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1.
Title: Plan B for 17-year olds.
Source: Medical Letter On Drugs and Therapeutics. 2009 May 18;51(1312):40.
Abstract: The FDA has announced that it will lower the age for over-the-counter access to the emergency contraceptive Plan B from 18 to 17 years old. In a randomized, controlled trial, the two 0.75-mg levonorgestrel tablets in Plan B, taken 12 hours apart beginning within 72 hours after unprotected intercourse, decreased the overall pregnancy rate to 1.1% (11/976) of women who requested emergency contraception. The sooner the drug is taken after coitus, the more effective it is. Nausea and vomiting can occur with Plan B. Fetal malformations have not been associated with pregnancies that occurred despite use of levonorgestrel-only emergency contraception. (full-text)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | USFDA | ADOLESCENTS | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | USPHS | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 341625

Title: Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents.
Author: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Source: MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Recommendations and Reports. 2009 Apr 10;58(RR-4):[216] p..
Abstract: Major changes in the guidelines include 1) greater emphasis on the importance of antiretroviral therapy for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections (OIs), especially those OIs for which no specific therapy exists; 2) information regarding the diagnosis and management of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndromes; 3) information regarding the use of interferon-gamma release assays for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis (TB) infection; 4) updated information about drug interactions that affect the use of rifamycin drugs for prevention and treatment of TB; 5) the addition of a section on hepatitis B virus infection; and 6) the addition of malaria to the list of OIs that might be acquired during international travel.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SUMMARY REPORT | STANDARDS | MANUAL | ADULTS | ADOLESCENTS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | HIV PREVENTION | TREATMENT | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | DRUG INTERACTIONS | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV | Drugs
Document Number: 339985

Title: Reaching youth through community strategies.
Author: United States. Agency for International Development [USAID]. Community Based Family Planning
Source: [Washington, D.C.], USAID, 2009 Jul. 5 p. (Community Based Family Planning Technical Update No. 7)
Abstract: This brief discusses the role that communities play in supporting and improving youth sexual and reproductive health. It includes steps for designing programs for youth in a community setting; strategies to reach youth through community members; links with larger community mobilization efforts; and additional technical resources.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS | SOCIAL MOBILIZATION | PROGRAM DESIGN | IMPLEMENTATION | FAMILY LIFE EDUCATION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Education | Health
Document Number: 341211

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Title: Prevention of invasive pneumococcal disease in HIV-infected children: expanding the toolbox [editorial]
Author: Abzug MJ; Pelton SI
Source: Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2009 Apr 15;199(8):1109-11.
Abstract: Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) remains a threat to HIV-infected children, adolescents, and adults in both developed and emerging nations. In the pre-highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era, Mao et al. identified a cumulative incidence of 6.1 cases per 100 patient-years through age 7 years among HIV-infected children in Massachusetts, a rate 100-300-fold that seen in HIV-uninfected immunocompetent children in the United States. Similarly, Westwood et al. reported an IPD rate of 13 cases per 100 patient-years in Capetown, South Africa, a large proportion of which were lower respiratory tract infections. With widespread use of HAART in the United States, the rate of pneumococcal bacteremia declined by 80%, to 1.9 cases per 100 patient-years; this residual rate still remained at least 10-fold greater than that among HIV-uninfected children, and children who suffered an episode of pneumococcal bacteremia were more likely to die during follow-up than were HIV-infected children without an episode. These data identify the need to protect HIV-infected children from infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae, even in populations treated with HAART. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MASSACHUSETTS | SOUTH AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | CHILDREN | ADULTS | ADOLESCENTS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | DISEASE PREVENTION | VACCINES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV | Prevention and Control | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 341354

10.

11.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Changes in sexual behavior following a sex education program in Brazilian public schools. Mudancas no comportamento sexual de adolescentes de escolas publicas no Brasil apos um programa de educacao sexual.
Author: Andrade HH; de Mello MB; Sousa MH; Makuch MY; Bertoni N; Faundes A
Source: Cadernos�de Saude Publica. 2009 May;25(5):1168-1176.
Abstract: This paper describes an evaluation of possible changes in sexual behavior in adolescents who participated in a school-based sex education program in selected public schools in four municipalities in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The program, given within the context of reproductive rights, dealt with risks involved in unsafe sexual practices, and focused on the positive aspects of sexuality. A quasi-experimental design with pre- and post-tests and a nonequivalent control group was used to evaluate the intervention. A total of 4,795 questionnaires were included in this analysis. The program succeeded in more than doubling consistent condom use with casual partners and in increasing the use of modern contraceptives during last intercourse by 68%. The intervention had no effect on age at first intercourse or on adolescents' engagement in sexual activities. The sex education program was effective in generating positive changes in the sexual behavior of adolescents, while not stimulating participation in sexual activities.
Language: Portuguese
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | ADOLESCENTS | SEX EDUCATION | PARTICIPATION | CHANGES | SEX BEHAVIOR | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | SEXUALITY | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | PROGRAM EVALUATION | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Schools | Education | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Behavior | Behavior | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors | Human Rights | Political Factors | Personality | Psychological Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 340176

12.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Changes in sexual behavior following a sex education program in Brazilian public schools.
Author: Andrade HH; Mello MB; Sousa MH; Makuch MY; Bertoni N; Faundes A
Source: Cadernos De Saude Publica. 2009 May;25(5):1168-76.
Abstract: This paper describes an evaluation of possible changes in sexual behavior in adolescents who participated in a school-based sex education program in selected public schools in four municipalities in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The program is inserted within the context of reproductive rights, deals with risks involved in unsafe sexual practices and focuses on the positive aspects of sexuality. A quasi-experimental design with pre and post-tests and a non-equivalent control group was used to evaluate the intervention. A total of 4,795 questionnaires were included in this analysis. The program succeeded in more than doubling consistent condom use with casual partners and in increasing the use of modern contraceptives during last intercourse by 68%. The intervention had no effect on age at first intercourse or on adolescents' engagement in sexual activities. The sex education program was effective in generating positive changes in the sexual behavior of adolescents, while not stimulating participation in sexual activities.
Language: English
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEX EDUCATION | SCHOOLS | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | RISK BEHAVIOR | INTERVENTIONS | PROGRAM EVALUATION | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Education | Human Rights | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 342612

13.
Peer Reviewed

Title: [Sexual behavior and emergency contraception among adolescents from public schools in Pernambuco State, Brazil] Comportamento sexual e contracepcao de emergencia entre adolescentes de escolas
Author: Araujo MS; Costa LO
Source: Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2009 Mar;25(3):551-62.
Abstract: This study examined knowledge and use of emergency contraception among 4,210 adolescents (14-19 years) enrolled in public schools in Pernambuco State, Brazil. The authors collected information with the Global School-Based Student Health Survey, previously validated. Knowledge, frequency, and form of use of emergency contraception were investigated. Independent variables were classified as sociodemographic and those related to sexual behavior. Most adolescents reported knowing and having received information about the method, but among those who had already used it, only 22.1% had done so correctly. Adjusted regression analysis showed greater likelihood of knowledge about the method among girls and the sexually initiated, while rural residents were 68% less knowledgeable. Rural residents showed 1.68 times higher odds of incorrect use, while girls showed 71% lower likelihood of incorrect use.
Language: Portuguese
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | RURAL POPULATION | ADOLESCENTS | KNOWLEDGE | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | SEX EDUCATION | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Education | Evaluation
Document Number: 330737

14.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Parent-adolescent communication about sex in Morelos, Mexico: does it impact sexual behaviour?
Author: Atienzo EE; Walker DM; Campero L; Lamadrid-Figueroa H; Gutierrez JP
Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Apr;14(2):111-9.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: Parent-adolescent communication about sexuality has been shown to influence adolescents' sexual behaviour. This study aims to describe communication about sex between Mexican parents and adolescents, and its relation to age at first intercourse and condom use. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with self-administered questionnaires of first year students at 23 high schools. Communication was divided into three themes: biological aspects, risks associated with sexual behaviour, and prevention. For sexually active adolescents, discussion timing was determined to have occurred prior to, or after sexual initiation. Analysis included logistic regression models stratifying by discussion timing. RESULTS: Overall 5,461 questionnaires were analysed. Among male respondents 24.3% and among females 10.6% stated that they were sexually active. As many as 83.1% reported having spoken with parents about sexual relations. Communication was more common with mothers. Discussions about risk and prevention prior to sexual initiation was associated with condom use at first intercourse (Odds ratio [OR] = 2.05); late discussion was associated with younger age (<15) at first intercourse (OR = 3.51). CONCLUSIONS: Communication before onset of sexual activity about risk and prevention is associated with safe sex practices. Improving parent-adolescent communication is a poorly studied strategy to influence adolescents' behaviour. Interventions should promote early parent-adolescent communication.
Language: English
Keywords:
MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS | YOUTH | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | COMMUNICATION | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Rearing | Behavior | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 341614

15.

Title: Seeking safety and empathy: adolescent health seeking behavior during pregnancy and early motherhood in central Uganda.
Author: Atuyambe L; Mirembe F; Annika J; Kirumira EK; Faxelid E
Source: Journal of Adolescence. 2009;32:781-796.
Abstract: Purpose: To explore adolescent health seeking behavior during pregnancy and early motherhood in order to contribute to health policy formulation and improved access to health care. This will in long-term have an impact on the reduction of morbidity and mortality among adolescent mothers and their newborns. Methods: This was a qualitative study that employed focus group discussions (FGDs) among adolescent girls (10-19 years) and key informant (KI) interviews with health workers. Age for FGD participants ranged from 16 to 19 years. The FGD participants were recruited while seeking antenatal care for their first pregnancy or immunization service for their first child, not being older than 6 months. Six health facilities were selected. Key informants were purposefully selected on the basis of being in-charge of maternity units. Thirteen FGDs comprising of a total of 92 adolescent girls were conducted. The FGDs were held with homogeneously constituted categories; married pregnant adolescents (5), unmarried pregnant adolescents (3) and married or not married adolescents with children (5). Semi structured interviews were held with six KIs who were in-charge of maternity units of health facilities. Latent content analysis technique was used for data analysis. Results: Two main themes emerged; ?feeling exposed and powerless?, and ?seeking safety and empathy?. The categories identified in the first theme were ?the dilemma of becoming an adolescent mother? and ?lack of decision power?. In the second theme the following categories were identified: ?cultural practices and beliefs about birth?, ?expectations and experiences?, ?transport, a key determinant to health seeking?, and ?dealing with constraints?. Adolescents felt exposed and powerless due to the dilemma of early motherhood and lack of decision making power. The adolescent mothers seemed to be in continuous quest for safety and empathy. In so doing they are part of cultural practices and beliefs about birth. They had expectations about the health care services but their experiences of the services were rather negative. Transport was a key determinant for health seeking and adolescents to some extent had learnt how to cope with constraints they face. Conclusion and implications: Pregnant adolescents seek health care in both modern and traditional health sectors in order to get safety and empathy. However, our findings indicate that they mostly utilize the traditional sector because it is most accessible in terms of distance, cost and cultural context. Adolescent mothers are disempowered in decision making because of their pregnancy state which often puts them in dilemma. We therefore suggest that policy makers need to improve health systems (including the traditional sector) especially maternal health services for adolescent girls. Improved infrastructure and attitudes of health worker as well as training in delivery of adolescent health services is critical.
Language: English
Keywords:
UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | ADOLESCENTS | YOUTH | PREGNANCY | SAFETY | SAFE MOTHERHOOD | MATERNAL HEALTH | HEALTH SERVICES | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Public Health | Health | Delivery of Health Care | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 340225

16.

Title: Sexual behavior and perceived peer norms: comparing perinatally HIV-infected and HIV-affected youth.
Author: Bauermeister JA; Elkington K; Brackis-Cott E; Dolezal C; Mellins CA
Source: Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 2009 Sep;38(8):1110-22.
Abstract: A large proportion of perinatally HIV-infected (PHIV) children are becoming adolescents and exploring their sexuality. This study explored the prevalence of sexual behaviors (kissing, touching, engaging in oral sex, or having vaginal/anal intercourse) in a sample of predominantly ethnic minority youths (N = 339; 54.1% Black and 30.4% Latino; 51% female; ages 9-16) perinatally exposed to HIV (61% HIV+). Using logistic regression, we tested the association between sexual behavior and HIV status, demographic characteristics, and peer influences regarding sexual behavior. PHIV youth were less likely to be sexually active. Among sexually active youth, PHIV youth were more likely to engage in touching behavior than HIV-negative youth and were less likely to engage in penetrative sex. Youths reporting that a greater number of their peers believed that sexually active boys were "cool" or "popular" were more likely to report sexual behavior. The association between sexual behavior and peers believing sexually active girls were "cool" or "popular" varied by age, gender, and HIV status. Furthermore, friends' sexual activity was associated with sexual intercourse. Prevention programs should strengthen messages addressing peer norms regarding sexuality, as well as address specific issues related to adolescent HIV.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NEW YORK | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | ETHNIC GROUPS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ADOLESCENTS | PEER GROUPS | VALUE ORIENTATION | HIV INFECTIONS | SEX BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Youth | Age Factors | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Psychological Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 342389

17.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Teenagers and emergency contraception in the UK: a focus group study of salient beliefs using concepts from the Theory of Planned Behaviour.
Author: Bayley J; Brown K; Wallace L
Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Jun;14(3):196-206.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To explore teenagers' beliefs about emergency contraception (EC) within a Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) framework. METHODS: Six single sex focus groups comprising a total of 25 female and 23 male pupils aged 13-16 years conducted in schools in Central England. RESULTS: Attitudes to emergency contraception (EC) were mainly positive about the rewards of avoiding teenage pregnancy. Participants had positive beliefs about the effectiveness of EC, although knowledge of crucial time limits varied. EC use was more socially acceptable than teenage pregnancy, yet both outcomes were perceived negatively. Motivation to comply with social pressure was influenced by the appraisal of individuals' intentions. Participants reported high self efficacy in accessing EC, but had concerns over confidentiality and access. CONCLUSIONS: Desire to avoid pregnancy was high in this group, but practical factors and attitudes may be more important for those ambivalent about pregnancy. Adolescents perceive accessing EC as difficult, are concerned about confidentiality, and anticipate negative reactions from staff. Data support the TPB as a suitable framework for understanding attitudes to EC use. Further research should apply quantitative TPB measures to EC use in a wider teenage sample in order to identify potential psychological factors to target in an intervention.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | ADOLESCENTS | STUDENTS | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | ATTITUDES | BELIEFS | KNOWLEDGE | PEER PRESSURE | MOTIVATION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Contraception | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Psychosocial Factors
Document Number: 341801

18.

Title: Why embarrassment inhibits the acquisition and use of condoms: A qualitative approach to understanding risky sexual behaviour.
Author: Bell J
Source: Journal of Adolescence. 2009 Apr;32(2):379-91.
Abstract: This article is based on research commissioned by the UK Government's Teenage Pregnancy Unit. The Living on the Edge (LOTE) study qualitatively explored factors that shape young people's experiences and attitudes towards sexual behaviour and young parenthood in three linked seaside and rural areas in England. It identifies embarrassment as a key risk factor in young people's sexual behaviour and demonstrates why engaging in protective behaviour and seeking information and advice, can be constrained by fear of embarrassment and concerns about how they are regarded by others. This paper also argues that embarrassment around condom use is not necessarily restricted to adolescence. Embarrassment is a deeply unpleasant experience for everyone and people (young and old) are motivated to avoid it. Implications and recommendations for future policy and service provision are highlighted.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | ADOLESCENTS | EMOTIONS | SELF-PERCEPTION | FEAR | CONDOM USE | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Perception | Risk Reduction Behavior
Document Number: 342414

19.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Alcohol and illicit drug use and its influence on the sexual behavior of teenagers from Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Uso de alcool e drogas e sua influencia sobre as praticas sexuais de adolescentes de Minas Gerais, Brasil.
Author: Bertoni N; Bastos FI; de Mello MV; Makuch MY; de Sousa MH; Osis MJ; Faundes A
Source: Cadernos�de Saude Publica. 2009 Jun;25(6):1350-1360.
Abstract: This article summarizes the findings of a survey of 5,981 students from public schools in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The analysis assessed the influence of drug use on sexual practices. Among the boys who stated having used illicit drugs and who were engaged in relationships with casual partners, 56% reported consistent condom use, as compared to 65% among those not reporting such habits. Among boys who reported illicit drug use and who were engaged in relationships with stable partners, consistent condom use was reported by 43%, versus 64% among those not reporting such habits. In the subgroup of boys engaged in stable relationships who did not report illicit drug use, consistent condom use was less frequent among those who used alcohol or cigarettes, compared to those who did not drink or smoke (61% versus 71%). Girls were less likely than boys to use condoms consistently, regardless of the nature of their relationships, without a noticeable influence of drug use. Policies to prevent drug abuse, sexually transmitted infections, and unplanned pregnancy should be fully integrated.
Language: Portuguese
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS | STUDENTS | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | RISK FACTORS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Health
Document Number: 340175

20.

Title: Role of parents in adolescent sexual activity and contraceptive use in four african countries.
Author: Biddlecom A; Awusabo-Asare K; Bankole A
Source: International Perspectives On Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Jun;35(2):72-81.
Abstract: Data were collected in 2004 in nationally representative surveys of 12- to 19-year-olds in Burkina Faso, Ghana, Malawi, and Uganda. Bivariate analysis was used to compare gender differences for two outcomes among unmarried 15- to 19-year-olds having had sexual intercourse in the last 12 months and, among those who had had sex in this period, having used contraception at last sex. Unmarried adolescents reported moderate to high levels of parental monitoring and low levels of parent-child communication about sexual matters. In all countries, adolescent males who reported low monitoring were at elevated risk of having had sex in the last year, as were their female counterparts in three of the countries. Communication with parents was positively associated with sexual activity among Malawian males and Ugandan females. Parental monitoring was not associated with contraceptive use at last sex, whereas parent-child communication was associated with such use among Ghanaian females and among Ugandan adolescents of both genders. The authors conclude that programs to improve adolescent sexual and reproductive health should include dimensions of parental involvement.
Language: English
Keywords:
BURKINA FASO | GHANA | MALAWI | UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | SEX BEHAVIOR | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Eastern | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Child Rearing | Health | Communication | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 342142

21.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Sexual behavior and desires among adolescents perinatally infected with human immunodeficiency virus in Uganda: implications for programming.
Author: Birungi H; Mugisha JF; Obare F; Nyombi JK
Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2009 Feb;44(2):184-187.
Abstract: Counseling programs for adolescents living with HIV encourage abstinence from sex and relationships. This Uganda study, however, found that many of these adolescents are sexually active or desire to be in relationships but engage in poor preventive practices. Programs for HIV and AIDS programs need to strengthen preventive services to this group.
Language: English
Keywords:
UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS | HIV INFECTIONS | SEX BEHAVIOR | FETUS | NEEDS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Economic Factors
Document Number: 330162

22.

Title: Adolescents' cortisol responses to awakening and social stress; effects of gender, menstrual phase and oral contraceptives. The TRAILS study.
Author: Bouma EM; Riese H; Ormel J; Verhulst FC; Oldehinkel AJ
Source: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009 Jul;34(6):884-93.
Abstract: Studies on the influence of sex hormones on cortisol responses to awakening and stress have mainly been conducted in adults, while reports on adolescents are scarce. We studied the effects of gender, menstrual cycle phase and oral contraceptive (OC) use on cortisol responses in a large sample of adolescents. Data come from TRAILS (TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey), a prospective population study of Dutch adolescents. This study uses data of 644 adolescents (age 15-17 years, 54.7% boys) who participated in a laboratory session including a performance-related social stress task (public speaking and mental arithmetic). Free cortisol levels were assessed by multiple saliva samples, both after awakening and during the laboratory session. No significant effects of gender and menstrual phase on cortisol responses to awakening were found, while girls using OC displayed a slightly blunted response (F(1, 244)=5.30, p=.02). Cortisol responses to social stress were different for boys and free-cycling girls (F(3, 494)=9.73, p<.001), and OC users and free-cycling girls (F(3, 279)=15.12, p<.001). Unexpectedly, OC users showed no response at all but displayed linearly decreasing levels F(1, 279)=19.03, p<.001) of cortisol during the social stress test. We found no effect of menstrual cycle phase on cortisol responses to social stress (F(3, 157)=0.58, p=.55). The absence of a gender difference in the adolescents' cortisol awakening response found in this study is consistent with previous reports. Our results further suggest that adolescent OC users display slightly blunted cortisol responses after awakening, and that gender differences in cortisol responses to social stress during adolescence are comparable to those described for adult populations, that is, stronger responses in men than in women. Whereas previous work in adults suggested blunted stress responses in OC users compared to men and free-cycling women, adolescent OC users showed no cortisol response. Effects of type of OC could not be studied because of low numbers of OC that were only progestin based.
Language: English
Keywords:
NETHERLANDS | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS | GENDER ISSUES | MENSTRUATION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | STRESS | HORMONES | TRANSCORTIN BOUND CORTISOL ALTERATIONS | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Reproduction | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Hematological Effects | Hemic System
Document Number: 342582

23.

Title: Supportive friendships moderate the association between stressful life events and sexual risk taking among African American adolescents.
Author: Brady SS; Dolcini MM; Harper GW; Pollack LM
Source: Health Psychology. 2009 Mar;28(2):238-48.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study examined whether uncontrollable stressful life events were associated with sexual risk taking among adolescents across a 1-year period, and whether supportive friendships modified associations. DESIGN: Participants were 159 sexually active African American adolescents (57% male; mean age [SD] = 17.0 [1.5] years at baseline). Participants were recruited for in-person interviews through random digit dialing in one inner-city neighborhood characterized by high rates of poverty and crime relative to the surrounding city. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Dependent variables included substance use before sexual activity and inconsistent condom use. RESULTS: Among adolescents who reported low levels of supportive friendships, uncontrollable stressors were associated with greater levels of sexual risk taking over time. In contrast, uncontrollable stressors were not associated with sexual risk taking among adolescents who reported high social support from friends; risk taking was typically moderate to high among these adolescents. CONCLUSION: Different processes may explain sexual risk taking among adolescents with varying levels of social support from friends. Adolescents with low support may be prone to engagement in health risk behavior as a stress response, while adolescents with high support may engage in risk behavior primarily due to peer socialization of risk.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES | BLACKS | ADOLESCENTS | PEER GROUPS | URBAN POPULATION | STRESS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Psychological Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 341117

24.

Title: What do sexually active adolescent females say about relationship issues?
Author: Bralock A; Koniak-Griffin D
Source: Journal of Pediatric Nursing. 2009 Apr;24(2):131-40.
Abstract: Many sexually active teenagers face risk for contracting sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV. The purpose of our study was to gain an understanding about influences on condom use among sexually active adolescents in relationships. Data were collected through semi-structured openended interviews. The findings of this study suggest that many adolescents desired the love of a male partner, and were willing to concede to his request of practicing unprotected sex. Findings support the urgent need for interventions that will promote skill-building techniques to negotiate safer sex behaviors among youth who are most likely to be exposed to STIs through risky behaviors.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | ADOLESCENTS | COUPLES | BLACKS | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | NEEDS | CONDOM USE | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Behavior | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Economic Factors
Document Number: 342095

25.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Effects of an Internet-based intervention for HIV prevention: the Youthnet trials.
Author: Bull S; Pratte K; Whitesell N; Rietmeijer C; McFarlane M
Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Jun;13(3):474-87.
Abstract: Youth use the Internet and computers in unprecedented numbers. We have yet to identify interventions that can reach and retain large numbers of diverse youth online and demonstrate HIV prevention efficacy. We tested a single session condom promotion Internet intervention for 18-24 year olds in two RCTs: one sample recruited online and one recruited in clinics. All study elements were carried out on the Internet. Using repeated measures structural equation models we analyzed change in proportion of sex acts protected by condoms (PPA) over time. Among sexually active youth in the Internet sample, persons exposed to the intervention had very slight increases in condom norms, and this was the only factor impacting PPA. We saw no intervention effects in the clinic sample. Internet-based interventions need to be more intensive to see greater effects. We need to do more to reach high risk youth online and keep their attention for multiple sessions.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | RANDOMIZED RESPONSE TECHNIC | RESPONDENTS | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS | INTERNET | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | HEALTH EDUCATION | SEX EDUCATION | EDUCATIONAL METHODS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Questionnaire Design | Survey Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Information Networks | Communication | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Education | Educational Activities
Document Number: 342107

26.
Title: Parental communication as a protective factor in increasing condom use among minority adolescents.
Author: Buzi RS; Smith PB; Weinman ML
Source: International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health. 2009 Jan-Mar;21(1):51-9.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine ethnic differences in risk behaviors among adolescents who attended family planning clinics and to evaluate the impact of parental communication regarding sexual topics on adolescent condom use. The sample for this study included 697 black and Hispanic female adolescents ranging in age from 13-22 years. Ethnic differences were found in sexually transmitted infection rates, number of sexual partners, and condom use. Although black adolescents were more likely than Hispanic adolescents to report recent condom use, Black adolescents reported higher rates of sexually transmitted infections and more sexual partners. Black adolescents reported more parental communication about sexual topics than Hispanic adolescents. Parental communication was associated with increased condom use. The results of this study emphasize the importance of parental communication in risk reduction among adolescents. As ethnicity emerged in the study as a significant factor, interventions aimed at increasing parent-adolescent communication will have to be tailored to address the needs of specific ethnic groups.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | ETHNIC GROUPS | ADOLESCENTS | PARENTS | CONDOM USE | COMMUNICATION | RISK BEHAVIOR | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Child Rearing
Document Number: 341666

27.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Sexual behaviour among Italian adolescents: Knowledge and use of contraceptives.
Author: Capuano S; Simeone S; Scaravilli G; Raimondo D; Balbi C
Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Apr 18;:1-5.
Abstract: Background Comprehensive data concerning the sexual behaviour of Italian adolescents are lacking; the planning of prevention programmes is therefore difficult. Methods The current study evaluates the knowledge of Italian adolescents about sexuality and their use of methods to prevent pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. The age at first intercourse in the current sample was compared to that found in past samples to ascertain whether sex education was needed at an earlier age. The efficacy of one school-based sex education programme was analysed. Results Overall 630 students in three Italian cities were surveyed. Just over half the students were sexually active. Among these, the mean age at first intercourse was 15.6 years (SD +/- 1.3). The contraception most widely used was the condom although 'coitus interruptus', 'natural family planning' and 'no method' were also mentioned. The knowledge among students from Latina, after they had received sex education, was significantly better. Conclusion Our data show a lower mean age at first intercourse than has been reported for earlier periods by other authors. School-based sexual education is effective in improving knowledge. Sexual health services for young people must be available and counselling services improved.
Language: English
Keywords:
ITALY | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | KNOWLEDGE | SEX BEHAVIOR | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTION | SEXUALITY | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | FIRST INTERCOURSE | AGE FACTORS | SEX EDUCATION | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Developed Countries | Europe, Southern | Europe | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Family Planning | Personality | Psychological Factors | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Education | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331123

28.

Peer Reviewed

Title: A cluster randomized controlled trial of an adolescent HIV prevention program among Bahamian youth: effect at 12 months post-intervention.
Author: Chen X; Lunn S; Deveaux L; Li X; Brathwaite N; Cottrell L; Stanton B
Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Jun;13(3):499-508.
Abstract: Behavioral interventions based on the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) have been demonstrated to reduce HIV risk behavior among mid- and older adolescents in different settings across the globe but have not been evaluated among Caribbean nations and have received limited evaluation among pre-adolescents. To determine (1) the effectiveness among pre-adolescents in The Bahamas of a PMT-based HIV prevention program "Focus on Youth in the Caribbean" (FOYC) and (2) the role of the targeted PMT constructs in intervention effect. 1,360 sixth grade youth (10-11 years of age) from 15 urban schools in New Providence, The Bahamas were randomized by school to receive either FOYC or a control condition. Data collected at baseline, 6 and 12 months post intervention were analyzed. A five-step scheme was used to assess sexual behavior progression, ranging from "1" = "a virgin without intention to have sex" to "5" = "having sex without a condom". Group-based trajectory analysis was utilized in assessing the program effect. Two sexual behavior progression patterns were detected: slow progressors and quick progressors. Receiving FOYC reduced the likelihood for adolescents to become quick progressors (adjusted OR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.64-1.00). The observed effectiveness was especially impacted by a subset of the targeted PMT constructs. FOYC effectively delays sexual risk among Bahamian pre-adolescents. The group-based trajectory analysis provides an analytical approach for assessing interventions among adolescents with low rates and diverse progression patterns of sexual activity.
Language: English
Keywords:
CARIBBEAN | RESEARCH REPORT | PRE-POST TESTS | ADOLESCENTS | YOUTH | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | INTERVENTIONS | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | Developing Countries | Americas | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Behavior
Document Number: 342104

29.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Trends in primary and secondary abstinence among Kenyan youth.
Author: Chiao C; Mishra V
Source: AIDS Care. 2009 Jul;Calverton, Maryland, Macro International, Demographic and Health Research Division, MEASURE DHS, 2007 Nov. 21(7):881-892. 15 p. (DHS Working Papers No. 36USAID Contract No. GPO-C-00-03-00002-00)
Abstract: The authors used data from Kenya Demographic and Health Surveys in 1993, 1998, and 2003 to examine 10-year trends in primary and secondary abstinence among never-married youth ages 15�24 and to explore the role of HIV prevention knowledge, schooling, and contextual factors in affecting their abstinence behaviors. Their analysis shows that both primary and secondary abstinence levels have risen in the past 10 years, with the abstinence levels higher among females than among males. Logistic regression models indicate that knowledge that abstinence can prevent HIV infection was positively associated with the likelihood of practicing abstinence. However, knowledge that condom use can prevent HIV infection was associated with lower abstinence practice. In-school youth were more likely to abstain from sex than those working. Effects of the contextual variables were only significant on the likelihood of primary abstinence among female youth.
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | TECHNICAL REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | DATA ANALYSIS | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS | STUDENTS | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | ABSTINENCE | HIV INFECTIONS | TRANSMISSION | HIV PREVENTION | KNOWLEDGE | CONDOM USE | BEHAVIOR | SEX EDUCATION | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Education | Schools | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Sociocultural Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 322987

30.

Peer Reviewed

Title: The rising proportion of repeat teenage pregnancies in young women presenting for termination of pregnancy from 1991 to 2007.
Author: Collier J
Source: Contraception. 2009 May;79(5):393-6.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: It is difficult to fully ascertain the number of teenagers in the United Kingdom who have more than one pregnancy before the age of 20 years. The national abortion figures represent one of the few ways one can investigate on a national scale whether there is an increase in the number of young women presenting with a repeat pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN: Datasheets regarding legally induced abortions carried out in England and Wales from 1991 to 2007 were downloaded from the Office of National Statistics and Department of Health websites. Age-specific data were extracted. RESULTS: Among young women less than 20 years old who present for abortion in England and Wales, those with recorded previous pregnancies have steadily risen from 1991 to 2007 both in absolute number and in proportion. The increase in the proportion of abortions that are subsequent to a previous birth was by 42% (from 0.080 to 0.115), and the increase in the proportion of abortions subsequent to a previous abortion was by 68% (from 0.081 to 0.134). CONCLUSIONS: These data provide evidence that repeat teenage pregnancies are on the increase. Urgent attention is required to improve contraceptive advice and services targeted specifically at teenagers who have previously conceived.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS | YOUTH | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | ABORTION | FERTILITY MEASUREMENTS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning
Document Number: 342083 Notification


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