1.   Peer Reviewed Title: Trends in primary and secondary abstinence among Kenyan youth. Author: Chiao C; Mishra V Source: AIDS Care. 2009 Jul;Calverton, Maryland, Macro International, Demographic and Health Research Division, MEASURE DHS, 2007 Nov. 21(7):881-892. 15 p. (DHS Working Papers No. 36USAID Contract No. GPO-C-00-03-00002-00) Abstract: The authors used data from Kenya Demographic and Health Surveys in 1993, 1998, and 2003 to examine 10-year trends in primary and secondary abstinence among never-married youth ages 15–24 and to explore the role of HIV prevention knowledge, schooling, and contextual factors in affecting their abstinence behaviors. Their analysis shows that both primary and secondary abstinence levels have risen in the past 10 years, with the abstinence levels higher among females than among males. Logistic regression models indicate that knowledge that abstinence can prevent HIV infection was positively associated with the likelihood of practicing abstinence. However, knowledge that condom use can prevent HIV infection was associated with lower abstinence practice. In-school youth were more likely to abstain from sex than those working. Effects of the contextual variables were only significant on the likelihood of primary abstinence among female youth. Language: English Keywords: KENYA | TECHNICAL REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | DATA ANALYSIS | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS | STUDENTS | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | ABSTINENCE | HIV INFECTIONS | TRANSMISSION | HIV PREVENTION | KNOWLEDGE | CONDOM USE | BEHAVIOR | SEX EDUCATION | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Education | Schools | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Sociocultural Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 322987 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: Gender factors associated with sexual abstinent behaviour of rural South African high school going youth in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Author: Dlamini S; Taylor M; Mkhize N; Huver R; Sathiparsad R; de Vries H; Naidoo K; Jinabhai C Source: Health Education Research. 2009 Jun;24(3):450-60. Abstract: The cross-sectional study investigated South African rural high school learners' choice of sexual abstinence in order to be able to develop tailored health education messages. All Grade 9 learners from one class at each of 10 randomly selected rural high schools participated. The Integrated Model for Motivational and Behavioural Change was used to elicit attitudes, social influences, self-efficacy and intentions towards sexual abstinence. Chi-square and t-tests were used for bivariate analysis. In total, 454 learners, mean age 16.7 years (standard deviation 1.41) range 14-20 years, participated, of whom 246 (54.2%) were female. When comparing learners reporting abstinence (n = 252) with those not abstinent (n = 202), abstinent learners were significantly more often females (P < 0.005), younger (16.5 years versus 17.1 years, P < 0.005) and drank less alcohol (P < 0.005). Abstaining girls believed that their friends and parents think that they should abstain from sex, that their friends abstained from sex and that abstinence helped them to mature emotionally. Abstinent boys expressed intentions to abstain from sex until marriage. Targeted intervention research is required to encourage South African rural high school learners to delay their sexual initiation to reduce their risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Different abstinent messages are needed for boys and girls to address the different patterns of behaviour observed. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | RURAL POPULATION | STUDENTS | ABSTINENCE | PREVALENCE | ATTITUDES | SEX FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Measurement | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 341430 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Adapting a multifaceted U.S. HIV prevention education program for girls in Ghana. Author: Fiscian VS; Obeng EK; Goldstein K; Shea JA; Turner BJ Source: AIDS Education and Prevention. 2009 Feb;21(1):67-79. Abstract: We adapted a U.S. HIV prevention program to address knowledge gaps and cultural pressures that increase the risk of infection in adolescent Ghanaian girls. The theory-based nine-module HIV prevention program combines didactics and games, an interactive computer program about sugar daddies, and tie-and-dye training to demonstrate an economic alternative to transactional sex. The abstinence-based study was conducted in a church-affiliated junior secondary school in Nsawam, Ghana. Of 61 subjects aged 10-14 in the prevention program, over two thirds were very worried about becoming HIV infected. A pre-post evaluation of the intervention showed significant gains in three domains: HIV knowledge (p = .001) and self efficacy to discuss HIV and sex with men (p < .001) and with boys (p < .001). Responses to items about social norms of HIV risk behavior were also somewhat improved (p = .09). Subjects rated most program features highly. Although short-term knowledge and self-efficacy to address HIV improved significantly, longer term research is needed to address cultural and economic factors placing young women at risk of HIV infection. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | GHANA | EVALUATION REPORT | THEORETICAL MODELS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | SUGAR DADDIES | SEX WORKERS | FAITH-BASED ORGANIZATION | HEALTH EDUCATION | SEX EDUCATION | HIV PREVENTION | CULTURE | COMPUTER PROGRAMS AND PROGRAMMING | ABSTINENCE | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Evaluation | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Education | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Information Processing | Information | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Communication Programs | Communication | Behavior Change Document Number: 331081 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Contraceptive use in women enrolled into preventive HIV vaccine trials: experience from a phase I/II trial in East Africa. Author: Kibuuka H; Guwatudde D; Kimutai R; Maganga L; Maboko L; Watyema C; Sawe F; Shaffer D; Matsiko D; Millard M; Michael N; Wabwire-Mangen F; Robb M Source: PLoS One. 2009;4(4):e5164. Abstract: BACKGROUND: HIV vaccine trials generally require that pregnant women are excluded from participation, and contraceptive methods must be used to prevent pregnancy during the trial. However, access to quality services and misconceptions associated with contraceptive methods may impact on their effective use in developing countries. We describe the pattern of contraceptive use in a multi-site phase I/IIa HIV Vaccine trial in East Africa (Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania) and factors that may have influenced their use during the trial. METHODS: Pregnancy prevention counseling was provided to female participants during informed consent process and at each study visit. Participants' methods of contraception used were documented. Methods of contraceptives were provided on site. Pregnancy testing was done at designated visits during the trial. Obstacles to contraceptive use were identified and addressed at each visit. RESULTS: Overall, 103 (31.8%) of a total of 324 enrolled volunteers were females. Female participants were generally young with a mean age of 29(+/-7.2), married (49.5%) and had less than high school education (62.1%). Hormonal contraceptives were the most common method of contraception (58.3%) followed by condom use (22.3%). The distribution of methods of contraception among the three sites was similar except for more condom use and less abstinence in Uganda. The majority of women (85.4%) reported to contraceptive use prior to screening. The reasons for not using contraception included access to quality services, insufficient knowledge of certain methods, and misconceptions. CONCLUSION: Although hormonal contraceptives were frequently used by females participating in the vaccine trial, misconceptions and their incorrect use might have led to inconsistent use resulting in undesired pregnancies. The study underscores the need for an integrated approach to pregnancy prevention counseling during HIV vaccine trials. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00123968. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | VACCINES | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | HIV PREVENTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE | CONDOM USE | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | ABSTINENCE | KNOWLEDGE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Africa | Developing Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Family Planning Surveys | Family Planning | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraception | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Contraceptive Agents | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Sociocultural Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 330944 |
| 5. Title: Update in adolescent contraception. Author: Lara-Torre E Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 2009 Mar;36(1):119-28. Abstract: Pregnancy rates in the United States seem to have stabilized in the past decade but continue to be higher than those in other industrialized nations. Although abstinence and barrier methods are available and efficient in preventing pregnancy, a comprehensive approach is a better choice when counseling patients on available options. The new approach to old contraceptive methods provides new alternatives to adolescents seeking safe and reliable methods. The availability and proved safety with longterm reversible contraceptive methods, such as the intrauterine system and subdermal implant, may allow adolescents to make better choices in preventing pregnancy. Future efforts in research should concentrate on finding the reasons why adolescents are at increased risk for unplanned pregnancy and solutions for this problem. Future contraceptive technology continues to focus on safety and convenience to facilitate the use of contraceptives in adolescents. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | KAP SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | ABSTINENCE | BARRIER METHODS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | IUD | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Contraception | Family Planning | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents Document Number: 330954 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Kenyan in-School Youths' Level of Understanding of Abstinence, Being Faithful, and Consistent Condom Use Terms: Implications for HIV-Prevention Programs. Author: Lillie T; Pulerwitz J; Curbow B Source: Journal of Health Communication. 2009 Apr-May;14(3):276-92. Abstract: Kenyan in-school youth ages 13-19 years (N = 1,375) were surveyed before an HIV-prevention intervention was implemented. As part of the survey, students wrote their definitions of the terms "abstinence," "being faithful," and "consistent condom use." These definitions were qualitatively analyzed by determining recurrent themes, developing a codebook, and having two coders code the responses. The entire definition was assigned an overall code of fully comprehended, partly comprehended, did not comprehend, or no response in comparison to the conventional definition of the term. Overall, 48% fully comprehended abstinence, 20% fully comprehended being faithful, and 7% fully comprehended consistent condom use. Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | STUDENTS | ABSTINENCE, BE FAITHFUL, CONDOM USE | HIV PREVENTION | KNOWLEDGE | ABSTINENCE | CONDOM USE | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Sex Behavior | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Risk Reduction Behavior Document Number: 341107 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Emerging discourse: Islamic teaching in HIV prevention in Kenya. Author: Maulana AO; Krumeich A; Van Den Borne B Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2009 May 12;:1. Abstract: Islamic values portraying sex outside of marriage as sinful are often believed to contribute to HIV transmission as they reject safe-sex practices. Moreover, stigma associated with sinful behaviour is frequently assumed to interfere with access to care for those infected. In contrast, adherence to religious values such as abstinence is viewed as an explanation for the relatively low incidence of HIV infection in Islamic populations. Inspired by this debate, a study was conducted into the possibilities of using Islamic texts as a starting point for health promotion addressing HIV infection and HIV/AIDS-related stigma in Lamu, a Muslim community in Kenya. The study also explored the potential role of Lamu's Islamic leaders in the delivery of that health promotion. In collaboration with Islamic leaders, texts were identified that applied to sexual conduct, health, stigma and the responsibilities of Islamic leaders towards their congregations. In spite of the association of HIV with improper sexual behaviour, Islamic texts offer a starting point for tackling HIV transmission and HIV/AIDS-related stigma. Under particular conditions, the identified Islamic texts may even justify the promotion of safer-sex methods, including condom use. Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | COMMUNITY | HIV PREVENTION | ISLAM | EXTRAMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | STIGMA | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | VALUE ORIENTATION | ABSTINENCE | LEADERSHIP | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | SAFER SEX | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Religion | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Social Problems | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Psychological Factors | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341496 |
| 8. Title: The role of sexually abstained groups in two-sex demographic and epidemic logistic models with non-linear mortality. Author: Maxin D; Milner FA Source: Journal of Theoretical Biology. 2009 Jun 7;258(3):389-402. Abstract: We describe several gender structured population models governed by logistic growth with non-linear death rate. We extend these models to include groups of people isolated from sexual activity and individuals exposed to a mild and long-lasting sexually transmitted disease, i.e. without disease-induced mortality and recovery. The transmission of the disease is modeled through formation/separation of heterosexual couples assuming that one infected individual automatically infects his/her partner. We are interested in how the non-reproductive class may change the demographic tendencies in the general population and whether they can curb the growth of the infected group while keeping the healthy one at acceptable levels. A comparison of the equilibrium total population size in the presence and the absence of the isolated class is also provided. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | THEORETICAL STUDIES | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | EPIDEMIOLOGY | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | TRANSMISSION | ABSTINENCE | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | MARRIAGE | POPULATION DYNAMICS | Studies | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Public Health | Health | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Fertility | Demographic Factors | Population | Nuptiality Document Number: 342385 |
| 9. Title: Correlates of the intention to remain sexually inactive among male adolescents in an Islamic country: case of the Republic of Iran. Author: Mohtasham G; Shamsaddin N; Bazargan M; Anosheravan K; Elaheh M; Fazlolah G Source: Journal of School Health. 2009 Mar;79(3):123-9. Abstract: BACKGROUND: There are very few studies that have examined sexual intentions and behaviors of adolescents in Islamic countries. This study employs the Health Belief Model to assess the correlates of the intention to remain sexually inactive among male adolescents in the Republic of Iran. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was performed with a sample of 314 adolescents recruited from 3 high schools from Tehran, Iran. RESULTS: Fifty-seven percent of this sample planned to remain abstinent until marriage. Another 23% rejected the notion of remaining abstinent and 20% were uncertain. Multinomial logistic regression revealed that students whose mothers were employed and who received a higher daily allowance were more likely to report that they would not remain abstinent. No significant independent relationship between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related knowledge and an intention to remain abstinent was detected. However, consistent with previous studies conducted in Asia, Africa, and in Western countries, we documented that (1) perceived subjective norms, (2) self-efficacy, (3) and perceived susceptibility to contracting the HIV virus all are associated with the intention to remain sexually inactive among adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: It seems abstinence until marriage is more likely to be practiced in traditional families. However, Iranian society is changing rapidly and traditional family structures, values, and norms may not sufficiently protect adolescents from HIV infection. The data from this study support previous studies conducted in Western countries, which found that intervention programs that focus on knowledge alone are ineffective in their ability to alter adolescents' intentions to postpone sexual activity. Language: English Keywords: IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | THEORETICAL MODELS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS, MALE | STUDENTS | ABSTINENCE | ISLAM | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | PREVALENCE | INCOME | EMPLOYMENT | VALUE ORIENTATION | Middle East | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Religion | Sociocultural Factors | Schools | Measurement | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 341162 |
| 10. Title: Gender differences in intention to remain a virgin until marriage among school pupils in rural northern Tanzania. Author: Njau B; Mtweve S; Manongi R; Jalipa H Source: African Journal of AIDS Research. 2009;8(2):157-166. Abstract: This study was conducted in 10 districts in northern Tanzania in July 2005. Out of 65 villages, four were randomly selected. In total, 953 primary school pupils, ages 10 to 14 years, participated in an interview and questionnaire: about 54% were girls and 41% were ages 12 to 13. Thirty-four percent of boys and 28.5% of girls said they had the intention to remain a virgin until marriage. Among the male respondents, having the intention to remain a virgin until marriage was associated with sharing a bedroom with a brother under age 18 years and with saying that girls have the right to say no to sex. Among the female respondents, having the intention to remain a virgin until marriage was associated with living with both parents and saying that they had the confidence to refuse sex with someone who has authority or power. Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | RURAL AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | STUDENTS | ABSTINENCE | VIRGINITY | ATTITUDES | SEX FACTORS | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | INTERVIEWS | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Geographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Education | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Schools | Data Collection | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution Document Number: 339890 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: "If you don't abstain, you will die of AIDS": AIDS education in Kenyan public schools. Author: Njue C; Nzioka C; Ahlberg BM; Pertet AM; Voeten HA Source: AIDS Education and Prevention. 2009 Apr;21(2):169-79. Abstract: This article explores the constraints of implementing AIDS education in public schools in Kenya. The authors conducted 60 interviews with teachers and 60 focus group discussions with students in 21 primary and nine secondary schools. System and school-level constraints included lack of time in the curriculum, limited reach of secondary-school students (because AIDS education is embedded in biology, which is not compulsory), and disapproval of openness about sex and condoms by the Ministry of Education and parents. Alternative strategies to teach about AIDS had their own constraints. Teachers lacked training and support and felt uncomfortable with the topic. They were not used to interactive teaching methods and sometimes breached confidentiality. Teachers' negative attitudes constrained students from seeking information. The authors conclude that training interventions should be provided to teachers to increase their self-confidence, foster more positive attitudes, and stimulate interactive teaching methods. The Ministry of Education needs to have a clear policy toward the promotion of condoms. Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | TEACHERS | STUDENTS | HEALTH EDUCATION | AIDS PREVENTION | ATTITUDES | ABSTINENCE | CURRICULUM | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Education | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Schools Document Number: 341679 |
| 12. Title: [HIV infection prophylaxis in Uganda] Zapobieganie zakazeniom HIV w Ugandzie. Author: Rogowska-Szadkowska D Source: Przeglad Epidemiologiczny. 2009;63(1):45-8. Abstract: Uganda is one of the few countries where rates of HIV infection decreased, from about 18 percent in the early 1990s to about five percent in 2001. Although at the end of 2005, UNAIDS estimated that 6.7 percent of adults were HIV-infected, in recent years the number of infections has started to rise again. Uganda receives funds from the Unites States President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), which promotes the ABC approach focusing on sexual abstinence. Many experts argue that by emphasizing abstinence over condom use, the approach leaves women at risk of infection, because currently in Uganda marital sex continues to pose a particular risk for women. Language: Polish Keywords: UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS PREVENTION | ABSTINENCE | RISK FACTORS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Health Document Number: 341922 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Patient teenagers? A comparison of the sexual behavior of virginity pledgers and matched nonpledgers. Author: Rosenbaum JE Source: Pediatrics. 2009 Jan;123(1):e110-e120. Abstract: The US government spends more than $200 million annually on abstinencepromotion programs, including virginity pledges. This study compares the sexual activity of adolescent virginity pledgers with matched nonpledgers by using more robust methods than past research. The subjects for this study were National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health respondents, a nationally representative sample of middle and high school students who, when surveyed in 1995, had never had sex or taken a virginity pledge and who were >15 years of age (n = 3440). Adolescents who reported taking a virginity pledge on the 1996 survey (n = 289) were matched with nonpledgers (n = 645) by using exact and nearest-neighbor matching within propensity score calipers on factors including prepledge religiosity and attitudes toward sex and birth control. Pledgers and matched nonpledgers were compared 5 years after the pledge on self-reported sexual behaviors and positive test results for Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Trichomonas vaginalis, and safe sex outside of marriage by use of birth control and condoms in the past year and at last sex. Five years after the pledge, 82% of pledgers denied having ever pledged. Pledgers and matched nonpledgers did not differ in premarital sex, sexually transmitted diseases, and anal and oral sex variables. Pledgers had 0.1 fewer past-year partners but did not differ in lifetime sexual partners and age of first sex. Fewer pledgers than matched nonpledgers used birth control and condoms in the past year and birth control at last sex. The sexual behavior of virginity pledgers does not differ from that of closely matched nonpledgers, and pledgers are less likely to protect themselves from pregnancy and disease before marriage. Virginity pledges may not affect sexual behavior but may decrease the likelihood of taking precautions during sex. Clinicians should provide birth control information to all adolescents, especially virginity pledgers. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | HEALTH SURVEYS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS | VIRGINITY | ABSTINENCE | ATTITUDES | RELIGION | CONTRACEPTION | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | EXTRAMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Health | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases Document Number: 328034 |
| 14. Title: Postpartum family planning: a review of programmatic approaches through the first year of postpartum. Report. Author: JHPIEGO. ACCESS-FP Source: [Baltimore, Maryland], JHPIEGO, ACCESS FP, 2008 May 15. [8] p. Abstract: Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | FAMILY PLANNING | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | MATERNAL HEALTH | LACTATIONAL AMENORRHEA METHOD | ANTENATAL CARE | ABSTINENCE | POSTPARTUM | RECOMMENDATIONS | COUNSELING | Puerperium | Reproduction | Health | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 331794 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Socio-demographic profile of women undergoing abortion in a tertiary centre. Author: Bahadur A; Mittal S; Sharma JB; Sehgal R Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2008 Oct;278(4):329-332. Abstract: Introduction: Induced abortion is the most controversial area of family planning and it is often the most important method of fertility regulation by a community to control family size. Although abortion has been greatly liberalized, the annual number of legal abortions performed in India is 0.5 million of the annual estimated 6 million abortions. Material and methods: This cross-sectional, descriptive, population based study of the socio-demographic profile of women was conducted between March and August 2007 in the Family Planning Clinic at AIIMS, New Delhi. An ethical clearance was obtained and informed written consent taken from both the partners. Hundred and eighty women requesting an abortion were eligible for inclusion. Results: Mean age of the participants was 29.2 years (range SD § 3.5) and mean parity was 2.8 (range 1-6, SD § 0.9). Thirty-four percentage of women reported a previous abortion in the preceding 2 years. 52.5% of women whose present pregnancy was unintended had used a highly effective form of contraception 6 months before the event, like oral contraceptive pill (18.2%), condoms (36.8%), withdrawal method (32.5%) or periodic abstinence (12.1%). The reasons cited for termination of pregnancy were unplanned pregnancy 32.8% women, inadequate income 24.6%, family complete 20.3% and contraceptive failure 22.3%. The vast majority of women were uneducated (34.8%) with 31.4% having passed high school and above while 33.8% had left their education before completing high school. Conclusion: In a country like India with its vast population women in their reproductive age-group face a set of problems not only because of low literacy, low socio-economic status but also because they have lack of control over their reproductive intentions and are ignorant as to how to fulfill them. Abortion is a vulnerable time for all women and is a good opportunity for intervention for the ones belonging to the lower socio-economic strata of society who have less contact with health professionals. Thus there is a need to provide fertility regulation services keeping the users perspective in mind. The current study highlights the need for population based contraception and greater awareness of the use of contraception. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | ABORTION | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CONDOM USE | WITHDRAWAL | ABSTINENCE | MOTIVATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Contraceptive Methods | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Psychological Factors Document Number: 328063 Notification |
| 16. Title: Congress examines the evidence on abstinence-only education programs. Author: Boonstra HD Source: Guttmacher Policy Review. 2008 Spring;11(2):19. Abstract: Continued funding for federal abstinence- only-until-marriage programs was hotly debated during a hearing before the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform on April 23. The first-ever congressional hearing to examine the effectiveness of abstinence-only education clearly put social conservatives on the defensive against a wealth of evidence that such a highly restrictive educational approach is not effective in stopping or delaying teen sex. A panel of public health experts, including representatives of the American Public Health Association and the Institute of Medicine, testified that there is no evidence base to support the current, massive federal investment in abstinence-only programs. "In fact," said Margaret Blythe of the American Academy of Pediatrics, "abstinence-only programs are not only ineffective but may cause harm by providing inadequate and inaccurate information and resulting in participants' failure to use safer sex practices once intercourse is initiated." Indeed, a recent, congressionally mandated evaluation of federally funded abstinence-only programs by Mathematica Policy Research found that these programs have no beneficial impact on whether young people abstain, when they first have sex or their numbers of sexual partners. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | SCHOOL AGE POPULATION | POLICYMAKERS | ABSTINENCE | SEX EDUCATION | CONSERVATISM | ADVOCACY | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Education | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Communication | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases Document Number: 323167 |
| 17. Title: Matter of faith: Support for comprehensive sex education among faith-based organizations. Author: Boonstra HD Source: Guttmacher Policy Review. 2008 Winter;11(1):17-22. Abstract: Since colonial times, religious institutions in the United States have played a major role in providing social services to the needy. In doing so, churches and synagogues for most of the nation's history either operated without significant support from the government or set up separate nonprofits for their charity work. Over the past few decades, however, a growing movement has developed to expand partnerships between faith-based organizations and the government. The "Charitable Choice" provisions in the 1996 welfare reform law effected the most significant legislative changes to the relationship between government and faith-based organizations in recent history. President Bush has sought to build on Charitable Choice by establishing the White House Faith-Based and Community Initiative and Centers for Faith-Based Community Initiatives across several government agencies. Through these initiatives and an array of policy reforms and outreach, Bush has promoted broader involvement of faith-based organizations in social programs as a core component of his "compassionate conservative" agenda. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | FAITH-BASED ORGANIZATION | POLICYMAKERS | SEX EDUCATION | RELIGION | LEGISLATION | ABSTINENCE | CONSERVATISM | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | ADVOCACY | SOCIAL POLICY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Education | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Communication | Policy Document Number: 325584 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: US Senate passes new PEPFAR bill. Author: Bristol N Source: Lancet. 2008 Jul 26;372(9635):277-278. Abstract: After weeks of negotiations, the US Senate has reauthorised the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). The new bill has been hailed a substantial achievement by many in the global-health community, but some critics say that it does not go far enough. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | LEGISLATION | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | HEALTH | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | HIV INFECTIONS | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | ABSTINENCE | TREATMENT | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 327888 |
| 19. Title: Differences among male/female adolescents participating in a School-based Teenage Education Program (STEP) focusing on HIV prevention in India. Author: Chhabra R; Springer C; Rapkin B; Merchant Y Source: Ethnicity and Disease. 2008 Spring;18(2 Suppl 2):S2-123-7. Abstract: INTRODUCTION: With the rising threat of HIV in India, youth are an important group to reach for prevention education. This pilot study tested the efficacy of STEP (School-based Teenage Education Program focusing on HIV Prevention) for school children. METHOD: This pilot study randomized 25 schools in Mumbai to receive STEP (N = 1846). We trained forty two undergraduates from local colleges to deliver the, (six-session) program over a six-week period to eighth graders (age 13-15 years). Outcome measures collected at six weeks were HIV knowledge, attitudes toward abstinence/condom use, peer pressure, and confidence in dealing with risky social situations. A repeated measures analysis of variance was conducted with pretest and posttest scores with knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and confidence as the within-group measures and gender as the between-group measure. RESULTS: Both boys and girls significantly improved on knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs regarding HIV/AIDS and in their confidence level in dealing with risky behavior. However girls increased more on knowledge (P < .05), agreement with abstinence (P < .05), and agreement with condom use (P < .001). Girls had significantly less need to follow peers (P < .05), better understanding of precautions against HIV (P < .001), and a higher confidence level in dealing with risky social situations (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, girls benefited more from the STEP intervention than boys. The literature documents strong gender disparities in HIV/AIDS knowledge, information sources, and consequences of sex for youth in India. However, more work is needed to define and document the reasons for the differences. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | PILOT PROJECTS | ADOLESCENTS | STUDENTS | SCHOOL-BASED SERVICES | SEX FACTORS | HIV PREVENTION | SEX EDUCATION | ATTITUDES | KNOWLEDGE | SAFER SEX | PEER PRESSURE | ABSTINENCE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Behavior | Psychosocial Factors | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning Document Number: 328749 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Moving beyond the alphabet soup of HIV prevention. Author: Collins C; Coates TJ; Curran J Source: AIDS. 2008;22 Suppl 2:S5-S8. Abstract: The 'ABCs' of prevention (abstinence, be faithful, use a condom) continue to be the subject of intense debate in the international dialogue on HIV/AIDS prevention policy. The authors argue that the ABC terminology infantilizes the prevention discussion by excluding essential interventions and oversimplifying the prevention challenge facing countries. The dialogue that is needed is less about the relative merits of one intervention over another, but rather how to promote comprehensive national prevention programmes that have a measurable impact on HIV incidence. Accountability is key to advancing HIV prevention on the national and international levels. Governments, donors and global agencies must be held accountable for prevention programming that is tailored to the specific characteristics of national epidemics, brings quality interventions to a scale, addresses environmental factors in vulnerability, and links prevention and treatment services. Whereas each national prevention response must remain unique, policy makers, donors and advocates can assess a country's prevention programming by the degree to which it is designed, scaled and implemented to make impact over time. (Author's) Language: English Keywords: CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | HIV PREVENTION | ABSTINENCE, BE FAITHFUL, CONDOM USE | ABSTINENCE | MONOGAMY | CONDOMS | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | POLICY | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 327867 |
| 21. Title: Government support for abstinence-only-until-marriage education. Author: Duffy K; Lynch DA; Santinelli J Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2008 Dec;84(6):746-8. Abstract: Sexual development is a normal part of adolescence; however, teenage sexual behavior increases the likelihood of unintended pregnancy and STDs. In recent years, there have been highly politicized discussions on how best to prevent negative reproductive health outcomes in adolescents. For the past 12 years, the federal government has endorsed abstinence-only- until-marriage (AOUM) as its primary approach to sex education. Federally funded AOUM programs must promote abstinence from sexual activity and limit discussion of condoms and contraception (except with regard to failure rates). Although monetary support for these programs has increased substantially in the past decade, no research has shown that they are effective at preventing teen pregnancies and STDs. Furthermore, recent analyses reveal that many of these programs contain misleading and medically inaccurate information. As a result, most youth-centered medical organizations support comprehensive sex education that includes developmentally appropriate information on condoms and contraception. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SUMMARY REPORT | ADOLESCENTS | ABSTINENCE, BE FAITHFUL, CONDOM USE | ABSTINENCE | SEX EDUCATION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | FUNDS | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Education | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 329377 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: The President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief: is the emergency over? Author: El-Sadr WM; Hoos D Source: New England Journal of Medicine. 2008 Aug;359(6):553-555. Abstract: In his 2003 State of the Union Address, President George W. Bush asked Congress to commit $15 billion over the next 5 years for the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) to combat the global epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Thus was launched one of the largest international health assistance programs in history. PEPFAR has since been both condemned as unilateral, paternalistic, narrowly focused, and distorted by a political agenda and lauded as groundbreaking, visionary, effective, and responsible for saving hundreds of thousands of lives. This year, Congress has had to consider the reauthorization of the program. On July 16, the Senate approved legislation that would increase the funding to $48 billion for the next 5 years, sending the measure into conference committee. Thus, this seems an appropriate time to examine PEPFAR's achievements, limitations, and lessons for the future. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS | SEX WORKERS | IV DRUG USERS | FOREIGN AID | AIDS PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | POLITICAL FACTORS | LEGISLATION | NEEDLE SHARING | ABSTINENCE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Drug Use and Abuse | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Risk Behavior | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning Document Number: 308032 |
| 23. Title: Contraceptive availability to adolescents: do American values violate our most vulnerable? Author: Elders MJ Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2008 Dec;84(6):741-5. Abstract: Sexually active adolescents need contraceptives. Nearly half of all 15- to 18-year-olds have engaged in sexual activity before finishing high school, and >70% are sexually active by the age of 20 years. The consequences of adolescents having unprotected sex are devastating. Availability of contraceptives for adolescents in the United States is affected by multiple factors, including individuals' knowledge about contraceptives, access to services and supplies, affordability, complex social and moral attitudes, and governmental policies and regulations. Efforts in the United States (unlike those in other developed countries) to address adolescent sex have been directed toward preventing teenage sex as opposed to preventing its adverse consequences. Abstinence-only programs violate the fundamental human right of adolescents to accurate and comprehensive sexual health information. Preventing the adverse consequences of unprotected adolescent sex requires a broad-based approach that begins with the recognition that adolescents are both valued and vulnerable. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | ADOLESCENTS | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | VALUE ORIENTATION | SEX BEHAVIOR | ABSTINENCE | SEX EDUCATION | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | FIRST INTERCOURSE | AGE FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Education | Diseases Document Number: 329172 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: The influence of Islam on AIDS prevention among Senegalese university students. Author: Gilbert SS Source: AIDS Education and Prevention. 2008 Oct;20(5):399-407. Abstract: Senegal has involved Muslim leaders in its prevention campaign for more than a decade. Senegal also has the lowest HIV/AIDS prevalence rate in sub-Saharan Africa. This study examines how Islam influences AIDS prevention by testing whether Senegalese participants' religiosity scores explain their risky decisions associated with sex, condom use, and drug use. Participants with higher religiosity scores were more likely to abstain from sex. However, participants high in religiosity were not more likely to report that they did not use condoms when sexually active. Language: English Keywords: SENEGAL | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | STUDENTS | ISLAM | HIV PREVENTION | UNIVERSITIES | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | ABSTINENCE | CONDOM USE | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Education | Religion | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Schools | Behavior | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Risk Reduction Behavior Document Number: 322735 |
| 25. Title: Reducing sexual risk with practice of periodic secondary abstinence. Author: Haglund K Source: Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing. 2008 Nov-Dec;37(6):647-56. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Test a novel intervention to help sexually experienced girls increase abstinence behaviors and attitudes. DESIGN: A quasi-experimental repeated measures design using qualitative and quantitative data. SETTING: Two alternative public schools. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-three females whose mean age was 16 and who were 79% African American participated. Most (79%) had experienced a pregnancy. INTERVENTION: A 6 session, weekly, interactive intervention was delivered. Data were collected at baseline, last session, and at 5 and 7 month follow-ups. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Measured outcomes related to abstinence included participants' reasons, behaviors, stages of change, and attitudes. RESULTS: The most common reason for abstinence was not wanting to have sex. At each postintervention data collection point, most participants (greater than or equal to 74%) reported that they had purposefully avoided sex. Duration of consecutive days of abstinence increased although only significantly at 5 month follow-up. Abstinence behaviors increased with the largest change from first to last session. Stage of change advanced from preparation to action by 7 month follow-up. Attitudes toward abstinence became more favorable. CONCLUSION: Effective sexual risk reduction interventions are critically needed to promote safety. Nurses may assist young women to decrease their sexual risks by teaching them to practice periodic abstinence. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | BLACKS | WOMEN | ABSTINENCE | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | PROGRAM EVALUATION | MOTIVATION | ATTITUDES | TIME FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Behavior | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration | Psychological Factors | Population Dynamics Document Number: 330265 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Abstinence-only programs under fire. Author: Hampton T Source: JAMA. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2008 May 7;299(17):2013-2015. Abstract: Over the past decade, the US federal government has heavily promoted programs that advocate sexual abstinence as the key strategy for dealing with adolescent sexuality, but studies are demonstrating that the approach has little impact on teen sexual behavior or in preventing pregnancy or sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). As a result, health professionals and government officials are working to end the programs and to expand funding for other types of sexual education initiatives, and many states have refused federal funding for abstinence-only programs. "By 2005, there were more than 800 programs that had been funded with over $1.5 billion, and increasingly, professionals, parents, policy makers, and adolescents have been raising concerns," said John Santelli, MD, MPH, of the Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health in New York City. The mounting pressure to revamp sex education programs was a topic of discussion at the 2008 National STD Prevention Conference held here in March. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ILLINOIS | SUMMARY REPORT | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS | ABSTINENCE | SEX BEHAVIOR | OBSTACLES | USER COMPLIANCE | SEX EDUCATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Behavior | Organization and Administration | Education Document Number: 326663 |
| 27. Title: Masculinity scripts and abstinence-related beliefs of rural Nigerian male youth. Author: Izugbara CO Source: Journal of Sex Research. 2008 Jul-Sep;45(3):262-76. Abstract: This study interrogates the direct perspectives of rural Nigerian male youth regarding the preventive practice of "abstinence until marriage." The study shows that norms of masculinity suffuse Nigerian male youth narratives surrounding the benefits and hazards of abstinence. Key gender norms that frame male youth views of the consequences of abstention included those that cast men as strong-willed and resolute, represent sexual activity as a central marker of malehood, depict male sexuality as naturally dominant and aggressive, emphasize male sexual potency, associate maleness with power and leadership, and portray sexual activity as normal, proper, and permissible for males. Inattention to the norms and scripts that organize sexual behavior, especially among male youth, portends danger for abstinence-until-marriage programs. Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | RURAL AREAS | YOUTH | MEN | UNMARRIED | ABSTINENCE | BELIEFS | SEX BEHAVIOR | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Geographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior Document Number: 328848 |
| 28. Title: Evolution of HIV/AIDS discourse among the Haya on ten landing sites on the western shores of Lake Victoria, Tanzania: need for a shift from a biomedical to a meaningful life discourse. Author: Kamanzi A Source: Health Policy and Development. 2008;6(3):95-101. Abstract: Kagera is one of the areas considered to be an epicentre of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Tanzania. This has been due to linking HIV/AIDS and the cross-border trade between Uganda and Tanzania, an activity that was due to lack of essential commodities after the Uganda-Tanzania War of 1978- 1981. In a survey in the landing sites of Lake Victoria, where one of the elements is to know the state of HIV/AIDS, it is found out that people are giving up in their struggle against HIV/AIDS, a situation that leads to the perception of contracting HIV/AIDS being an "occupational hazard". As the African sexual permissiveness theory has been at the back of the bio-medical discourse and the eventual behavioural change paradigms in guiding HIV/AIDS interventions, this article proposes change of discourse by having the meaningful life discourse in HIV/AIDS interventions. Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | ABSTINENCE | CULTURE | HIV PREVENTION | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | INTERVENTIONS | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Measurement | Research Methodology | Behavior | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration | Program Evaluation Document Number: 325376 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: Why has HIV stabilized in South Africa, yet not declined further? Age and sexual behavior patterns among youth. Author: Katz I; Low-Beer D Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2008 Oct;35(10):837-42. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To understand the stabilization in HIV prevalence in South Africa, and why HIV prevalence has not declined further, despite behavior change and apparently moderate risk behaviors. STUDY DESIGN: HIV prevalence and 4 HIV-related sexual behaviors in 15- to 24-year old South Africans and Ugandans were compared, before and during HIV prevalence stabilization and decrease, respectively. RESULTS: According to standard indicators, 15- to 24-year-old South Africans have shown behavior change and have moderate risk behaviors. Yet, the HIV prevalence of South African youth is more than twice the prevalence among Ugandan youth, despite 2 times greater reported condom use and an increase in secondary abstinence among young females. We observed inconsistent use of condoms and an extended age distribution of risk together with age and partner mixing. These increase the cumulative risk beyond indicators which are based on sexual behavior in the last year and condom use at last sexual act. In addition, the extended age distribution of risk together with age and partner mixing, increase the cumulative risk beyond standard indicators which are based on sexual behavior in the last year and condom use at last sexual act. CONCLUSIONS: Comprehensive HIV prevention in South Africa needs to be intensified beyond individual age groups for example youth, clearly promote consistent condom use and reduction in sexual partners, and focus on the transmission dynamics including older age groups. This should be based on careful behavioral analysis of the epidemic, which goes beyond standard indicators. This study shows the significant risks beyond apparently improving behavioral indicators in Southern Africa, and helps explains the seriousness of the epidemics in this region. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | KAP SURVEYS | YOUTH | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | PREVALENCE | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | HIV TRANSMISSION | SEX FACTORS | CONDOM USE | AGE FACTORS | ABSTINENCE | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sexual Partners | Behavior | Measurement | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Risk Reduction Behavior | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning Document Number: 328873 |
| 30. Title: Unintended consequences of US policies on international women's health. Author: Kelly PJ; Geller SE Source: Journal of Midwifery and Women's Health. 2008 Sep-Oct;53(5):e35-9. Abstract: While the decisions and policies of individual countries have an impact on women's health locally, those of the US government have a profound global effect. While US agencies, both federal and nongovernmental, have expended millions of dollars in an effort to improve reproductive health, their efforts are often hampered by US policies that interfere with the best interests of the women they are trying to help. Although the United States has historically provided leadership and funding in international reproductive health agencies, the current situation is one of reduced or canceled funding to agencies and an insistence on linking funding with adherence to religious faith-based values. Over the past 8 years, three US policies in particular have greatly limited the work of government and international agencies to improve women's health: the international gag rule, cessation of funding to the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), and abstinence focus for HIV/AIDS prevention. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | WOMEN | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | MATERNAL HEALTH | WOMEN'S HEALTH | POLICY | FUNDS | ABSTINENCE | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 329650 |
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