1.  Title: Individual- and community-level determinants of social acceptance of people living with HIV in Kenya: Results from a national population-based survey. Author: Chiao C; Mishra V; Sambisa W Source: Health and Place. 2009 Sep;15(3):742-750. Abstract: Using the 2003 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey, we investigated the influence of individual- and community-level factors on accepting attitudes toward people living with HIV (PLHIV) using three outcomes: (1) willingness to care for an infected household member, (2) willingness to buy vegetables from an infected vendor, and (3) willingness to allow an infected female teacher to continue teaching. In multilevel logistic regression models, we found that individuals who expressed greater acceptance of PLHIV were more likely to be male, older, more educated, high AIDS knowledge, and exposed to mass media. At the community level, differences in accepting attitudes were associated with community AIDS knowledge, community education, and community AIDS experience, but not for region, or place of residence. The findings suggest the important role of community factors in determining social acceptance of PLHIV. Programmatic strategies aimed at increasing these accepting attitudes should consider both individual- and community-level factors. Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | COMMUNITY | TEACHERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | STIGMA | HIV INFECTIONS | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | ATTITUDES | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | ACCEPTANCE PROCESS | FOOD AND BEVERAGE | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Education | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Decision Making | Nutrition | Health Document Number: 341072 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: Effectiveness of contraceptive counselling of women following an abortion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Author: Ferreira AL; Lemos A; Figueiroa JN; de Souza AI Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Feb;14(1):1-9. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To perform a systematic review of the effectiveness of contraceptive counselling in women undergoing an abortion and its impact on the acceptance and use of contraceptive methods. METHODS: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing women who had undergone an abortion and received contraceptive counselling at that time met the inclusion criteria. Articles published between 1997 and 2007 were selected from searches of the LILACS, SCIELO, MEDLINE, PubMed and Cochrane Library databases. Two reviewers independently assessed eligibility and the quality of the trial. The internal validity of the RCTs was evaluated by means of the Jadad scale. A meta-analysis of the three retained studies involving 694 women was performed. The Stata 9.2 SE statistical software was used, and a level of significance of 0.05 adopted. RESULTS: There were no differences between intervention and control groups, despite clinical heterogeneity. The results of the meta-analysis were not significant (OR = 1.32; CI: 0.90-1.94). CONCLUSION: There was no evidence indicating that contraceptive counselling is effective in increasing acceptance and use of contraceptive methods after an abortion. This may not apply to developing countries, where the matter still needs to be investigated. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | LITERATURE REVIEW | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | KAP SURVEYS | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE SURVEYS | WOMEN | COUNSELING | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | POSTABORTAL PROGRAMS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | ACCEPTANCE PROCESS | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Family Planning Surveys | Family Planning | Demographic Factors | Population | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Education | Family Planning Programs | Contraception | Decision Making | Behavior Document Number: 330347 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Challenge and co-operation: civil society activism for access to HIV treatment in Thailand. Author: Ford N; Wilson D; Cawthorne P; Kumphitak A; Kasi-Sedapan S; Kaetkaew S; Teemanka S; Donmon B; Preuanbuapan C Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2009 Mar;14(3):258-66. Abstract: Civil society has been a driving force behind efforts to increase access to treatment in Thailand. A focus on HIV medicines brought civil society and non-governmental and government actors together to fight for a single cause, creating a platform for joint action on practical issues to improve care for people with HIV/AIDS (PHA) within the public health system. The Thai Network of People with HIV/AIDS, in partnership with other actors, has provided concrete support for patients and for the health system as a whole; its efforts have contributed significantly to the availability of affordable generic medicines, early treatment for opportunistic infections, and an informed and responsible approach towards antiretroviral treatment that is critical to good adherence and treatment success. This change in perception of PHA from 'passive receiver' to 'co-provider' of health care has led to improved acceptance and support within the healthcare system. Today, most PHA in Thailand can access treatment, and efforts have shifted to supporting care for excluded populations. Language: English Keywords: THAILAND | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | ADVOCACY | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | AIDS PREVENTION | TREATMENT | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | USER COMPLIANCE | PERCEPTION | ACCEPTANCE PROCESS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Communication | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | AIDS | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Health | HIV | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Decision Making Document Number: 330957 |
| 4. Title: Young women's use of a vaginal microbicide surrogate: the role of individual and contextual factors in acceptability and sexual pleasure. Author: Tanner AE; Zimet G; Fortenberry JD; Reece M; Graham C; Murray M Source: Journal of Sex Research. 2009 Jan-Feb;46(1):15-23. Abstract: Currently in clinical trials, microbicides have historically been promoted as a woman-controlled (although more recently woman initiated) method of sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevention. The contradicition that exists in this rationale is that women's bodies, specifically the genitals, have been constructed as a negotiated space within sexual interactions. This study qualitatively explored the factors influencing 40 young women's use of a vaginal moisturizer (VM), utilized as a microbicide surrogate. The results indicated that use of the VM was dependent upon product characteristics (i.e., the lubricating qualities affect on sexual pleasure, timing of insertion), individual factors (i.e., reproductive health goals, experiences with side effects of existing contraceptive methods), and contextual factors (i.e., social norms). An understanding of these bodily and social issues may be beneficial in designing targeted educational campaigns and effective instructional materials as well as in facilitating positive dialogue around women's bodies and their sexuality. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN | URBAN POPULATION | MICROBICIDES | ACCEPTANCE PROCESS | SATISFACTION | SEX BEHAVIOR | LUBRICANTS | VAGINAL GEL | TIME FACTORS | SIDE EFFECTS | VALUE ORIENTATION | SEXUALITY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Decision Making | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Ingredients and Chemicals | Vaginal Spermicides | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Population Dynamics | Personality Document Number: 341137 |
5.  Title: Final report. Contraceptive discontinuation: a one-year follow-up study of female reversible method users in urban Honduras. Author: Barden-O’Fallon J; Speizer I; Caceres Zelaya S; Calix Borjas J; Rodriguez Valenzuela F Source: [Chapel Hill, North Carolina] University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center [CPC], MEASURE Evaluation, 2008 Oct. 45 p. (SR-08-46USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-03-00003-00) Also available in Spanish: http://www.cpc.unc.edu/measure/publications/pdf/sr-08-46-es.pdf Abstract: The overall goal of the present study is to examine women's contraceptive use prospectively over a one-year period. It aims to go beyond previous research by assessing the relative importance of and interactions among the family planning service environment, women's individual characteristics, and their experience with side effects on contraception continuation or discontinuation. The findings from this study complement the Honduras Encuesta Nacional de Demografía y Salud 2005-2006 (ENDESA) (Secretaria de Salud & Marco International, 2006). ENDESA is a cross-sectional survey of a nationally-representative sample of all women aged 15-49 that includes retrospective and current measures of contraceptive use. The present study follows a panel of women recruited from family planning service sites who at the time of the first interview were either continuing or new users of a temporary (reversible) contraceptive method. The study examines patterns of contraceptive use during the follow-up period. As compared to the women surveyed in ENDESA, the family planning clients in this study are significantly younger, less likely to be working, and less likely to have a religious affiliation. The study was conducted in four urban areas of Honduras: Tegucigalpa, San Pedro Sula, Santa Rosa de Copán/La Entrada, and Gracias. It included three phases of data collection. Phase I collected qualitative data on the decision-making processes around contraceptive adoption/continuation, including the role of providers in this process, perceptions of side effects, perceptions of service providers, usual reactions to side effects, and motivations to continue use when side effects are experienced. In phase II, 800 new and continuing users of female reversible contraceptive methods were recruited as they left the participating family planning service sites. Phase III conducted follow-up interviews with the same women interviewed in phase II approximately one year after the baseline interview. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: HONDURAS | EVALUATION REPORT | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE SURVEYS | KAP SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | URBAN POPULATION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTOR CHARACTERISTICS | CONTRACEPTION TERMINATION | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | DECISION MAKING | ACCEPTANCE PROCESS | MOTIVATION | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Evaluation | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Planning Surveys | Family Planning | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Contraception | Family Planning Acceptors | Family Planning Programs | Behavior | Psychological Factors Document Number: 328576 |
| 6. Title: Individual- and community-level determinants of social acceptance of people living with HIV in Kenya: Results from a national population-based survey. Author: Chiao C; Mishra V; Sambisa W Source: Calverton, Maryland, Macro International, Demographic and Health Research Division, MEASURE DHS, 2008 Aug. 32 p. (DHS Working Papers No. 50USAID Contract No. CPO-C-00-03-00002-00) Abstract: Using data from the 2003 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey, we investigated the influence of individual- and community-level factors on accepting attitudes toward people living with HIV (PHLIV) using three outcomes: willingness to care for an infected household member, willingness to buy vegetables from an infected vendor, and willingness to allow an infected female teacher to continue teaching. Multilevel logistic regression models, with individuals at the first level and community variables at the second level, were performed. We found that males were more likely than females to have higher social acceptance attitudes toward PLHIV. Respondents who were older, had higher education, had high knowledge of AIDS, knew someone with HIV or someone who had died of AIDS, or who were exposed to mass media expressed greater acceptance of PLHIV. The percentage of the total variance that was explained by the community of residence ranged between 14 percent and 23 percent among females and between 14 percent and 32 percent among males across all three outcomes. At the community level, differences in accepting was attitudes were associated with community AIDS knowledge, community education, and community AIDS experience, but not with region or place of residence. The findings suggest that community level factors play a significant role in determining social acceptance of PLHIV. Programmatic strategies aimed at increasing accepting attitudes toward PLHIV should take into consideration both individual- and community-level factors. Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | COMMUNITY | TEACHERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | STIGMA | HIV INFECTIONS | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | ATTITUDES | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | ACCEPTANCE PROCESS | FOOD AND BEVERAGE | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Education | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Decision Making | Nutrition | Health Document Number: 341073 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Comparative acceptability of the SILCS and Ortho ALL-FLEX diaphragms among couples in the Dominican Republic. Author: Coffey PS; Kilbourne-Brook M; Brache V; Cochon L Source: Contraception. 2008 Nov;78(5):418-23. Abstract: BACKGROUND: The SILCS diaphragm is a new, single-size contraceptive diaphragm. The objective of this crossover pilot study was to assess the fit and acceptability of the SILCS diaphragm compared to the Ortho ALL-FLEX diaphragm to validate the product design among parous women in a low-resource setting. STUDY DESIGN: Sexually active couples not at risk of pregnancy and at low risk of sexually transmitted infection were recruited and randomly assigned to one of two groups to determine order of device use. Couples used each device four times and provided feedback on key performance indicators via product-use questionnaires, a simple coital log and a gender-specific debriefing interview. RESULTS: Twenty couples provided data on a total of 160 product uses (80 for each device). Couples indicated that both diaphragms were acceptable with respect to ease of use, comfort and satisfaction with sex. At the end of the study, 19 of 20 women and 15 of 20 men reported preferring the SILCS diaphragm over the Ortho diaphragm (p Keywords: DOMINICAN REPUBLIC | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | PILOT PROJECTS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MEN | COUPLES | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS | VAGINAL DIAPHRAGM | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | SEX FACTORS | SATISFACTION | ACCEPTANCE PROCESS | Caribbean | Americas | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Vaginal Barrier Methods | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Population Characteristics | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Decision Making Document Number: 329146 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Predicting hypothetical willingness to participate (WTP) in a future Phase III HIV vaccine trial among high-risk adolescents. Author: Giocos G; Kagee A; Swartz L Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2008 Nov;12(6):842-851. Abstract: The present study sought to determine whether the Theory of Planned Behaviour predicted stated hypothetical willingness to participate (WTP) in future Phase III HIV vaccine trials among South African adolescents. Hierarchical logistic regression analyses showed that The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) significantly predicted WTP. Of all the predictors, Subjective norms significantly predicted WTP (OR = 1.19, 95% C.I. = 1.06-1.34). A stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed that Subjective Norms (OR = 1.19, 95% C.I. = 1.07-1.34) and Attitude towards participation in an HIV vaccine trial (OR = 1.32, 95% C.I. = 1.00-1.74) were significant predictors of WTP. The addition of Knowledge of HIV vaccines and HIV vaccine trials, Perceived self-risk of HIV infection, Health-promoting behaviours and Attitudes towards HIV/AIDS yielded non-significant results. These findings provide support for the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) and suggest that psychosocial factors may play an important role in WTP in Phase III HIV vaccine trials among adolescents. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | KAP SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | THEORETICAL MODELS | ADOLESCENTS | HUMAN VOLUNTEERS | VACCINES | PARTICIPATION | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | ACCEPTANCE PROCESS | ATTITUDES | SELF-PERCEPTION | RISK ASSESSMENT | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Data Analysis | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Social Behavior | Behavior | Technology | Economic Factors | Decision Making | Psychological Factors | Perception | Evaluation Document Number: 322721 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Factors relating to acceptance of hepatitis B virus vaccination by nursing students in a tertiary hopsital, Pakistan. Author: Mengal HR; Howteerakul N; Suwannapong N; Rajatanun T Source: Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition. 2008 Mar;26(1):46-53. Abstract: This cross-sectional study aimed at assessing the prevalence of, and factors relating to, the acceptance of hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination by nursing students in a tertiary hospital in Pakistan. In total, 210 nursing students of Year 2 to Year 4 were invited to participate in the study; of them, 196 (93.3%) returned completed questionnaires. Overall, the prevalence of acceptance of HBV vaccination among them was 75.0%. Of these, 37.2% (73/196) were completely vaccinated, and 25.0% (49/196) had not been vaccinated at all. More than half (27/49, 55.1%) of the unvaccinated nursing students stated that they would accept vaccination if offered. Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated three variables significantly related to acceptance of HBV vaccination: history of accidental exposure to blood or blood products, acceptable knowledge about HBV infection, and adequate budget for HBV vaccination. Health institutions should allocate adequate budgets to vaccinate their nursing students. Effective intervention programmes designed to increase knowledge about HBV infection and adhering to universally-accepted precautions are needed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | KAP SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | STUDENTS | NURSES AND NURSING | IMMUNIZATION | ACCEPTANCE PROCESS | HEPATITIS | PREVALENCE | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Data Analysis | Education | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Decision Making | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Economic Factors Document Number: 308651 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Sexuality, HIV risk and potential acceptability of involving adolescent girls in microbicide research in Kisumu, Kenya. Author: Montandon M; Sahin-Hodoglugil NN; Bukusi E; Agot K; Boland B; Cohen CR Source: Sexual Health. 2008 Dec;5(4):339-46. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Current microbicide clinical trials primarily enroll adult participants; however, females under the age of 18, because of their high rates of HIV acquisition, represent an important population for future microbicide clinical research. We sought to understand the individual, family and community-level factors that may influence the acceptability of microbicide use and research involving adolescent girls. METHODS: We conducted 30 interviews with adolescent girls aged 14-17 and nine focus group discussions with adolescent girls, parents and community leaders in Kisumu, Kenya. Participants discussed adolescent sexuality, HIV prevention methods, perceptions about microbicide use and views about microbicide research involving adolescent girls. RESULTS: Adolescent sexual activity is stigmatised yet acknowledged to be a natural part of the 'adolescent stage.' Desperation to stop the spread of HIV among youth and support for female-initiated HIV prevention methods led to enthusiasm about microbicides and future microbicide research. Yet concerns about microbicides were numerous and included: difficulty using it in a timely manner due to the rushed, unplanned nature of adolescent sex; a fear of trying experimental products; concerns about microbicide efficacy; and parental worry that supporting microbicide use in youth would defy societal pressures that denounce adolescent sexual activity. CONCLUSIONS: Microbicide acceptability for youth in sub-Saharan Africa may be bolstered by desperation for new methods to stop the spread of HIV, yet hindered by misgivings about experimental HIV prevention methods for youth. Understanding and addressing the microbicide's perceived benefits and shortcomings, as well as the broader context of adolescent sexuality and HIV prevention, may facilitate future research and promotion of microbicides in this high-risk group. Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | FOCUS GROUPS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | COMMUNITY | SEXUALITY | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | MICROBICIDES | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | ACCEPTANCE PROCESS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | STIGMA | HIV PREVENTION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Decision Making | Child Rearing | Social Problems | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 330442 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Prevention of mother-to-child transmission: Program changes and the effect on uptake of the HIVNET 012 regimen in Malawi. Author: Moses A; Zimba C; Kamanga E; Nkhoma J; Maida A Source: AIDS. 2008 Jan 2;22(1):83-87. Abstract: The objective was to evaluate uptake of HIV testing in a prevention of mother-to-child transmission program (PMTCT) in Lilongwe, Malawi from April 2002 until December 2006. The design used was a retrospective analysis of monthly reports from the beginning of the program. The setting used was four antenatal clinics in Lilongwe, Malawi. Pregnant women attending urban antenatal clinics in Lilongwe were invited to participate in a PMTCT program. Women were given information and education on antenatal care and PMTCT in groups of 8 to 12. Written informed consent for HIV testing was obtained privately. Women returned for the test result 1-2 weeks later. Mothers and infants were given the HIVNET 012 regimen. Rapid HIV testing and 'opt-out' testing were instituted in July 2003 and April 2005, respectively. Infants were tested using HIV DNA PCR and, if HIV positive, a CD4 cell percentage was obtained and the infants were referred for further medical evaluation and treatment. The program reached 20 000 pregnant women in the first 12 months. Acceptance of HIV testing increased from 45% to 73% (P<0.001) when rapid, same day testing was instituted. When opt-out testing was instituted, 99% of the mothers agreed to testing. Of the infants tested, 15.5% were HIV positive. Rapid HIV testing using the opt-out method increased acceptance of HIV testing in the PMTCT program to 99% in urban Lilongwe, Malawi. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | CLINICAL RESEARCH | GENETIC TECHNIQUES | PREGNANT WOMEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | INFANT | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | HIV PREVENTION | HIV TESTING | ACCEPTANCE PROCESS | PREVALENCE | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Youth | Age Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Decision Making | Behavior | Measurement Document Number: 322743 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: The relationship of acceptance or denial of HIV-status to antiretroviral adherence among adult HIV patients in urban Botswana. Author: Nam SL; Fielding K; Avalos A; Dickinson D; Gaolathe T Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2008 Jul;67(2):301-310. Abstract: Adherence to antiretroviral therapy among HIV patients is the most important patient-enabled factor related to virological failure and can lead to drug resistance. It is important to avoid virological failure, especially in resource-limited settings where treatment options are limited and the effects of treatment failure are profound. This qualitative study aimed to identify the psycho-social factors related to adherence behaviour in Gaborone, Botswana, a high prevalence setting in southern Africa. One-to-one, in-depth interviews were conducted with adult antiretroviral patients in the private and public health sectors who had been on antiretroviral therapy for a minimum of 6 months. A grounded theory approach was adopted and patients were selected purposively and theoretical sampling determined the final sample size. Thirty-two patients were interviewed, 22 from the public-sector, the mean age was 9.5 years and 53% were women. We found that acceptance of HIV-status, the ability to avoid internalising stigmatising attitudes and identification of an encouraging confidante were key factors related to good adherence. Encouraging confidantes (including clinicians) and contributed to promoting hope and acceptance of HIV-status, enabling patients to develop a positive therapeutic relationship with their antiretrovirals and make lifestyle changes that promoted adherence. Active participation in a social network and a desire to avoid being thin and visibly identifiable as HIV-positive were also adherence-motivating factors. Conversely, participants who expressed some degree of denial about their HIV-status tended to express emotions associated with depression, and internalised stigma that inhibited the development of a relationship with a confidante. We feel it is important to identify individuals with HIV who are still in some degree of denial about their status and to identify depression among patients on antiretrovirals. This will enable more targeted, individualised support in the management of individuals' HIV disease. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BOTSWANA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | INTERVIEWS | ADULTS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | USER COMPLIANCE | ACCEPTANCE PROCESS | STIGMA | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | HIV | Behavior | Decision Making | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 327021 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in a refugee camp setting in Tanzania. Author: Rutta E; Gongo R; Mwansasu A; Mutasingwa D; Rwegasira V Source: Global Public Health. 2008 Jan;3(1):62-76. Abstract: The objective of this article is to describe the results of a 2-year pilot programme implementing prevention of mother to child HIV transmission (PMTCT) in a refugee camp setting. Interventions used were: community sensitization, trainings of healthcare workers, voluntary counselling and HIV testing (VCT), infant feeding, counselling, and administration of Nevirapine. Main outcome measures include: HIV testing acceptance rates, percentage of women receiving post test counselling, Nevirapine uptake, and HIV prevalence among pregnant women and their infants. Ninety-two percent of women (n = 9,346) attending antenatal clinics accepted VCT. All women who were tested for HIV received their results and posttest counselling. The HIV prevalence rate among the population was 3.2%. The overall Nevirapine uptake in the camp was 97%. Over a third of women were repatriated before receiving Nevirapine. Only 14% of male counterparts accepted VCT. Due to repatriation, parent's refusal, and deaths, HIV results were available for only 15% of infants born to HIV-infected mothers. The PMTCT programme was successfully integrated into existing antenatal care services and was acceptable to the majority of pregnant women. The major challenges encountered during the implementation of this programme were repatriation of refugees before administration of Nevirapine, which made it difficult to measure the impact of the PMTCT programme. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PILOT PROJECTS | PREVALENCE | MOTHERS | REFUGEES | REFUGEE CAMPS | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | HIV PREVENTION | ANTENATAL CARE | HIV TESTING | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | HEALTH SERVICES | ACCEPTANCE PROCESS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Measurement | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Diseases | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Decision Making | Behavior Document Number: 325323 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: The role of men in women's acceptance of an intravaginal gel in a randomized clinical trial in Blantyre, Malawi: a qualitative and quantitative analysis. Author: Salter ML; Go VF; Celentano DD; Diener-West M; Nkhoma CM; Kumwenda N; Taha TE Source: AIDS Care. 2008 Aug;20(7):853-62. Abstract: Survey questionnaires and focus group discussions were used to investigate the association between a female participant's acceptance and her perception of her male partner's acceptance of an intravaginal gel as a prototype microbicide. Women who perceived their male partners would accept using the gel were more likely to highly accept the gel as compared to women who perceived their male partners would not accept using the gel (OR=24.57; 95%CI: 16.49-36.61). Qualitative analysis supported a positive association between female acceptability and perceived male partner acceptability. Qualitative research reiterated this finding and also found that men and women had different approaches to assess gel acceptability. Women integrated perceptions of their partner's acceptance into their own acceptability and reported their partners had positive experiences. In contrast, men reported a more neutral experience with the gel and assessed the gel without overt consideration of their partner's experiences. These results indicate that female perceptions of male partner acceptability and actual male partner acceptability need to be considered when addressing female-controlled product acceptability and use. Language: English Keywords: MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | CLINICAL TRIALS | SEXUAL PARTNERS | WOMEN | VAGINAL GEL | MICROBICIDES | ACCEPTANCE PROCESS | PERCEPTION | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Demographic Factors | Population | Vaginal Spermicides | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Decision Making | Psychological Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS Document Number: 328872 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Women's acceptance of intimate partner violence within marriage in rural Bangladesh. Author: Schuler SR; Islam F Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2008 Mar;39(1):49-58. Abstract: Violence against women perpetrated by husbands and male partners occurs worldwide, and an increasing number of surveys indicate that it is widely condoned. This article presents findings from a 2002 survey conducted in six rural villages in Bangladesh suggesting that an extremely high proportion of women believe that husbands' use of violence against their wives is acceptable. To investigate the reliability and the psychosocial underpinnings of these survey findings, we also examine data from 110 in-depth interviews and 14 small group discussions. The results suggest that although most abused women in the study had resigned themselves to accept a certain level of violence, they did not condone it, and many abused women said that perpetrators of violence should be punished, and in some cases the punishments they suggested were harsh. We conclude by raising questions regarding the meaning of responses to commonly used questions intended to measure women's attitudes toward intimate partner violence and by discussing policy implications. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | RURAL POPULATION | WOMEN | MARRIAGE | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | SEXUAL PARTNERS | ACCEPTANCE PROCESS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Nuptiality | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Decision Making Document Number: 326942 |
| 16. Title: The right messages, to the right people, at the right time. Author: Toth C Source: [Monrovia, California, World Vision, 2008]. 8 p. Abstract: A World Vision child survival project called Pragati in three Uttar Pradesh districts strove to improve health outcomes and change behaviors related to women's and children's health, and to ensure that pregnant women and new mothers had ready access to information about and methods of birth spacing and family planning. With USAID resources, World Vision expanded its audience for family planning to include most couples in the project zone. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | COUPLES | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL | USAID | CHILD SURVIVAL | BIRTH SPACING | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM EVALUATION | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | TIME FACTORS | ACCEPTANCE PROCESS | TRAINING OF TRAINERS | COUNSELING | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Communication Programs | Communication | Behavior Change | Behavior | Decision Making | Training Programs | Education | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 308936 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Acceptability of hypothetical microbicides among women in sex establishments in rural areas in southern China. Author: Wang Y; Liao SS; Weeks MR; Jiang JM; Abbott M Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2008 Jan;35(1):102-110. Abstract: The objectives of this study were to measure the potential acceptability of a hypothetical microbicide among women in sex establishments in rural areas of Southern China and demographic, behavioral, and social context factors likely to affect microbicide acceptability. This was a cross-sectional survey, using a quota sampling, among 300 women from sex establishments in 3 rural towns. An interviewer-administered standardized questionnaire was used to measure the acceptability score of hypothetical microbicides' characteristics, as well as sexual relationships and behaviors and other contextual factors. Findings showed a generally positive response to microbicides, indicated by an acceptability index score of 2.89 (SD, 0.56, scale of 1-4) in the overall sample. Multivariate analysis shows that the acceptability score varied significantly by study sites, type of sex-work establishments, marital status, sex partner type, vaginal product experience, locus of control by partners, and locus of control bychance. Microbicides may be acceptable among sex workers in rural settings in China; however, contextual factors should be carefully considered in education and promotion of microbicides in the future. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | SEX WORKERS | WOMEN | RURAL POPULATION | HIV PREVENTION | MICROBICIDES | ACCEPTANCE PROCESS | PROGRAM ACCEPTABILITY | PERCEPTION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Decision Making | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Psychological Factors Document Number: 314028 |
| 18. Title: Final report. Characteristics of female reversible method users in four urban areas of Honduras. Results from the baseline survey of the study of service quality, motivation for contraceptive use, and contraceptive discontinuation. Author: Barden-O’Fallon J; Speizer I; Caceres Zelaya S; Calix Borjas J; Rodriguez Valenzuela F Source: [Chapel Hill, North Carolina] University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center [CPC], MEASURE Evaluation, 2007 Apr. 48 p. (WP-07-95USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-03-00003-00USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse DocID / Order No. PN-ADJ-241) Abstract: The overall goal of this study is to determine how, together, these three levels of influence (family planning service environment, individual characteristics, and previous experience/fear of side effects) affect contraceptive continuation. While these three levels of influence have all been shown to be important to contraception adoption and continuation, especially for reversible methods, they have not been examined simultaneously to determine how they jointly affect contraceptive continuation, controlling for method used. This study, therefore, goes beyond previous research by assessing the relative importance of and interactions between these three levels of influence on contraceptive continuation. The current report is a description of the study population based on baseline data. The study population is described by contraceptive use and the factors that have been shown to influence contraceptive continuation (demographic and individual characteristics, including contraceptive use history and experience with side effects, and the quality of family planning services). (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: HONDURAS | EVALUATION REPORT | BASELINE SURVEYS | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | URBAN POPULATION | REVERSIBLE STERILIZATION | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | MOTIVATION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTION TERMINATION | USAID | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | FEAR | ACCEPTANCE PROCESS | Developing Countries | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Evaluation | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Population | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Contraception | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Emotions | Decision Making Document Number: 318681 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Safety, acceptability, and tolerability of 3 topical microbicides among heterosexual Kenyan men. Author: Bukusi EA; Steele M; Cohen CR; Nguti R; Maingi CW; Thomas KK; Holmes KK Source: JAIDS. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2007 Apr;44(4):423-428. Abstract: The objectives were to compare the acceptability, tolerability, and safety of 3 topical microbicide formulations (62% ethyl alcohol in emollient gel and 0.1% and 0.4% benzalkonium chloride on a sanitary wipe) for use on male genitalia. This triple-randomized crossover study among men attending a sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic in Nairobi, Kenya assigned individuals without clinical evidence of an STD to apply products to the penis in a predetermined random order, each for a 2-week period with a 1-week washout period between each product. Men recorded side effects and were examined for adverse events. Of 39 participants, 33 (84%) completed 6 clinic visits plus 3 home visits by community health workers. Participants reported use of 62% ethanol gel and 0.1% and 0.4% benzalkonium on 99%, 99%, and 96% of daily scheduled applications; 99%, 98%, and 97% of preintercourse applications, and 99%, 94%, and 98% of postintercourse applications. All participants said they would recommend all 3 products to a friend; 72% preferred the 62% ethanol gel, 17% the 0.1% benzalkonium, and 11% the 0.4% benzalkonium. One person developed objective signs of a genital ulcer after 14 days of 0.4% benzalkonium wipe use. Two of the 3 topical microbicides had minimal reported adverse effects, and no adverse effects were observed during use of the ethanol gel, which was preferred by most men. (author's) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | MEN | HETEROSEXUALS | MICROBICIDES | SAFETY | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | ACCEPTANCE PROCESS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Public Health | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Decision Making Document Number: 308442 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Factors affecting vasectomy acceptability in Tanzania. Author: Bunce A; Guest G; Searing H; Frajzyngler V; Riwa P Source: International Family Planning Perspectives. 2007 Mar;33(1):13-21. Abstract: Calls for increased inclusion of men in matters of reproductive health emphasize the need for research into vasectomy acceptability and decision making. Vasectomy is a safe, simple and effective method of contraception, but is underused worldwide. Focus group discussions and in-depth interviews were conducted with potential and actual sterilization clients and their partners in the Kigoma Region of Tanzania. Content analysis was used to search for emergent themes related to vasectomy decision making. Six themes emerged as overarching factors contributing to the vasectomy decision-making process: economics, spousal influence, religion, provider reputation and availability, uncertainty about the future, and poor vasectomy knowledge and understanding. There was substantial communication between partners regarding the vasectomy decision, and wives had a strong influence on the outcome; however, men and women agreed that husbands would resist vasectomy if wives initially raised the topic. Vasectomy acceptance is limited by the scarcity of skilled vasectomy providers and by the fact that men and women hold many of the same misunderstandings about vasectomy, including a fear of decreased sexual performance as a result of the procedure. Spousal discussions are important in the decision to get a vasectomy, but these discussions should be initiated by the male partner. Programs need to educate men about contraceptive options, including vasectomies. Detailed, culturally relevant knowledge of the barriers and facilitators individuals experience during their decision-making process will enable vasectomy promotion programs to more successfully target appropriate populations. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | FOCUS GROUPS | MEN | SPOUSE | HEALTH PERSONNEL | VASECTOMY | ACCEPTANCE PROCESS | DECISION MAKING | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | KNOWLEDGE | RELIGION | SEX EDUCATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Male Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Behavior | Economic Factors | Interpersonal Relations | Education Document Number: 315541 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: Acceptance of human papillomavirus vaccination among Californian parents of daughters: A representative statewide analysis. Author: Constantine NA; Jerman P Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2007 Feb;40(2):108-115. Abstract: The purpose was to examine likelihood of parental acceptance of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination for young adolescent girls, together with reasons for acceptance and nonacceptance. The ultimate goal of this research is to inform policy decisions and educational planning in this area. A random-digit-dial telephone survey of parents in California households was conducted, yielding 522 parents with an eligible daughter. Cross tabulations and odds ratios were employed to analyze likelihood of vaccination acceptability. Reasons provided for acceptance or nonacceptance were analyzed qualitatively. Overall, 75% of the sample reported that they would be likely to vaccinate a daughter before age 13 years. Hispanic parents were more likely to accept vaccination than were non-Hispanic parents, whereas African-American and Asian-American parents were less likely. Other subgroups less likely to accept vaccination were identified. Five clusters of reasons by nonaccepting parents emerged: pragmatic concerns about effects on sexual behavior, specific HPV vaccine concerns, moral concerns about sexual behavior, general vaccine concerns, and denial of need. A sixth group of interest comprised those who would vaccinate before age 16 years, but not age 13. Consistent with previous studies on this topic, a large majority of California parents endorsed HPV vaccination for daughters by the recommended age. Although important subgroup disparities were found, majorities of all subgroups supported vaccination. This information, together with the identified clusters of cognitive decision factors for nonacceptance, has implications for policy decisions and educational planning in this area. Suggestions for further research on subgroup disparities and on cognitive factors involved in parents' decisions arise from these findings. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CALIFORNIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | PARENTS | DAUGHTERS | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | HPV | VACCINES | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | ACCEPTANCE PROCESS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Child Rearing | Behavior | Decision Making Document Number: 312095 |
| 22. Title: Male circumcision -- see the harm to get a balanced picture. Author: Dalton JD Source: Journal of Men's Health and Gender. 2007 Sep;4(3):312-317. Abstract: The minute that the surgeon cuts the skin, harm is done. The benefits of treatment have to exceed the harm before the doctor is doing any good. I write on behalf of a charity established to represent the rights of patients to avoid therapeutically unnecessary circumcision. As such, I will approach the subject from the point of view that the highest standards of male health can only be achieved when the normal male sex organs are kept intact unless there is some unavoidable justification to remove a part of them. I will set the medical situation in its historical context and then examine the main ethical issues in relation to male circumcision. This discussion is purely confined to male circumcision in a medical context and in no way seeks to address circumcision performed for religious reasons. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | MEN | CHILD, MALE | MALE CIRCUMCISION | ETHICS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | HEALTH POLICY | ACCEPTANCE PROCESS | INFECTION PREVENTION | Demographic Factors | Population | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Sociocultural Factors | Child Rearing | Behavior | Policy | Political Factors | Decision Making | Infections | Diseases Document Number: 321326 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: Women's attitudes towards mechanisms of action of family planning methods: Survey in primary health centres in Pamplona, Spain. Author: de Irala J; Lopez Del Burgo C; Lopez de Fez CM; Arredondo J; Mikolajczyk RT Source: BMC Women's Health. 2007 Jun 27;7(1):[26] p. Abstract: Informed consent in family planning includes knowledge of mechanism of action. Some methods of family planning occasionally work after fertilization. Knowing about postfertilization effects may be important to some women before choosing a certain family planning method. The objective of this survey is to explore women's attitudes towards postfertilization effects of family planning methods, and beliefs and characteristics possibly associated with those attitudes. Cross-sectional survey in a sample of 755 potentially fertile women, aged 18-49, from Primary Care Health Centres in Pamplona, Spain. Participants were given a 30-item, self-administered, anonymous questionnaire about family planning methods and medical and surgical abortion. Logistic regression was used to identify variables associated with women's attitudes towards postfertilization effects. The response rate was 80%. The majority of women were married, held an academic degree and had no children. Forty percent of women would not consider using a method that may work after fertilization but before implantation and 57% would not consider using one that may work after implantation. While 35.3% of the sample would stop using a method if they learned that it sometimes works after fertilization, this percentage increased to 56.3% when referring to a method that sometimes works after implantation. Women who believe that human life begins at fertilization and those who consider it is important to distinguish between natural and induced embryo loss were less likely to consider the use of a method with postfertilization effects. Information about potential postfertilization effects of family planning methods may influence women's acceptance and choice of a particular family planning method. Additional studies in other populations are necessary to evaluate whether these beliefs are important to those populations. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SPAIN | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN | ATTITUDES | BELIEFS | FAMILY PLANNING | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | NULLIPARITY | ACCEPTANCE PROCESS | Europe, Southwestern | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Parity | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Decision Making Document Number: 313675 |
| 24. Title: Teenage pregnancy among Latinas: Examining risk and protective factors. Author: Dogan-Ates A; Carrion-Basham CY Source: Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences. 2007 Nov;29(4):554-569. Abstract: This study investigated the role of three groups of risk and protective factors (e.g., individual, family, and extrafamilial) that are associated with teen pregnancy. Two groups of Latina adolescents (aged 15 to 19), nonpregnant/ nonparenting (NP; N = 48) and pregnant/parenting (P; N = 46), completed a demographic survey, an adolescent profile questionnaire, self-esteem, and locus of control scales. Findings revealed a group of protective factors related to each category: Significant group differences favoring the NP teens were obtained for the individual factors of higher grades and career aspirations, and family factors were related to living with biological parents and greater parental monitoring. Extrafamilial factors included variables related to greater participation in extracurricular activities and religious services, and having friends who model conventional behavior. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CALIFORNIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | HISPANICS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | RISK FACTORS | ACCEPTANCE PROCESS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | PARENTING EDUCATION | RELIGION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Biology | Decision Making | Behavior | Economic Factors | Education | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 322431 |
| 25. Title: Role of marketing in polio eradication. Author: Goswami R Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the International Marketing Conference on Marketing and Society, Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode (IIMK), April 8-10, 2007. [16] p. Abstract: Reducing the number of children affected by polio from 1000 per day to around 4 per day is not a small feat by any standard only if, we hadn't decided to eradicate polio and, it wasn't six year since the target for eradication was set. Since the WHA resolution of 1988, globally over USD 4 billion has been spent, more than 10 million volunteers has administered around 10 billion polio doses in hundreds of National and supplementary immunization days (NIDs and SNIDs) across the world. The initial few years in eradication were, undoubtedly, remarkable with countries and continents being freed from the infection and disease. Although, the eradication target of year 2000 could not be achieved, but it was never far from sight till, vaccination activities were stopped in Nigeria in 2003. Situation created by the resulting outbreaks there and, following importation of the wild polio virus (WPV) to other countries changed the eradication scenario, in spite of the many efforts; this spread of polio could still not be halted on time. Even in 2006, some pockets of WPV i.e. one in Moradabad, India and some other in Kano, Nigeria are cause of concern for eradication experts as it is clear now that polio will not be eradicated before year 2007. Back in 1988, no one had envisaged that polio eradication will be this difficult. The explanation for current outbreak is being given by 'four year cycle' of return of polio as even earlier in 1998 and 2002, there were outbreaks. Situation in Nigeria and India are suggestive that it will take at least one year before Polio is eradicated. The hope goes down as the number of cases goes up in 2006 than last 3 year. India has reported the highest number of cases in last 4 years. Much of the debate is going on the strategy followed to eradicate polio out of world. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | CHILDREN | INFLUENTIALS | POLIO | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | SOCIAL MARKETING | IMMUNIZATION | PUBLIC OPINION | ACCEPTANCE PROCESS | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Marketing | Economic Factors | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Attitudes | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Decision Making Document Number: 325178 |
| 26. Title: Wife abuse in Tajikistan. Author: Haarr RN Source: Feminist Criminology. 2007 Jul;2(3):245-270. Abstract: In Tajikistan, wife abuse is a significant problem that has received virtually no attention from researchers or the government of Tajikistan. This descriptive study seeks to understand women's approval of wife abuse and the extent of wife abuse in Tajik women's lives. Four hundred women in three districts of Khatlon Oblast participated in this general population survey. Overall, most women approved of wife abuse by one's husband and/or mother-in-law and maintained that there were a wide range of so-called justifiable circumstances for wife abuse, particularly for behaviors that transgress expectations. A significant proportion of women also reported experiencing physical and sexual violence from their husbands, and a small proportion of women reported experiencing physical violence from their mothers-in-law. The study's implications for practice and future research on issues of wife abuse in Tajikistan are discussed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TAJIKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | HOUSEWIVES | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | PHYSICAL ABUSE | SEXUAL ABUSE | CULTURE | ACCEPTANCE PROCESS | Asia, Central | Asia | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Violence | Behavior | Decision Making Document Number: 322418 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: Acceptability of PRO2000 Vaginal Gel among HIV un-infected Women in Pune, India. Author: Joglekar N; Joshi S; Kakde M; Fang G; Cianciola M Source: AIDS Care. 2007 Jul;19(6):817-821. Abstract: Acceptability of PRO2000 Gel, a candidate vaginal microbicide, among participants of its Phase I safety study in Pune, India is reported here. Forty-two eligible women were enrolled in a study requiring twice daily intra-vaginal product use for 14 consecutive days between menses. Acceptability was assessed at study exit through structured questionnaires among 41 participants who completed the product use, and five focus group discussions involving 31 study participants. The participants generally liked the product (40/41, 97.2%), especially its colour (40, 97.2%) and consistency (35, 85.3%). Thirty-four participants reported sexual intercourse within one hour of product use, at least once during the study period and sexual pleasure was reported to be better or unaffected among (30, 88.2%) participants. Nearly 70% did not like its smell and mentioned preference for a product that would be unnoticeable to the male partner. Participating women were concerned about privacy in usage and storage of the product. Acceptability of PRO2000 vaginal gel was good, but its smell will have to be improved. Counselling to address women's concerns about privacy and storage will be crucial. Women's preference for unnoticeable product indicates their empowerment and willingness to accept female-controlled options for HIV prevention. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CLINICAL TRIALS | FOCUS GROUPS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | VAGINAL GEL | MICROBICIDES | HIV PREVENTION | ACCEPTANCE PROCESS | SEX BEHAVIOR | SATISFACTION | PRIVACY | STORAGE AND WAREHOUSES | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Clinical Research | Data Collection | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Behavior | Vaginal Spermicides | Contraceptive Methods | |