for the Convention on the Rights of the Child Source: [Unpublished] 2006. 5 p. Abstract: The Syrian Arab Republic acceded to the OPSC on 15 May 2003. On 19 September 2006, the Committee on the Rights of the Child (the Committee) examined Syria's Initial Report on the OPSC. The Head of Delegation and Chief of the Syrian Commission for Family Affairs (SCFA), Ms. Ghanem, described how the application and follow-up of the OPSC was being carried by competent ministries and institutions of civil society. The measures taken and planned included the review of the penal code, family law, and constitution of Syria, the imposition of aggravated penalties for crimes listed in the OPSC, and the granting of full medical care to victims. In terms of monitoring, the issue of child protection was raised at national level in 2003. The SCFA submitted a draft plan for the protection of children from abuse, a framework to implement both the CRC and OPSC backed by a budget of one million US dollars. At the time of meeting, this first draft on child protection was ready to be discussed. The SCFA formed a committee to follow up on the implementation of this national plan. Other measures included two centres for delinquent girls, the creation of a gender-sensitive database for child protection, and the integration of children's rights education in the school curricula. Several national campaigns promoting children's rights were conducted and planned. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SYRIA | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | EVALUATION | SEX WORKERS | CHILDREN | HOMELESS PERSONS | SEXUAL TRAFFICKING | SEXUAL ABUSE | CHILD ABUSE | LEGISLATION | COORDINATION | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | ADOPTION | CHILD LABOR | Developing Countries | Middle East | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Political Factors | Organization and Administration | Diseases | Child Rearing | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors Document Number: 309909 |
| 12. Title: State party examination of Turkey's initial report on the Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography (OPSC). 42 Session of the Committee on the Rights of the Child. Author: NGO Group for the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Liaison Unit Source: [Unpublished] 2006. [4] p. Abstract: Turkey ratified the OPSC in 2002. On 17 May 2006, The Committee on the Rights of the Child (the committee) examined Turkey's Initial Report on the OPSC. Prof. Hamit Hanci, the head of the delegation, explained that many reforms were under way to comply with European Union (EU) regulations. The penal code was reformed in 2005 and the definition of the child was changed to anyone under 18. There was a clear definition of sexual abuse and the damage done to victims was recognised by the court. Assisting human trafficking, child prostitution or pornography was described in detail as a crime, and it included information crimes. He noted that the rights of child victims and children forced to commit crimes were recognised and many efforts were underway to protect them, including the presence of child specialists in courts and the recording of hearings so children only testified once. There was also an emphasis on counselling, education and guaranteed health care for all children to resolve social and economic problems. The state had created a National Action Plan and Task Force to fight human trafficking. Meanwhile, the curriculum included children's rights and plans were underway with UNICEF to distribute pamphlets. He announced that the International Congress on the Rights of the Child would be held in Turkey in 2006. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | EVALUATION | SEX WORKERS | CHILDREN | SEXUAL TRAFFICKING | SEXUAL ABUSE | CHILD ABUSE | LEGISLATION | COORDINATION | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | ADOPTION | CHILD LABOR | Developing Countries | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Political Factors | Organization and Administration | Diseases | Child Rearing | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors Document Number: 309908 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Guardianship of orphans and vulnerable children. A survey of current and prospective South African caregivers. Author: Freeman M; Nkomo N Source: AIDS Care. 2006 May;18(4):302-310. Abstract: Increasing numbers of orphaned and vulnerable children resulting from AIDS deaths requires practical placement strategies. While the extended family is regarded as both the most likely and the preferred option by most key planners and organizations, warnings of the limitations of this alternative have been increasing. This study assessed the views of 1400 adults (both current and prospective caregivers) regarding the placement of children. Most current caregivers believed that either their partner (30%), a grandparent (25%) or another family member (33%) would look after the child/children if they were no longer able to. However, 12% of parents could not identify a carer or predicted only a bleak future for their children. There was strong willingness amongst adults of various relational proximity to take in children if required to - 71% of both fathers and grandparents, 63% of siblings and 23% of best friends said they would take in children. Nonetheless this research suggests that the willingness may not necessarily be translated into reality. Most prospective caregivers identified significant additional stressors (most importantly financial) and expressed a strong need for assistance if they were to take in additional children. The HIV status of the child is also likely to sway placement decisions for some people. Nonetheless opportunities to keep children in families are clearly high, but people will need considerable help to realize this potential. For some children alternatives other than the extended family will be required. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | ADULTS | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES | EXTENDED FAMILY | AIDS | ADOPTION | FOSTERING | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Family Characteristics | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Child Rearing | Behavior Document Number: 302114 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Trends in intercountry adoption: Analysis of data from 20 receiving countries, 1988 -- 2004. Author: Selman P Source: Journal of Population Research. 2006 Nov;23(2):183-204. Abstract: The implications of developments in intercountry adoption worldwide in the early years of the twenty-first century are explored, based on analysis of data from 20 receiving countries. Between 1998 and 2004, intercountry adoption increased by 42 per cent. Problems in data collection and analysis are examined, as is the reliability of estimates of numbers of children sent by countries of origin when derived from data provided by receiving countries. Also considered are various measures of standardization which can be used to facilitate comparison between countries and show trends over time. The potential for more detailed comparative analysis is explored. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | DATA ANALYSIS | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | ADOPTION | CHILD REARING | MIGRATION | FERTILITY | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | POVERTY | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 324027 |
| 15. Title: Child adoption in contemporary rural China. Author: Zhang W Source: Journal of Family Issues. 2006 Mar;27(3):301-340. Abstract: Based on qualitative information from in-depth interviews and quantitative data from a survey of 425 adoptive families conducted in summer 2001 in rural China, this study attempts to explain the social and demographic patterns of adoption and investigate the roles of the State and families in adoption processes in contemporary rural China. Within the changing context of the new political economy, culture, and social conditions brought about by market reforms (1978) and the "one-child" policy (1979), this study shows that adoption is now increasingly used as a strategy for the childless as well as reproductive couples to reach ideal family size and particularly ideal sex composition of children. Moreover, Chinese families are willing to adopt girls, though strong son preference persists. Overall, it appears that individual adoptions of children in rural China follow increasingly individual desires rather than State directives. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH | CHILD | RURAL AREAS | ADOPTION | ONE CHILD POLICY | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Geographic Factors | Child Rearing | Behavior | Antinatalist Policy | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 309145 |
| 16. Title: Minors' rights as parents. State policies in brief as of August 1, 2005. Author: Alan Guttmacher Institute [AGI] Source: New York, New York, AGI, 2005 Aug 1. [3] p. Abstract: Many states require parental involvement in a minor’s decision to terminate a pregnancy. In sharp contrast, states overwhelmingly consider minors who are parents to be capable of making critical decisions affecting the health and welfare of their children without their own parents’ knowledge or consent. Nearly every state permits minor parents to place a child for adoption, although some require an adult to be involved in the process in some capacity. Moreover, most states authorize minor parents to make health decisions for their children, and some allow minor parents to authorize surgery. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DATA REPORTING | ADOLESCENTS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | PARENTAL CONSENT | ADOPTION | HUMAN RIGHTS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Child Rearing | Behavior Document Number: 290079 |
| 17. Title: The fluid border: children crossing borders in the Americas. [La frontera fluida: los nińos que cruzan las fronteras en el continente americano] Author: Collinson A Source: Women and Environments. 2005 Fall-Winter;:25-27. Abstract: After losing his mother on the perilous journey from Cuba to the United States in November 1999, Elian Gonzalez, became a symbol of Cuban-U.S. relations, parental rights, nationality and nation, and immigrant children in need of protection. The ensuing controversy over Gonzalez's fate led to increased U.S. media coverage of children from Latin America and the Caribbean, and fueled debates over the state of children in U.S. immigration laws. The plight of 'the littlest immigrants' was examined in The New York Times on November 3, 2003 in an article which described Mexican children who cross the Mexico-U.S. border alone to be reunited with their biological parents who are living in the United States. The article stated that "Mexican consular authorities report they have repatriated more than 9 800 unaccompanied Mexican minors caught crossing illegally in the first nine months of this year." On February 24, 2004, U.S. National Public Radio ran a similar story interviewing border guards who had caught children and infants packed into trunks, dashboards, special containers in gas tanks, and -- in one case -- into a three-foot high pińata accompanied by 'coyotes' (adults paid to smuggle others into the United States). (excerpt) Spanish Abstract: Elian González perdió a su madre en el peligroso trayecto desde Cuba a Estados Unidos en noviembre de 1999 y se convirtió en un símbolo de las relaciones cubano-estadounidenses, los derechos de los padres, las ideas de nacionalidad y nación y los nińos inmigrantes que necesitan protección. La consiguiente polémica sobre el destino de González derivó en una mayor cobertura del tema de los nińos de América Latina y el Caribe por parte de los medios de difusión estadounidenses y avivó los debates sobre la condición de los nińos en la legislación sobre inmigración de Estados Unidos. Un artículo sobre las difíciles circunstancias de los “inmigrantes más pequeńos” del número del 3 de noviembre de 2003 de The New York Times describió la situación de los nińos mexicanos que cruzan la frontera entre México y Estados Unidos solos para reunirse con sus padres biológicos que viven en este país. El artículo declara que “las autoridades consulares mexicanas informan que han repatriado a más de 9800 menores mexicanos que no estaban acompańados por un adulto aprehendidos cuando cruzaban ilegalmente durante los primeros nueve meses del ańo". El 24 de febrero de 2004, la Radio Pública Nacional de Estados Unidos (U.S. National Public Radio) relató una historia similar en las entrevistas a la policía de frontera que había aprehendido a nińos y a bebés escondidos dentro de maleteros, tableros de mando, contenedores especiales en tanques de gas y, en un caso, en el interior de una pińata de 90 cm acompańado de “coyotes” (adultos pagados para pasar a otros de contrabando a Estados Unidos). (extracto) Language: English Keywords: NORTH AMERICA | SOUTH AMERICA | CRITIQUE | CHILDREN | ILLEGAL MIGRANTS | MIGRANT WORKERS | BORDER CROSSING | ADOPTION | MASS MEDIA | WAR | NATIONALITY | HUMAN RIGHTS | Americas | Developed Countries | Latin America | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | International Migration | Child Rearing | Behavior | Communication | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 302425 |
| 18. Title: Abortion, gay rights and politics in Britain and America: a comparison. Author: Durham M Source: Parliamentary Affairs. 2005;58(1):89-103. Abstract: As the last year of the old millennium drew towards an end, American politics entered a new phase. A narrow (and disputed) result in the Electoral College had given the presidency to George W. Bush, and in the months that followed a fiercely assertive foreign policy and far-reaching tax-cuts pointed to a new confidence on the right. In Britain, however, the Conservative Party continued to languish. Under first William Hague, then Iain Douglas Smith, the party proved unable to threaten New Labour's dominance, and in November 2003 the emergence of yet another leader in the shape of Michael Howard appeared unlikely to change the situation. But by 2004, the very foreign policy that has delivered increased support for Bush now put his re-election in question. In Britain, it was New Labour that was identified with the invasion of Iraq and, here too the ruling party suffered from the failure to find weapons of mass destruction or to defeat the insurgency that occupation had summoned up. But amidst the furore over Iraq, and in the USA, the circumstances surrounding the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center, what has happened to another set of issues? Systematically in the United States, more sporadically in Britain, since the 1960s conservatism has become associated with what can be described as a traditionalist stance on sex and the family. Conversely, the Democrats in America and the Labour Party in Britain have frequently taken a liberal stance on such issues. Among the different issues that shape the political landscape, how have these disputes developed in recent years? Why has mobilisation around such issues as abortion and gay rights been both more intense and more politically salient in the United States than in Britain? And what factors will decide if this will remain the case, or if the distinctions will lessen? To examine these questions through a chronological narrative is plainly impractical, constantly threatened by the possibility of a new and unexpected turn of events. But to study them thematically, using events as indicators of key factors, is far more feasible. How, then, have recent developments shed light on the role of abortion and gay rights in American and British politics? (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | HISTORICAL REVIEW | INTEREST GROUPS | HOMOSEXUALS | ABORTION LAW | POLITICAL FACTORS | CONSERVATISM | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | COURT DECISION | MARRIAGE | ADOPTION | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Religion | Litigation | Nuptiality | Child Rearing Document Number: 283608 |
| 19. Title: Teen pregnancy: a program for awareness and health education. Author: McCormack B; Sim MG Source: Australian Family Physician. 2005 Jan-Feb;34(1-2):17-20. Abstract: Background Baby Think It Over® is a health program that provides Perth adolescents in metropolitan schools with a ‘virtual’ parenting experience using an infant simulation program. Baby Think It Over seeks to modify attitudes toward teen pregnancy and parenting and to delay pregnancy until the participants have a better understanding of the demands and responsibilities of caring for an infant. At the same time, this program provides an opportunity to introduce adolescents to health services within their community with particular focus on general practice. Objective This article describes the methodology and qualitative assessment of the program, examines some outcomes associated with its uptake and lessons learnt in its implementation. Discussion The program demonstrates that divisions of general practice can work together with schools to deliver innovative programs. The value of projects like this is in the community partnerships and social capital that they build across the health and education sector. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AUSTRALIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | STUDENTS | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | ADOLESCENT HEALTH SERVICES | HEALTH EDUCATION | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | PARENTING EDUCATION | ADOPTION | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | Developed Countries | Oceania | Education | Schools | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | Child Rearing | Behavior | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 291888 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Induced abortion in Nigeria: findings from focus group discussion. Author: Oye-Adeniran BA; Adewole IF; Umoh AV; Iwere N; Gbadegesin A Source: African Journal of Reproductive Health. 2005 Apr;9(1):133-141. Abstract: Abortion is carried out daily in Nigeria despite the restrictive abortion law. This study was carried out to obtain information on societal attitude to the issues of family planning, unwanted pregnancy, abortion, adoption of children and laws relating to them. Focus group discussions were held in south-western Nigeria among 11 subgroups. Participants felt that there was high prevalence of unwanted pregnancy and abortion particularly among youths. They had high level awareness of contraceptives and ascribed its low use to negative side effects, high cost and provider bias. Christians favoured planning of pregnancies while the Muslims did not. Majority of the respondents had negative perception of induced abortion. Some of them supported abortion if the education of the young girl would be disrupted, if paternity of pregnancy is in dispute, or if it would save the family from shame. Participants supported the enactment of laws that would make adoption of unwanted children easier. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | ABORTION | ABORTION LAW | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | ATTITUDES | ADOPTION | LEGISLATION | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | FAMILY PLANNING | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Fertility Control, Postconception | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Child Rearing | Religion Document Number: 292675 Notification |
| 21. Title: Illnesses among recently immigrated children. Author: Schwarzwald H Source: Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases. 2005 Apr;16(2):78-83. Abstract: The number of children immigrating to the United States has increased steadily during the last decade. American families are adopting a significant portion of these children, more than 20,000. Recently immigrated children face many different health risks when compared to children born in the United States. They are subject to many infectious diseases no longer seen commonly in the United States such as malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV. They are more likely to have inadequate immunity to vaccine-preventable illnesses. Recent immigrants have a higher likelihood of having malnutrition and developmental delay. Finally, many will have suffered psychological trauma in either institutions or refugee camps. These children require specialized testing, care, and treatment in the pediatric office. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | CHILDREN | IMMIGRANTS | PROVIDERS WITH CLIENTS | ADOPTION | DISEASES | INFECTIONS | IMMUNITY | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | TESTING | TREATMENT | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Child Rearing | Behavior | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Measurement | Research Methodology | Medical Procedures | Medicine Document Number: 298736 |
| 22. Title: Providing options counseling for women with unintended pregnancies. Author: Simmonds KE; Likis FE Source: Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing. 2005 May-Jun;34:373-379. Abstract: Nearly half of the pregnancies in the United States are unintended, and nurses frequently encounter women with unintended pregnancies in the clinical setting. Nurses may be responsible for counseling these women on how to explore and decide between the options of parenting, adoption, and abortion. To date, little has been written about options counseling, despite the fact that unintended pregnancy is one of the most common health conditions that women face. This article presents epidemiological data on prevalence, outcomes, consequences, causes, and prevention of unintended pregnancy. It examines the conflicts that nurses may experience when providing care to women with unintended pregnancies and discusses the intersection of professional responsibilities and personal values. Finally, the article presents general strategies and specific suggested steps for providing options counseling. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RECOMMENDATIONS | NURSES AND NURSING | PREGNANT WOMEN | COUNSELING | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | PREVALENCE | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | ABORTION | ADOPTION | DECISION MAKING | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Measurement | Research Methodology | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Child Rearing | Behavior | Contraception Document Number: 288072 Notification |
| 23. Title: After the adolescent pregnancy: parents, teens, and families. Author: Benson MJ Source: Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal. 2004 Oct;21(5):435-455. Abstract: This article introduces a framework for understanding adolescent conditions and decisions during and after pregnancy. The framework provides a structure for a systematic examination of literatures within five dimensions: pregnancy, abortion, childbearing, adoption, and teen parenthood. The article presents a review of these five conditions or decisions organized around 22 empirically based practice guidelines. Themes across the practices emphasize individualized approaches, future orientation, and family system support. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | RECOMMENDATIONS | ADOLESCENTS | PARENTS | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | ABORTION | SEXUALITY | ADOPTION | DECISION MAKING | CHILD REARING | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 303921 Notification |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: Discussion of paper "explanations of the fertility crisis in modern societies: a search for commonalities", Population Studies 57 (3): 241-263, by John Caldwell and Thomas Schindlmayr. Author: Billari F; Frejka T; Hobcraft J; Macura M; van de Kaa DJ Source: Population Studies. 2004;58(1):77-92. Abstract: The contributors to this discussion were invited to submit comments, each from a different standpoint, on the paper by John Caldwell and Thomas Schindlmayr that appeared in the preceding issue of the journal. The invitation was issued with the approval of these authors, and the journal is grateful to them for allowing their paper to be used to generate debate on the issues they had raised. The discussion is followed by the authors’ response to it. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | CRITIQUE | CHILD WORTH | FERTILITY DECLINE | POPULATION GROWTH | ECONOMIC FACTORS | ABORTION LAW | HEALTH POLICY | IN VITRO | FERTILIZATION | ADOPTION | Microeconomic Factors | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Policy | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Reproduction | Child Rearing | Behavior Document Number: 191156 |
| 25. Title: Kids as commodities? Child trafficking and what to do about it. Author: Dottridge M Source: Lausanne, Switzerland, Terre des Hommes, 2004. 98 p. Abstract: This study of child trafficking describes a pattern of human rights violations affecting at least one million children today - probably many more. It concerns the business of taking children away from their homes and families, transporting them elsewhere, often across frontiers and even to other continents, to be put to use by others, usually to make money. This is a heart-rending pattern of abuse, but the study explains in as unsentimental way as possible what can be done to stop child trafficking and to protect children who are trafficked. As the efforts of government agencies and inter-governmental organisations have been described in other reports, this study focuses on what non-governmental organisations can do, with the intention of showing them what techniques there is agreement on and what needs further discussion. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | TECHNICAL REPORT | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | CHILDREN | SLAVES | HUMAN TRAFFICKING | ADOPTION | CHILD ABUSE | SEXUAL EXPLOITATION | CHILD LABOR | LEGISLATION | HUMAN RIGHTS | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Child Rearing | Behavior | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors Document Number: 320906 |
| 26. Title: The relinquishment of newborns and women's reproductive rights. Author: Isupova OG Source: Russian Education and Society. 2004 Apr;46(4):41-58. Abstract: The phenomenon of a new mother's relinquishment of her newborn child to the care of the state, a practice called otkaznichestvo [from otkaz, "rehsal," "relinquishment," or "rejection"], is an acute social problem. A thorough study of the circumstances and factors that cause this behavior would seem to be essential from the viewpoint of both science and society. The present article is based on a survey of factors that cause a woman to give up her newborn child, in the context of other events and circumstances in her life; the method of qualitative interviews was used in the cities of Moscow, Nizhnii Novgorod, Samara and Samara Oblast, and Syktyvkar. Interviews were also conducted with a control group of women in similar circumstances who had - - not given up their children. Thirty-two interviews were conducted in Moscow (eighteen otkaznitsy [women who have given up their newborn] and fourteen who kept their babies), fifteen in Nizhnii Novgorod (ten otkaznitsy and five from the control group), twelve in Samara and Samara Oblast (eight otkaznitsy and four from the control), and two in Syktyvkar (one and one). (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: RUSSIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | MOTHERS | ADOPTION | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | FOSTERING | CULTURE | ATTITUDES | POVERTY | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | WOMEN'S STATUS | Asia, Northern | Asia | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Child Rearing | Behavior | Human Rights | Psychological Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 284394 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: Factors affecting adoption in China, 1950-87. Author: Liu J; Larsen U; Wyshak G Source: Population Studies. 2004;58(1):21-36. Abstract: Though adoption in China is known to have increased as more girls were abandoned and became available for adoption following the introduction of the country’s one-child policy in the 1980s, little is known about Chinese adoption practices. This paper investigates the factors affecting adoption in China in the period 1950–87 using data from the National Two-Per-Thousand Sample Survey on Fertility and Contraception of 1988. The results show that the national adoption rate was 2.3 per cent. Childless women were more likely than women with children to adopt and did not show a sex preference. Women with children by birth used adoption to secure a child of the ‘missing’ sex. Women who had experienced the death of a child were more likely to adopt than those who had not. Women with children may have used adoption as a strategy to circumvent the strict family planning policies. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | LOGISTIC MODEL | SURVEYS | WOMEN | CHILD | ONE CHILD POLICY | ADOPTION | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | FACTOR ANALYSIS | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Mathematical Model | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Antinatalist Policy | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Child Rearing | Behavior | Family Planning | Data Analysis Document Number: 191152 |
| 28. Title: Infecundity, infertility, and childlessness in developing countries. Author: Rutstein SO; Shah IH Source: Calverton, Maryland, ORC Macro, MEASURE DHS+, 2004 Sep. [66] p. (DHS Comparative Reports No. 9USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse DocID / Order No. PN-ADB-836) Abstract: For many couples, the inability to bear children is a tragedy. The conflux of personal, interpersonal, social, and religious expectations brings a sense of failure, loss, and exclusion to those who are infertile. Relationships between couples can become very strained when children are not forthcoming. One partner may seek to blame the other as being defective or unwilling. Socially, most societies are organized, especially in the developing countries, such that children are necessary for care and maintenance of older parents. Even in developed countries with social support systems, children and family are expected to provide much of the care for the elderly. Childless couples are also excluded from taking leading roles in important family functions and events such as birthdays, christenings, confirmations, bar mitzvahs, and weddings of their children. Moreover, many religions assign important ceremonial tasks to the couple’s children. The incidence of infertility in a population has important demographic and health implications as well. Because high infertility has a dampening effect on overall fertility and the rate of population growth, improvements in the ability to bear children may impede efforts to lower the fertility rate. For example, it has been estimated that a reduction in infertility in sub-Saharan Africa to “normal” levels would increase fertility in that region by 15 percent. Similarly, Bongaarts, Frank, and Lesthaeghe (1984) found that infertility accounts for 60 percent of the variation in total fertility in 18 sub-Saharan countries and that fertility decreases by one birth for each increase in 9 percentage points in the proportion of women age 45 to 49 who have no children. In Cameroon, a country with an unusually high level of infertility, Larsen and Menken estimated that the then current total fertility rate of 5.5 children would rise to 7.3 in the absence of sterility. Reports from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) data have provided up-to-date measurements of levels and trends in fertility in conjunction with data on important fertility determinants, such as first marriage and union, first birth, contraception, breastfeeding, and infant and child mortality. Outside of sub-Saharan Africa, no major attention has been paid to the DHS data relating to infecundity, although there is no doubt that infecundity is also an important determinant of fertility there. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN | EVER MARRIED | COUPLES | INFERTILITY | VOLUNTARY CHILDLESSNESS | LIVE-BIRTH PREGNANCY RATE | ADOPTION | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Reproduction | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Pregnancy Rate | Fertility Measurements | Child Rearing | Behavior Document Number: 285674 |
| 29. Title: Adoption as an option. Author: Tonelli M Source: Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 2004 Aug;17(4):299-300. Abstract: Recently, Sara, a nineteen-year-old primigravida, presented for prenatal care. She was very happy to be pregnant and her current homelessness was not of great concern to her. She reported a very complicated social history with a long history of abuse and neglect by her biological family. She had been in multiple foster homes from a young age and on her own since she aged out of the system. She had a history of depression with multiple hospitalizations; at present she was not on any medications. The father of the baby was her only current support, she had no contact with any family members, and at present she was “couch surfing,” staying wherever she could and working part time as a cashier. On a follow-up visit, her affect had changed. She was sad, flat, and distant. She reported she was staying in a women’s shelter. She had ended the relationship with the father of the baby, as he had another relationship, and she had decided to place the baby for adoption. On her own she had contacted one of her former foster mothers and asked her if she would adopt this baby. The woman agreed and immediately began to provide food, transportation and emotional support for Sara. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | INTERVIEWS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | MOTHERS | CHILD | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | ADOPTION | DEPRESSION | CHILD REARING | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Behavior | Mental Disorders | Diseases Document Number: 300146 |
| 30. Title: Willingness to care for children orphaned by HIV/AIDS: a study of foster and adoptive parents. Author: Townsend L; Dawes A Source: African Journal of AIDS Research. 2004 May;3(1):69-80. Abstract: There is substantial evidence to indicate that South Africa is facing the prospect of a large number of children, now and in the future, who will be orphaned as a result of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Following the incapacitation and/or death of their parents, many of these children will be cared for by the safety net provided by members of their extended families. However, there is evidence to suggest that this safety net is fast becoming overwhelmed and possibly reaching saturation point. The ideal would be for as many of these children as possible to experience some type of family life in which to grow and mature into responsible adults. The present study explores adoptive and foster parents' (n = 175) willingness to care for a child orphaned by HIV/AIDS. Although some differences were noted depending on the HIV status of the child and whether the respondent was an adoptive or foster parent, results indicate an overall willingness in these populations to care for children orphaned by HIV/AIDS. The evidence also suggests that HIV-negative female orphans who are younger than 6 years, and who are family members, or from the same cultural background as the potential caregivers and do not have surviving relatives or siblings, have the best chance of being taken into foster or adoptive care. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | PARENTS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | FOSTERING | ADOPTION | HIV INFECTIONS | ATTITUDES | SEX FACTORS | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Child Rearing | Behavior | Psychological Factors Document Number: 302761 |
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