1.  Title: Emergency contraception services for adolescents: a National Survey of Children's Hospital Emergency Department Directors. Author: Kavanaugh ML; Saladino RA; Gold MA Source: Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 2009 Apr;22(2):111-9. Abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: To assess emergency contraception (EC) counseling and prescribing practices of children's hospital emergency department (ED) directors and the use of EC protocols in these settings. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of children's hospital ED directors responding to a 15-minute 44-item semi-structured survey during telephone interviews. PARTICIPANTS: 50 of 96 eligible directors of children's hospital EDs in the United States. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: EC protocols, EC counseling processes, EC prescribing practices. RESULTS: Most (80%) ED directors reported always offering EC as part of sexual assault care; 66% were more likely to provide onsite EC in these situations. Only 52% identified the progestin-only regimen as the EC dispensed in their ED, and most (96%) limited provision to fewer than 120 hours after sex. Although 58% of ED directors reported ever prescribing ongoing contraception when providing EC, none had prescribed EC for future use. Written ED protocols for providing EC were more common for sexual assault care (76%) than for non-sexual assault care (14%). Directors who worked at hospitals with a sexual assault program were less likely to discuss all the recommended topics for EC counseling. CONCLUSIONS: The recommended standard of care for providing EC to adolescents in children's hospital EDs is not being met. Although risk of pregnancy following sexual assault and consensual unprotected sex is identical, discrepant practices emerged from this survey of pediatric ED directors. Increased education and policy initiatives within children's hospital EDs are needed to standardize EC services for adolescents in this setting. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | HEALTH PERSONNEL | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | HOSPITALS | EMERGENCY SERVICES | COUNSELING | PRESCRIPTIONS | RAPE | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | TIME FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Organization and Administration | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Health Facilities | Health Services | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Distributional Activities | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics Document Number: 330952 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: "HIV is irrelevant to our company": everyday practices and the logic of relationships in HIV/AIDS management by Japanese multinational corporations in northern Thailand. Author: Michinobu R Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009 Mar;68(5):941-8. Abstract: Multinational corporations (MNCs) are important participants in workplace initiatives on HIV/AIDS as they collaborate with international organizations to globally promote various policies and guidelines. To date, MNCs have enacted the majority of such initiatives in North America, Europe and South Africa, but we have little information on how MNCs elsewhere, especially in Japan, have responded to the issue of HIV/AIDS in the workplace. This study examines the actual on the ground situation of HIV/AIDS management in Japanese MNCs, specifically investigating everyday corporate practices in the context of internal interactions and relationships and the resulting practices and outlook concerning HIV/AIDS. It is based on a secondary analysis of ethnographic case studies conducted in 10 Japanese-affiliated companies in northern Thailand. Japanese managers, Thai managers and ordinary Thai workers all considered HIV/AIDS to be "irrelevant" to their company and/or themselves. HIV/AIDS measures in the companies were limited to provision of information. This perception and management of HIV/AIDS developed from their everyday interactions governed by the logic of relationships in the companies. In these interactions, they categorized others based on their ascriptive status, primarily based on class, ethnicity and nationality. They sought scapegoat groups that were lower than them in the class- and ethnicity/nationality-based hierarchical system, and cast the risk of HIV infection upon the scapegoat groups, thus reducing their own sense of risk. The paper shows that the relational logic, not ideals or principles, influences their views of and actions concerning HIV/AIDS management in the companies. This is why Japanese companies are unable to deal with HIV/AIDS in terms of international policies and guidelines that are based on the logic of human rights and the logic of business principles. The results suggest a need for international policymakers to pay more attention to everyday practices in the actual field of policy dissemination. Language: English Keywords: JAPAN | THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | WORKERS | MANAGEMENT | PRIVATE SECTOR | PERCEPTION | ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION | OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH | SOCIAL CLASS | HUMAN RIGHTS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Health | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 341173 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Use of task-shifting to rapidly scale-up HIV treatment services: experiences from Lusaka, Zambia. Author: Morris MB; Chapula BT; Chi BH; Mwango A; Chi HF; Mwanza J; Manda H; Bolton C; Pankratz DS; Stringer JS; Reid SE Source: BMC Health Services Research. 2009;9:5. Abstract: The World Health Organization advocates task-shifting, the process of delegating clinical care functions from more specialized to less specialized health workers, as a strategy to achieve the United Nations Millennium Development Goals. However, there is a dearth of literature describing task shifting in sub-Saharan Africa, where services for antiretroviral therapy (ART) have scaled up rapidly in the face of generalized human resource crises. As part of ART services expansion in Lusaka, Zambia, we implemented a comprehensive task-shifting program among existing health providers and community-based workers. Training begins with didactic sessions targeting specialized skill sets. This is followed by an intensive period of practical mentorship, where providers are paired with trainers before working independently. We provide on-going quality assessment using key indicators of clinical care quality at each site. Program performance is reviewed with clinic-based staff quarterly. When problems are identified, clinic staff members design and implement specific interventions to address targeted areas. From 2005 to 2007, we trained 516 health providers in adult HIV treatment; 270 in pediatric HIV treatment; 341 in adherence counseling; 91 in a specialty nurse "triage" course, and 93 in an intensive clinical mentorship program. On-going quality assessment demonstrated improvement across clinical care quality indicators, despite rapidly growing patient volumes. Our task-shifting strategy was designed to address current health care worker needs and to sustain ART scale-up activities. While this approach has been successful, long-term solutions to the human resource crisis are also urgently needed to expand the number of providers and to slow staff migration out of the region. Language: English Keywords: ZAMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | HEALTH PERSONNEL | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | URBAN POPULATION | CAPACITY BUILDING | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | AIDS PREVENTION | ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION | MANAGEMENT | COUNSELING | USER COMPLIANCE | CLINIC ACTIVITIES | ON-THE-JOB TRAINING | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Program Sustainability | Programs | HIV | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Program Activities | Behavior | Training Programs | Education Document Number: 331094 |
4.  Title: Decentralizing Kenya's health management system: an evaluation. January 2009. Based on further analysis of the 2004 Kenya Service Provision Assessment Survey. Author: Ndavi PM; Ogola S; Kizito PM; Johnson K Source: Calverton, Maryland, Macro International, MEASURE DHS, 2009 Jan. [37] p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-C-00-03-00002-00Kenya Working Papers No. 1) Abstract: Kenya's Ministry of Health (MOH) commitment to address the inherent constraints in the health sector has included deliberate decentralization efforts aimed at strengthening the effective implementation of activities at the district level, and fostering closer coordination and collaboration amongst the line ministries, donors, organizations, and other stakeholders. Among these efforts, local District Health Management Boards (DHMBs) and District Health Management Teams (DHMTs) gradually assumed responsibilities for the operation of the facilities under their jurisdiction through a single line grant, annual work plans, and procurement plans. To assess the current effectiveness of the district health management systems in meeting their responsibilities, we analyze data from a special District Health Management module of the 2004 Kenya Service Provision Assessment Survey to discern the degree to which the DHMTs and DHMBs meet norms and standards in the areas of governance and management, human resource development and management, commodity management, infrastructure development, health care financing, budgeting and management, and performance monitoring. Notably, data on DHMTs and DHMBs were missing for 20 percent of the districts. This level of nonresponse has the potential to weaken the validity of the findings, particularly when the excluded DHMTs are in provinces with some of the worst health indicators in the country. Their exclusion was due to difficult terrain and insecure environment, both of which imply that the right of the population to health care services is compromised. The results of this descriptive analysis indicate that although most of the DHMTs hold meetings frequently, the unavailability of the guidelines on the functioning of the DHMTs made it difficult to determine compliance of DHMTs with any existing norms and standards. The survey missed the opportunity to assess the activities and achievements of the HFMCs and HCMTs, which are important for decentralization. Although most of the DHMTs had documented plans for improving reproductive health, less than a quarter reported implementing their plans on time. Lack of funds and transport were the most cited reasons for failure by DHMTs to meet their supervision targets despite the near universal existence of documented supervision plans. In terms of support of human resources, continuing professional development is an accepted norm in the districts, but there is urgent need to strengthen and expand the scope of updates to serving staff through the establishment of district health training committees and regular monitoring of their activities. An assessment of available infrastructure indicated that repair and maintenance units existed in most districts, with nearly all of the districts contracted with the provincial workshop for repair and maintenance work. Communication facilities between most district hospitals and close to three quarters of the health centers with referral facilities under government management had capacity to communicate easily by telephone or two-way radio with a referral facility to arrange transport during emergencies. The situation was much better for NGO/mission-run facilities. Regarding financing issues, despite existence of both recurrent and development funds, funding for medicines, equipment, and maintaining buildings was inadequate for most districts. Sources for funding for district health services included central government funding supplemented by local government, revolving funds, and other sources. Increased annual budgetary allocations to the agreed 15 percent to ministries of health, in agreement with the Abuja accord, may increase financial resources required for medicines, equipment, and maintenance of buildings. Language: English Keywords: KENYA | ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICTS | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | POLICYMAKERS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | GOVERNMENT AGENCIES | DECENTRALIZATION | HEALTH SERVICES EVALUATION | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | MONITORING | PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Health | Organization and Administration | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Evaluation | Management | Financial Activities | Economic Factors Document Number: 329888 |
| 5. Title: Rapid assessment tool for sexual and reproductive health and HIV linkages: a generic guide. Author: International Planned Parenthood Federation [IPPF]; United Nations Fund for Population Activities [UNFPA]; World Health Organization [WHO]; UNAIDS; Global Network of People Living with HIV / AIDS [GNP+] Source: London, England, IPPF, 2008 Oct. 88 p. Abstract: This adaptable tool can be used to assess linkages betweeen HIV and sexual and reproductive health at the policy, systems and service-delivery levels. It is intended also to identify gaps and ultimately to contribute to the development of country-specific action plans to forge and strengthen these linkages. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | MANUAL | CLASSIFICATION | HEALTH PERSONNEL | POLICYMAKERS | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | HIV INFECTIONS | INTERVIEWS | QUESTIONNAIRES | HIV PREVENTION | RISK ASSESSMENT | TIME FACTORS | Research Methodology | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Organization and Administration | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Viral Diseases | Data Collection | Evaluation | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 327832 |
| 6. Title: Asia-Pacific operational framework for linking HIV / STI services with reproductive, adolescent, maternal, newborn and child health services. Author: World Health Organization [WHO] Source: Geneva, Switzerland, WHO, 2008. [40] p. (Perspectives in Public Health) Abstract: Distinct interventions are needed to improve reproductive health (RH), adolescent reproductive health (ARH), maternal, neonatal and child health (MNCH), and prevention and management of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STI). Yet common underlying causes and shared solutions provide the basis for linkages that can strengthen all services and increase the reach of HIV prevention and testing. This Operational Framework provides information about how to create these linkages and what factors to take into account in doing so. The emphasis is not on creating all possible linkages, but on doing what is possible and advisable given local factors such as epidemiology, current skill sets, the current organization of the health system, resources available, and health system usage patterns. In settings with low HIV prevalence, for example, outreach to specific populations may be more important than forming linkages between two broad-based services. Especially when resources are limited, linkagesthat add information (such as prevention messages or a simple screening) will be easier to implement than linkages that require extensive clinical judgment for referral or clinical treatment. Central policies are needed to support the introduction of linkages, but they should incorporate community input and allow for local-level modification and ownership. If these factors are taken into account, linkages between RH, ARH, MNCH and HIV/STI services have great potential to achieve efficiency gains and increased targeting of client populations. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ASIA | OCEANIA | RECOMMENDATIONS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CASE STUDIES | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | HIV PREVENTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | ADOLESCENT HEALTH SERVICES | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | COORDINATION | LOGISTICS | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Organization and Administration | Programs | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Management Document Number: 325699 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Integrating health interventions for women, newborn babies, and children: a framework for action. Author: Ekman B; Pathmanathan I; Liljestrand J Source: Lancet. 2008 Sep 13;372(9642):990-1000. Abstract: For women and children, especially those who are poor and disadvantaged, to benefit from primary health care, they need to access and use cost-effective interventions for maternal, newborn, and child health. The challenge facing weak health systems is how to deliver such packages. Experiences from countries such as Iran, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, and China, and from projects in countries like Tanzania and India, show that outcomes in maternal, newborn, and child health can be improved through integrated packages of cost-effective health-care interventions that are implemented incrementally in accordance with the capacity of health systems. Such packages should include community-based interventions that act in combination with social protection and intersectoral action in education, infrastructure, and poverty reduction. Interventions need to be planned and implemented at the district level, which requires strengthening of district planning and management skills. Furthermore, districts need to be supported by national strategies and policies, and, in the case of the least developed countries, also by international donors and other partners. If packages for maternal, newborn and child health care can be integrated within a gradually strengthened primary health-care system, continuity of care will be improved, including access to basic referral care before and during pregnancy, birth, the postpartum period, and throughout childhood. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICTS | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | CHILDREN | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | COST EFFECTIVENESS | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | SOCIAL PROTECTION | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | HEALTH EDUCATION | ANTENATAL CARE | Geographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Organization and Administration | Programs | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation | Health | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Education | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services Document Number: 328496 |
| 8. Title: Development of a quality assurance procedure for reproductive health services for district public health systems: Implementation and scale-up in the State of Gujarat. Author: Khan ME; Mishra A; Sharma V; Varkey LC Source: [New Delhi, India], Population Council, Frontiers in Reproductive Health, 2008 Apr. [30] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-98-00012-00) Abstract: This project, entitled was carried out in two districts each in Gujarat and Maharashtra states. It confirmed that Quality Assurance (QA) checklists and an implementation manual, developed by the USAID-funded Frontiers in Reproductive Health (FRONTIERS) Program of the Population Council in collaboration with UNFPA/India, are useful and effective tools that the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (MOHFW) can use to monitor the quality of services provided by health facilities. It also demonstrated that this QA mechanism can be easily institutionalized at the district level management. The QA procedure involves a series of visits to health facilities by a team of three district level health officials, called the Quality Assurance Group (QAG). This team uses the QA checklists to review the readiness of the facility to offer services and the measures the quality of services provided. Before the QAG team leaves the facility, any gaps in readiness or quality identified by the team members are communicated to the Medical Officer in-charge (MO I/C) and actions are suggested for improvement. Further visits are made to the facility every four months, during which progress in addressing the gaps identified previously is assessed. The QA checklists provide easy procedures to provide an aggregated score for each individual facility with respect to input (readiness), process (how the service is delivered) and outcome (performance). (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICTS | EVALUATION REPORT | MANUAL | OPERATIONS RESEARCH | PILOT PROJECTS | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | QUALITY CONTROL | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | CAPACITY BUILDING | USAID | PROGRAM EVALUATION | PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT | INSTITUTION BUILDING | TRAINING PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Geographic Factors | Population | Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Research Methodology | Studies | Health | Program Sustainability | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Management | Education Document Number: 326783 |
| 9. Title: What makes a good program? A case study of a school admitting high academic achievers. Author: Lam CM Source: theScientificWorldJournal. 2008;8:1027-36. Abstract: This paper reports the results of a qualitative study that explored the administration and implementation of the Tier 1 Program (Secondary 1 Curriculum) of the Project P.A.T.H.S. The case study method was used to explore perceptions of the teachers and the project coordinator of program effectiveness, and to identify various factors for program success. A school admitting high academic achievers was selected, and site visits, as well as individual and focus group interviews, were conducted with the program coordinator, social worker, and course teachers. The results suggested that clear vision and program goals, high quality of curriculum, helpful leadership, positive teacher attitude, and strong administrative support are factors for program success. Analyzing the data enables the researchers to understand the characteristics of a successful program as well as the interplay among factors for producing success. Language: English Keywords: HONG KONG | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CASE STUDIES | FOCUS GROUPS | TEACHERS | SOCIAL WORKERS | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | ADOLESCENTS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | PERCEPTION | SCHOOL-BASED SERVICES | PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT | CURRICULUM | LEADERSHIP | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Education | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Organization and Administration | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Programs | Personality Document Number: 329347 |
| 10. Title: A case study on the implementation of a positive youth development program (Project P.A.T.H.S.) in Hong Kong: learning from the experimental implementation phase. Author: Lee TY Source: theScientificWorldJournal. 2008;8:1047-62. Abstract: This investigation of the implementation of a positive youth development program (Project P.A.T.H.S.) was part of a large study undertaken comprehensively to explore how effective the Tier 1 Program was in practice and how the results can shed light on future developments. Utilizing a case study approach, individual and focus group interviews were conducted in 2007 to examine the factors that influence the process and quality of implementation of the Tier 1 Program of the Project P.A.T.H.S. The focus of this study was on how the implementers of a school made use of the experience gained in the Experimental Implementation Phase (EIP) in 2005/06 to improve the program implementation quality in the Full Implementation Phase (FIP) in 2006/07. Results showed that the program implementation in the FIP was generally high and the program was well received by the implementers. Factors that facilitated the implementation of the program were identified, including the adoption of an incremental change strategy, the incorporation of the program into both formal and informal curricula, positive perceptions of the program among staff and agency social workers, sufficient school administrative support, excellent cooperation between the school and the social work agency, presence of a dedicated school contact person and instructors who engaged themselves in continuous quality improvement of the implementation, and an emphasis on application of what had been learned. Difficulties encountered by the school in the process of implementation were also observed. Based on the present findings, key process variables that facilitate or impede the implementation of positive youth development programs are discussed. Implications for future program implementation are also discussed. Language: English Keywords: HONG KONG | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | KAP SURVEYS | FOCUS GROUPS | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | ADOLESCENTS | SCHOOL-BASED SERVICES | CURRICULUM | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | PERCEPTION | PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT | CULTURE | BELIEFS | ENVIRONMENT | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Data Collection | Organization and Administration | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Programs | Education | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Personality | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 329346 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Community participation: lessons for maternal, newborn, and child health. Author: Rosato M; Laverack G; Grabman LH; Tripathy P; Nair N; Mwansambo C; Azad K; Morrison J; Bhutta Z; Perry H; Rifkin S; Costello A Source: Lancet. 2008 Sep 13;372(9642):962-71. Abstract: Primary health care was ratified as the health policy of WHO member states in 1978.(1) Participation in health care was a key principle in the Alma-Ata Declaration. In developing countries, antenatal, delivery, and postnatal experiences for women usually take place in communities rather than health facilities. Strategies to improve maternal and child health should therefore involve the community as a complement to any facility-based component. The fourth article of the Declaration stated that, "people have the right and duty to participate individually and collectively in the planning and implementation of their health care", and the seventh article stated that primary health care "requires and promotes maximum community and individual self-reliance and participation in the planning, organization, operation and control of primary health care". But is community participation an essential prerequisite for better health outcomes or simply a useful but non-essential companion to the delivery of treatments and preventive health education? Might it be essential only as a transitional strategy: crucial for the poorest and most deprived populations but largely irrelevant once health care systems are established? Or is the failure to incorporate community participation into large-scale primary health care programmes a major reason for why we are failing to achieve Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 4 and 5 for reduction of maternal and child mortality? Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | PREGNANT WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CHILDREN | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | WHO | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | PREVENTIVE HEALTH CARE | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Organization and Administration | Health Services | Health | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 328498 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Antiretroviral therapy in Zambia: colours, 'spoiling', 'talk' and the meaning of antiretrovirals. Author: Schumaker LL; Bond VA Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2008 Dec;67(12):2126-34. Abstract: We examine responses to the roll-out of antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) in Zambia in 2004, focusing on material features of the drugs (colour, shape, size, origin), 'spoiling' (concern about toxicity, side effects of the drugs) and rumours ('talk' about the drugs). Data consists of interviews with 10 people living with HIV and 21 healthcare practitioners. We found that the colour symbolism of 'traditional medicine' has some influence on ideas about ARVs, suggesting possible 'meaning responses' that could affect treatment outcomes. Respondents also become concerned when colours, shapes and side effects differ from expectations. 'Talk' about ARVs concerns risks of medication, sustainability of treatment programmes and people's feelings of vulnerability within larger socio-economic contexts in which countries like Zambia are disadvantaged. Understanding the associations that pharmaceuticals evoke can improve treatment programmes by elucidating public and patient concerns and sensitising healthcare professionals to the historical and political circumstances that condition the 'meaning' of ARVs. Language: English Keywords: ZAMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | OPERATIONS RESEARCH | KAP SURVEYS | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | AIDS PREVENTION | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | TOXICITY | SIDE EFFECTS | BELIEFS | TRADITIONAL HEALTH PRACTICES | PERCEPTION | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | PUBLIC OPINION | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | HIV | Physiology | Biology | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Economic Factors | Attitudes Document Number: 331064 |
| 13. Title: Implementation quality of a positive youth development program: cross-case analyses based on seven cases in Hong Kong. Author: Shek DT; Sun RC Source: theScientificWorldJournal. 2008;8:1075-87. Abstract: Cross-case analyses of factors that influence the process and implementation quality of the Tier 1 Program of the Project P.A.T.H.S. based on seven cases were carried out. Systematic and integrative analyses revealed several conclusions. First, several factors related to policy, people, program, process, and place (5 "P"s) were conducive to the successful implementation of the Tier 1 Program in the schools. Second, there were obstacles and difficulties with reference to the 5 "P"s that impeded the quality of implementation. Third, policy support and people (especially commitment and passion of the principals, senior school administrators, and program implementers) are two main groups of factors that influence the quality of program implementation. Fourth, although there were different arrangements for program implementation, incorporation of the Tier 1 Program into the formal curriculum was a sound and viable strategy. Fifth, implementation of the Tier 1 Program in schools that admitted students with high or low academic achievement was viable. Sixth, the program was generally perceived positively by the program participants and implementers. Finally, the program implementers perceived the program to be beneficial to the program participants. Language: English Keywords: HONG KONG | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | KAP SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | QUALITY CONTROL | SCHOOL-BASED SERVICES | PROGRAM EVALUATION | POLICY | CURRICULUM | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | PERCEPTION | PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Organization and Administration | Programs | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Education | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Personality Document Number: 329344 |
| 14. Title: School-related factors in the implementation of a positive youth development project in Hong Kong. Author: Shek DT; Chak YL; Chan CW Source: theScientificWorldJournal. 2008;8:997-1009. Abstract: Individual and focus group interviews were conducted to identify school-related factors that influence the process and quality of implementation of the Tier 1 Program of the Project P.A.T.H.S. in Hong Kong. Results of this case study approach showed that the program implementation quality was generally high. Factors that facilitate the implementation of the program were identified, including administrative support from the school and social work agency, presence of dedicated teachers, positive perceptions of the program among teachers, the teachers' self-disclosure, effective continuous assessment, and excellent co-teaching mode. Difficulties encountered by the school in the process of implementation were also observed. Based on the present findings, school-related process variables that facilitate or impede the implementation of positive youth development programs in the Chinese context are discussed. Language: English Keywords: HONG KONG | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CASE STUDIES | FOCUS GROUPS | STUDENTS | ADOLESCENTS | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | TEACHERS | SCHOOL-BASED SERVICES | QUALITY CONTROL | PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT | POLICY | CURRICULUM | PERCEPTION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Education | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Organization and Administration | Programs | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 329349 |
| 15. Title: Women's health, HIV/AIDS and the workplace in South Africa. Author: Sprague C Source: African Journal of AIDS Research. 2008 Nov;7(3):341-352. Abstract: This work explores the connections between gender inequality, HIV/AIDS and women's health in the world of work in South Africa. These connections are located within a context of significant reversals in development, specifically declining life expectancy and premature mortality for South Africans - particularly for women. By relying on the existing literature and interviews with 33 key informants, the paper examines the extent to which South African workplaces are recognising women's social and biological vulnerability to HIV. In particular, the paper considers the potential role of the workplace in responding to growing evidence that links gender and health by establishing targeted HIV/AIDS interventions. The findings suggest that the vast majority of company representatives do not recognise women's social and biological vulnerability and related social norms vis-à-vis HIV and AIDS. Importantly, most workplaces are not initiating programmes that specifically address women's or men's health. The author briefly identifies factors that may help explain the current state of knowledge and practice in the realm of HIV and women's health in the workplace, and puts forward suggestions for future research. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | WOMEN'S HEALTH | WORKPLACE | INEQUALITIES | OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH | EMPLOYMENT-BASED SERVICES | GENDER ISSUES | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Organization and Administration | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Programs | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 341278 |
| 16. Title: Positive school and classroom environment: precursors of successful implementation of positive youth development programs. Author: Sun RC; Shek DT; Siu AM Source: TheScientificWorldJournal. 2008;8:1063-74. Abstract: This case study was based on a school where the Tier 1 Program of the Project P.A.T.H.S. was integrated into the formal curriculum. In this case study, an interview with the school principal, vice-principal, and social worker was conducted in order to understand their perceptions of administrative arrangements and issues in the school, implementation characteristics, program effectiveness, program success, and overall impression. Results showed that several positive school and classroom attributes were conducive to program success, including positive school culture and belief in students' potentials, an inviting school environment, an encouraging classroom environment, high involvement of school administrative personnel, and systematic program arrangement. Language: English Keywords: HONG KONG | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | KAP SURVEYS | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | SOCIAL WORKERS | ADOLESCENTS | SCHOOL-BASED SERVICES | CURRICULUM | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | PERCEPTION | PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT | CULTURE | BELIEFS | ENVIRONMENT | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Organization and Administration | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Programs | Education | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Personality Document Number: 329345 |
| 17. Title: Open source GIS for HIV/AIDS management. Author: Vanmeulebrouk B; Rivett U; Ricketts A; Loudon M Source: International Journal of Health Geographics. 2008;7:53. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Reliable access to basic services can improve a community's resilience to HIV/AIDS. Accordingly, work is being done to upgrade the physical infrastructure in affected areas, often employing a strategy of decentralised service provision. Spatial characteristics are one of the major determinants in implementing services, even in the smaller municipal areas, and good quality spatial information is needed to inform decision making processes. However, limited funds, technical infrastructure and human resource capacity result in little or no access to spatial information for crucial infrastructure development decisions at local level.This research investigated whether it would be possible to develop a GIS for basic infrastructure planning and management at local level. Given the resource constraints of the local government context, particularly in small municipalities, it was decided that open source software should be used for the prototype system. RESULTS: The design and development of a prototype system illustrated that it is possible to develop an open source GIS system that can be used within the context of local information management. Usability tests show a high degree of usability for the system, which is important considering the heavy workload and high staff turnover that characterises local government in South Africa. Local infrastructure management stakeholders interviewed in a case study of a South African municipality see the potential for the use of GIS as a communication tool and are generally positive about the use of GIS for these purposes. They note security issues that may arise through the sharing of information, lack of skills and resource constraints as the major barriers to adoption. CONCLUSION: The case study shows that spatial information is an identified need at local level. Open source GIS software can be used to develop a system to provide local-level stakeholders with spatial information. However, the suitability of the technology is only a part of the system - there are wider information and management issues which need to be addressed before the implementation of a local-level GIS for infrastructure management can be successful. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | KAP SURVEYS | CASE STUDIES | HEALTH PERSONNEL | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | HIV PREVENTION | COMPUTER PROGRAMS AND PROGRAMMING | MANAGEMENT | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | DECENTRALIZATION | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | DISTANCE | DECISION MAKING | HEALTH FACILITY PLANNING | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Health | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Information Processing | Information | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Political Factors | Geographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Health Services Administration Document Number: 329360 |
| 18. Title: Use and neglect of best-practice HIV/AIDS programme guides by South African companies. Author: Whelan R; Dickinson D; Murray T Source: African Journal of AIDS Research. 2008 Nov;7(3):375-388. Abstract: Numerous guidelines set out best-practice policies for HIV/AIDS interventions in the workplace. This study analysed 14 recognised codes and guidelines to gain an understanding of the theoretical consensus regarding the key components of best-practice workplace HIV/AIDS interventions. Nine key components of best practice were drawn from the analysis; interviews aimed to verify these components by determining the extent to which HIV/AIDS practitioners in South Africa share a similar understanding of best practice. Participants in a research questionnaire and semi-structured interviews included managers responsible for company HIV/AIDS programmes, HIV/AIDS experts, consultants, and disease management service providers. There was a high level of agreement between the practitioners who were interviewed and the codes and guidelines that were analysed concerning what best practice entails. However, reported usage of the recognised codes and guidelines to inform workplace HIV/AIDS interventions was low. Although large companies in South Africa may recognise certain interventions as examples of best practice, it appears that these are not being readily implemented. This appears to be partly because the cost-benefit of a recommended intervention is not immediately apparent or conclusive, and also because the concept of best practice with respect to workplace HIV/AIDS interventions is not yet fully accepted. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | EMPLOYMENT-BASED SERVICES | BEST PRACTICES | COST EFFECTIVENESS | STANDARDS | WORKPLACE | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Organization and Administration | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Research Methodology | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 341281 |
| 19. Title: Procurement primer for health and family planning programs in Bangladesh. Author: Woodle D; Dickens T; Fox J Source: Arlington, Virginia, JSI, DELIVER, 2008 Jun. 104 p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-I-01-06-00007-00) Abstract: This 100-page booklet provides a simple overview of goods and services procurement for health-sector projects in Bangladesh that have been financed wholly or in part by the World Bank and the International Development Association (IDA). It is intended for individuals with little or no procurement background and no need to acquire more than a basic understanding of theprocess, procedures, and rules. Color, graphics, and low-density text support a lighthearted approach to this material. Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | MANUAL | EVALUATION | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | LOGISTICS | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | HEALTH AND WELFARE PLANNING | PLANNING METHODOLOGY | TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | MANAGEMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Organization and Administration | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Family Planning | Social Planning | Economic Factors | Planning | Programs Document Number: 329536 |
| 20. Title: Mainstreaming HIV and AIDS: Misconceptions, practical experiences and lessons learnt. Source: Local Government Bulletin. 2007;9(2):16-19. Abstract: Despite the growing interest in the concept, there are many misconceptions about what mainstreaming actually means. For instance, HIV awareness-raising or education initiatives by municipal departments, such as erecting HIV information signboards in municipal parks, while potentially useful, do not constitute mainstreaming. In this contribution we aim to clarify the concept of mainstreaming HIV/AIDS. We also share some experiences and lessons from eThekwini municipality, which has had an interdepartmental mainstreaming forum in place since 2003 and has gained practical insights which could be useful for any municipality interested or already involved in mainstreaming. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | COMMUNITY | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | DECENTRALIZATION | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | CAPACITY BUILDING | WORKSHOPS | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | INTERNET | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Organization and Administration | Programs | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Health | Program Sustainability | Education | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Information Networks | Communication Document Number: 318190 |
| 21. Title: Sustainability continuum for social marketing. Author: Abt Associates. Private Sector Partnerships One [PSP-One] Source: Bethesda, Maryland, PSP-One, [2007]. [4] p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-I-00-04-00007-00USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse DocID / Order No. PN-ADJ-356) Abstract: Brand-specific promotion and generic BCC are used to build demand for social marketing products and appropriate behaviors. Generic BCC activities are targeted toward specific population segments, with commercial players advertising more to higher-income segments and SMOs focusing more on lower-income and vulnerable groups. Target audiences generally have moderate knowledge, although often some misinformation exists regarding products and behavior. More of the population demonstrates the accepted behavior or is using the products. SMO uses a mix of commercial distributors and local sales and distribution networks to expand distribution or sell to outlets beyond the reach of the commercial trade. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MANUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | SOCIAL MARKETING | PROGRAM DESIGN | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | USAID | Organization and Administration | Marketing | Economic Factors | Programs | Communication | Health | Family Planning | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 321748 |
| 22. Title: Sustainable social marketing self-assessment tool. Author: Abt Associates. Private Sector Partnerships One [PSP-One] Source: Bethesda, Maryland, PSP-One, [2007]. [4] p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-I-00-04-00007-00USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse DocID / Order No. PN-ADJ-357) Abstract: Social marketing organizations (SMOs) can conduct their own sustainability analysis using the Sustainability Continuum for Social Marketing. Because so many of the factors affecting sustainability are context-specific, sustainability assessments are more qualitative than quantitative. This tool facilitates the staff or stakeholders' analysis of an SMO to measure where it fits within the sustainability continuum and to set goals for strengthening sustainability along the continuum's dimensions. Any SMO can use the tool, regardless of where it currently fits within the continuum, and self-assessments can be conducted as often as needed. SMOs should conduct a self-assessment at least annually. Each SMO should analyze the results of the self-assessment tool within the context of specific program goals. In general, however, the objective is to maximize the number of "Yes" answers for the "Yes/No" questions. For the open-ended questions, compare each answer with the indicators in the sustainability continuum to establish performance benchmarks. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MANUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | SOCIAL MARKETING | PROGRAM DESIGN | PROGRAM EVALUATION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | USAID | Organization and Administration | Marketing | Economic Factors | Programs | Health | Family Planning | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 321749 |
| 23. Title: The challenge of family planning supplies in Latin America: how contraceptive security committees are making a difference. Author: Futures Group International. Health Policy Initiative Source: Washington, D.C., Futures Group International, Health Policy Initiative, 2007 Oct. 4 p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-I-01-05-00040-00) This brief is also available in Spanish: El reto de los insumos de planificacion familiar en America Latina: como los comites de Disponibilidad Asegurada de Insumos Anticonceptivos estan haciendo la diferencia at http://www.healthpolicyinitiative.com/index.cfm?ID=publications&get=pubID&pubID=337 Abstract: For decades, key donors such as USAID and the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) have provided free contraceptives to governments and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in many Latin American countries. Beginning in the 1990s, with the use of modern family planning (FP) methods firmly embraced by the region's population, donors began the process of phasing out contraceptive donations in most countries. For many of those countries, donor phaseout could potentially lead to a contraceptive funding gap, whereby the current available funding would be insufficient to meet either current needs or future demand for contraceptives. Further work is needed to adequately prepare countries to address the contraceptive supply challenge. Language: English Keywords: LATIN AMERICA | PROGRESS REPORT | CASE STUDIES | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | USAID | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | LOGISTICS | MANAGEMENT | ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Contraception Document Number: 323064 |
| 24. Title: A guide for fostering change to scale up effective health services. Author: Implementing Best Practices Consortium Source: Cambridge, Massachusetts, Management Sciences for Health [MSH], Leadership, Management, and Sustainability Project [LMS], 2007. [50] p. Abstract: This guide is based on the recognition that change is inevitable for survival and that directed, planned change is essential for improvement. A systematic change process underlies all successes in development, including improved reproductive health. We in the development community have the medical/clinical knowledge, technology, and experience to make substantial improvements in maternal and child health, reproductive health and family planning, HIV/AIDS, and other infectious diseases. We also have the knowledge and approaches to successfully implement and scale up changes in health care practices. The missing link is the connection between these two factors: technical knowledge and the known approaches to successful change. Using evidence-based change practices can significantly increase the chances for success and sustainability as we introduce, adapt, apply, and scale up clinical practices. Everyone working to improve health-whether at international donor, research, or technical agencies, at the national, district, clinic/community, and family levels-is fundamentally in the business of fostering, leading, or implementing change. But not everyone involved in this work has a clear pathway that links proven change practices with evidence-based clinical and programmatic practices. This guide offers one such pathway. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MANUAL | HEALTH PERSONNEL | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | CAPACITY BUILDING | BEST PRACTICES | HEALTH SERVICES ADMINISTRATION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | INFORMATION NETWORKS | Health | Organization and Administration | Program Sustainability | Programs | Management | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Communication Document Number: 324509 |
| 25. Title: Included Involved Inspired: a framework for youth peer education programmes. Author: International Planned Parenthood Federation [IPPF] Source: London, England, IPPF, 2007 Nov. 60 p. Abstract: This framework is a guide for our IPPF Member Associations and affiliated/partner organisations. It builds upon, and complements, existing frameworks and provides an IPPF perspective on peer education. It can be used by programme designers, managers and coordinators, as well as by senior managers overseeing larger peer education initiatives. Supervisors, trainers and other young people can also use this framework in their work, and as a basic reference tool. Depending on the stage of your programme, the framework can be used to initiate a new peer education project/programme or to help you rethink and improve your existing activities. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MANUAL | EVALUATION METHODOLOGY | PEER EDUCATORS | YOUTH | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | GENDER ISSUES | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | PROGRAM DESIGN | TRAINING PROGRAMS | CONDOM USE | MOTIVATION | MONITORING | Evaluation | Education | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Organization and Administration | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Health | Sociocultural Factors | Human Rights | Political Factors | Programs | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Psychological Factors Document Number: 325459 |
| 26. Title: Country harmonization and alignment tool (CHAT) : a tool to address harmonization and alignment challenges by assessing strengths and effectiveness of partnerships in the national AIDS response. Author: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV / AIDS [UNAIDS]; World Bank Source: Geneva, Switzerland, UNAIDS, 2007 Jun. 84 p. (UNAIDS/07.17E JC1321E) Abstract: This guide to using the Country Harmonization and Alignment Tool (CHAT) has been written for national AIDS coordinating authorities and other country-level partners involved in planning and monitoring progress in the national AIDS response. There are three sections: Section 1: Introduction to CHAT. This section contains background information and an overview of the CHAT components, principles and processes. It will be of interest to managers, AIDS professionals of the national AIDS coordinating authority and professionals of international and national organizations involved in AIDS programming, whose degree of alignment and harmonization in the national response is the object of this survey. Some of the content of Section 1, particularly the guidelines for how to use the CHAT (Chapter 3), are repeated in greater detail in later sections of the guide. However, after reading Section 1, the process and expected outcomes of the CHAT should be clear. Section 2: Implementation guide. This section contains detailed information about completing the three components that make up the CHAT. It will be of particular use to program officers and administrators in charge of planning the research process, recruiting process, recruiting and training field researchers, and monitoring implementations - as well as to consultants hired to conduct research using CHAT. The first chapter describes the process of mapping stakeholders in the national response, which will be important point of reference throughout the process. Section 3: CHAT surveys. This section contains the survey instruments that will be used to gather information about the degree of harmonization and alignment of various stakeholders present. The surveys are based on areas of assessment with core questions and optional additional questions for specific groups. Each Area of Assessment has a description which will help the field researchers put the questions into context. There is also a model of a blank data collection sheet that can be used during interviews to record answers to each Core Question, and note the overall rating. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | MANUAL | POLICYMAKERS | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | AIDS PREVENTION | TREATMENT | COORDINATION | FUNDRAISING | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT | HEALTH SERVICES ADMINISTRATION | Organization and Administration | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Programs | Management Document Number: 322570 |
| 27. Title: Healthy timing and spacing of pregnancies: a pocket guide for health practitioners, program managers, and community leaders. Author: Pathfinder International. Extending Service Delivery Project Source: Washington, D.C., Pathfinder International, Extending Service Delivery Project, [2007]. 21 p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-05-00027-00) Abstract: This Pocket Guide provides an overview for health practitioners and program managers about healthy timing and spacing of pregnancies (HTSP). It discusses key findings from global research on the link between pregnancy spacing and maternal and newborn health outcomes. It also highlights the benefits of timing and spacing pregnancies, shares HTSP messages for educating women, men, and communities, and identifies windows of opportunity for HTSP counseling. Evidence shows that HTSP has potential as an effective intervention that can help women achieve healthy pregnancies and deliveries. Becoming pregnant too soon after a previous birth, miscarriage, or abortion places mothers and newborns at a higher risk of health complications - or even death. When women younger than 18 years old become pregnant, the mothers and their newborns face increased risks of health complications compared to women 20-24 years old. In some populations, infants and children born after short birth intervals also face a relatively high risk of stunting and being underweight during the first five years of life. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MANUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | WOMEN | INFLUENTIALS | BIRTH SPACING | MATERNAL HEALTH | INFANT HEALTH | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | PREGNANCY INTERVALS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | POSTPARTUM PROGRAMS | Organization and Administration | Demographic Factors | Population | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Family Planning | Health | Child Health | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Reproductive Behavior | Family Planning Programs Document Number: 315344 |
| 28. Title: Policy toolkit: a guide for the development and implementation of decentralized health sector policies in Romania. Author: Romania. Ministry of Public Health; University Research Company. Romanian Health Care Reform Program [RHCRP]; Health Strategies International Source: [Bucharest], Romania, University Research Company, 2007 Jun. [95] p. (USAID Contract No. GHS-I-00-03-00029-00) Abstract: The Policy Toolkit was developed by the Romanian Health Care Reform Project (RHCRP), a technical assistance program to support the Government of Romania's Ministry of Public Health. The project, funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), is committed to building the capacity of Romanian health professionals at the decentralized levels to become highly skilled, empowered participants in defining health service priorities, and formulating policies to support local needs. The Toolkit is a culmination of implementing training programs and pilot policymaking processes in three counties. Throughout, the Toolkit has evolved, been refined and adapted at all levels. We believe the Toolkit, along with training curricula, represents a unique step toward empowering local stakeholders to achieve the goals of health sector reform through the decentralization of the health system and the empowerment of local health authorities and communities. The Toolkit has been developed during a transitional period for the Romanian health sector that offers significant opportunity to stakeholders at all levels. Health sector reforms and EU accession mandates have focused on decentralization of the health system by increasing local public authority and the roles and attributions of the community. A key example is the Government Decision (GD No. 775/2005) that provides an unprecedented opportunity for civil society to have a voice in policy making. However, with opportunity come challenges. This Toolkit targets a key challenge of health sector reform -- "insufficiently developed institutional capacity at the local level". The Toolkit is an instrument to support health policy capacity building for key stakeholders in order to ensure HSR implementation and health care improvement. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ROMANIA | MANUAL | HEALTH PERSONNEL | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | HEALTH POLICY | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | DECENTRALIZATION | NEEDS | PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT | Developing Countries | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Health | Organization and Administration | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Economic Factors | Programs Document Number: 324506 |
| 29. Title: Quality Assurance and Workforce Development Project: Year Five annual report. Performance period: July 1, 2006 - June 30, 2007. Contract Number GPH-C-00-02-00004-00. Author: University Research Company. Quality Assurance Project Source: Bethesda, Maryland, University Research Company, Quality Assurance Project, 2007 Jul 31. [103] p. (USAID Contract No. GPH-C-00-02-00004-00) Abstract: This annual report of the Quality Assurance and Workforce Development Project, widely known as the Quality Assurance Project or QAP, describes the activities and results of the contract during the fifth year of project implementation, covering the period July 1, 2006 to June 30, 2007. QAP's objectives are to: build capacity in countries to develop and sustain quality assurance and workforce improvement activities; assist countries to achieve demonstrable results in quality of care and outcomes; strengthen USAID programming under its Global Health Strategic Objective (SO) programs through quality assurance (QA) approaches, methods, and tools; carry out research to develop and test new QA and workforce development approaches and Methods; provide leadership in the technical development of the quality improvement field and in advocacy of the essential goal of high quality of care worldwide. QAP is managed by University Research Co., LLC (URC). Women-owned small businesses Initiatives Inc. and EnCompass, LLC also contributed to the implementation of QAP activities during the past year. The sections of this report follow the major components of the contract scope of work. Institutionalization refers to the project's long-term activities to support the development of institutionalized QA programs in USAID-assisted countries. Reports of the past year's field activities are presented alphabetically by geographic region and country. These are followed by reports of progress achieved under the project's core technical activities and USAID strategic objectives. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | ASIA | EUROPE, EASTERN | LATIN AMERICA | CARIBBEAN | EVALUATION REPORT | LABOR FORCE | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | QUALITY CONTROL | PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT | FOREIGN AID | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | Developing Countries | Europe | Americas | Evaluation | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Organization and Administration | Management | Financial Activities | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs Document Number: 324507 |
| 30. Title: Prioritizing second-line antiretroviral drugs for adults and adolescents: a public health approach. Report of a WHO working group meeting, World Health Organization, HIV Department, Geneva, Switzerland, 21-22 May 2007. Author: World Health Organization [WHO]. HIV Department Source: Geneva, Switzerland, WHO, 2007. 43 p. Abstract: Antiretroviral therapy has dramatically improved the survival of HIV infected individuals and is critically needed to save millions of lives. As resource-limited countries rapidly expand their HIV/AIDS treatment programmes, increasingly countries are faced with the need to make second-line ART regimens available. The 2006 WHO ARV treatment guidelines outline the strategic approaches that should inform updated national treatment guidelines for first- and second-line therapies, and outline which agents should be considered for use in first line and second line. National programmes, however, are requesting additional operational guidance on the composition of their 2nd line ART formularies based on programmatic efficiencies and costs. As the ARV formulary is generally limited in developing countries, there is an increasing and urgent need for principles and criteria by which to prioritize ARV options. Regulatory bodies both nationally and internationally (e.g. the WHO pre-qualification project) are also requesting guidance on how to select the most needed therapeutic ARV agents for rapid appraisal. WHO therefore convened an expert meeting to review the scientific evidence and programmatic data available, in order to develop guidance for national programmes, regulatory authorities and implementing partners on selection, prioritization and planning for second-line ARV drugs. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | EVALUATION | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | HEALTH PERSONNEL | WHO | PUBLIC HEALTH | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | AIDS PREVENTION | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | Organization and Administration | Delivery of Health Care | Health | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | HIV | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS Document Number: 326019 |
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